The Slow Search for Solutions: Lessons from Historical Energy Transitions by Sector and Service

28 p.

The Role of the Demand for Environmental Quality in Driving Transitions to Low-Polluting Energy Sources

4 p.

High-energy transitions of shallow magnetodonors in a GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As multiple quantum well

The high-energy states of a shallow donor in a GaAs/Ga0.7Al0.3As multiple-quantum-well structure subjected to a magnetic field in the growth direction are studied both theoretically and experimentally. Effects due to higher confinement subbands as well as due to the electron-phonon interaction are investigated. We show that most of the peaks in the infrared photoconductivity spectrum are due to direct transitions from the ground state to the m = +/-1 magnetodonor states associated with the first subband, but transitions to the m = +/-1 states of the third subband are also apparent. The remaining photoconductivity peaks are explained by phonon-assisted impurity transitions.

Benchmarking Energy Transitions: An Irish Case Study

The challenges of a low carbon energy transition have now been recognized by most nation states, each of whom have responded with differing visions, strategies and programmes, with variable veracity and effectiveness. Given the complexity of each country’s energy system (and sub-systems such as mobility, food etc), the differing sources and wealth of indigenous energy resources, the variable legacy of the fossil fuel regime and differing capacity to respond to global shifts in energy markets, it is clear that each country will respond to this challenge in very different ways.
This poses difficulties for understanding the extent to which a transition may be taking hold in any territory as simple indicators such as GHG emission data or increases in renewable energy ignore the complex contexts in which transitions take place. Drawing on the results of a study, funded by the Irish Environmental Protection Agency (Characterizing and Catalyzing Transitions) and using the wider theoretical framework of socio-technological transitions, this paper will explore the challenges, virtues and constraints of attempting to ‘benchmark’ the Republic of Ireland’s transition. This will lead to wider observations on the normative nature of benchmarking and a critical review of how we conceptualize the very idea of transition.

The Demand for Environmental Quality in Driving Transitions to Low Polluting Energy Sources

38 p.

Lessons from History for Transitions to a Low Carbon Economy

4 p.

Electron energy loss spectroscopic study of Cr(CO)6, Mo(CO)6 and W(CO)6 in the vapour phase

Electron energy loss spectra (EELS) of Cr, Mo and W hexacarbonyls in the vapour phase are reported. Most of the bands observed are similar to those in optical spectra, but the two high energy transitions in the 9·8–11·2 eV region are reported here for the first time. Based on the orbital energies from the ultraviolet photoelectron spectra and the electronic transition energies from EELS and earlier optical studies, the molecular energy level schemes of these molecules are constructed.

Perfil Logístico del Sector Hidrocarburos en Colombia – Parte 2

El perfil logístico del sector hidrocarburos parte de una caracterización mundial y nacional del mismo en el que se resalta la posición del país respecto a la región en cuanto a la participación en consumo y producción de petróleo, además de contar con un análisis del comportamiento de los principales indicadores como lo son los históricos del precio del barril de petróleo, producción diaria, participación en el PIB, Inversión Extranjera Directa o IED y Balanza Comercial. Luego se presentan las principales problemáticas del sector en cuanto a medio ambiente, infraestructura, conflicto armado, disminución de reservas, alternativas energéticas, etc., que presentan un obstáculo para el desarrollo y competitividad del sector. A continuación se encuentra la información asociada con la cadena de suministro de los hidrocarburos, se caracteriza el producto y se trata eslabón por eslabón comenzando por los proveedores, pasando por producción, almacenamiento, distribución, transporte clientes, logística inversa y finalizando con un mapa de agregación de valor o VSM por sus siglas en inglés. A partir de esto se analiza el estado de productividad y competitividad del sector; se dan a conocer las principales asociaciones y agremiaciones del mismo, se realiza un análisis especial a la situación de fletes y transporte. Todo con el fin de dar a conocer una fotografía del estado actual de los hidrocarburos en Colombia.

Catalysing the Irish Energy Transition: Capacities and Challenges

The transition to a “low carbon, climate resilient and environmentally sustainable economy by the end of the 
year 2050” has been conceptualised as the “national transition objective” in the Irish Climate Action and Low Carbon Development Bill, passed in late 2015. This has raised a myriad of questions over how this can be operationalised and resourced and whether it can maintain political momentum. This paper assesses the utility of framings informed by the transitions (MLP) and technological innovation systems perspectives in contributing to transformative societal processes, by examining their application in an Irish case study on policy and technology. Through a qualitative exploration of the broader societal and policy context of the energy sector and a more detailed examination of the innovation systems of selected niche technologies (bioenergy and electric vehicles), the Irish case study sought to identify potential catalysts for a sustainability transition in the energy sector in Ireland: where these exist, how these are being built or enabled, and barriers to change. Following a discussion on the theoretical approaches used, a description will be given of how these were applied in the conducting of the research on transition in Ireland case study and the key findings which emerged. A critical reflection will then be made on the utility of these perspectives (as applied) to contribute to broader processes of societal transformation in Ireland.

Espectroscopias de fotoluminescência, excitação e fotoacústica de amostras MgGa2O4: Ni2+ e GaNbO4-GaNb11O29-Ga2O3: Cr3+

Esta tese apresenta as espectroscopias de fotoluminescência, excitação e fotoacústica de amostras MgGa2O4 dopadas com 0,1%, 0,5% e 1,0% de Ni2+, obtidas pelo método de estado sólido e duas amostras distintas GaNbO4-GaNb11O29-Ga2O3 dopadas com 1,0% de Cr3+, uma sintetizada por reação de estado sólido e a outra pelo método de acetato. As amostras foram identificadas por Difração de Raios X e os dados foram refinados pelo método de Rietveld. A morfologia das amostras foi observada por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Os espectros ópticos das amostras apresentaram bandas de absorção e emissão do visível ao infravermelho próximo. As transições de energia foram analisadas com base na teoria de campo cristalino e os parâmetros de energia foram obtidos a partir de espectros de absorção e das matrizes de Tanabe-Sugano.

Caracterização óptica e estrutural de materiais isolantes dopados com metais de transição do grupo do ferro

O objetivo deste trabalho foi a investigação das propriedades ópticas e estruturais de materiais isolantes contendo metais de transição do grupo do ferro como impurezas substitucionais. As técnicas usadas para o estudo de amostras MgGa2O4, MgGa2O4 + B- Ga2O3 e ZnGa2O4 dopadas com Cr3+e Fe3+ foram: fotoluminescência, excitação, difração de raios-X, espalhamento de nêutrons, método de Rietveld para o refinamento da estrutura e espectroscopia fotoacústica. Estas técnicas permitem a determinação da coordenação do sítio impureza, a atribuição das transições de energia, o cálculo dos parâmetros de energia e a determinação de propriedades cristalográficas. As amostras apresentam largas bandas de energia nas regiões do visível e do infravermelho. Estas transições indicam a relevância deste estudo pelo interesse tecnológico na obtenção de novos materais com bandas sintonizáveis. No primeiro capítulo apresentamos uma introdução à teoria de campo cristalino. No segundo capítulo apresentamos medidas de fotoluminescência e excitação do MgGa2O4 dopado com 0,1, 0,5, 1,0 e 5,0 % de Cr3+ a 77 K e temperatura ambiente. No terceiro capítulo usamos fotoluminescência, excitação, espalhamento de nêutrons, difração de raios X, fotoacústica e método de refino de Rietveld para analisar o sistema MgGa2O4 + B-Ga2O3 contendo 0,1, 0,5, 1,0 e 5,0 % de Cr3+. No quarto capítulo mostramos resultados de fotoacústica para o ZnGa2O4 dopado com 5% e 10% de Fe3+.

Study of quasiparticles bands in odd-odd Au-188

High-spin level structure of Au-188 has been studied via the Yb-173(F-19, 4n gamma) reaction using techniques of in-beam gamma-ray spectroscopy. Based on the experimental results, the level scheme of 188Au has been revised significantly. The previously reported positive parity levels have been modified and a new 20(+) level was proposed to feed the 18(+) states via two low-energy transitions. The existence of the 20(+) and the level structures above it are similar to those in the neighboring odd-odd Au-190,Au-192, therefore, the pi h(11/12)(-1)circle times-vi(13/2)(-2)h(9/2)(-1) configuration was assigned to the 20(+) state.

Dynamics of excess electronic charge in aliphatic ionic liquids containing the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide anion

In a recent article (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 20186) we investigated the initial spatial distribution of dry excess electrons in a series of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). Perhaps unexpectedly, we found that in some alkylammonium-based systems the excess negative charge resided on anions and not on the positive cations. Following on these results, in the current paper we describe the time evolution of an excess electronic charge introduced in alkylammonium- and pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids coupled with the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ([TfN]) anion. We find that on a 50 fs time scale an initially delocalized excess electron localizes on a single [TfN] anion which begins a fragmentation process. Low-energy transitions have a very different physical origin on the several femtoseconds time scale when compared to what occurs on the picosecond time scale. At time zero, these are intraband transitions of the excess electron. However after 40 fs when the excess electronic charge localizes on a single anion, these transitions disappear, and the spectrum is dominated by electron-transfer transitions between the fragments of the doubly charged breaking anion. © 2013 American Chemical Society.

Perfil logístico de la cadena de hidrocarburos en Colombia Parte I

El presente estudio analiza las diferentes variables que inciden en el sector petrolero para la adecuada identificación de los alcances, desventajas y oportunidades para el establecimiento de un proyecto de representación exclusiva en el mismo. Dentro de las variables a saber se destacan el transporte y la distribución, el análisis sectorial, que pasa por la cadena de producción, actividad actual y proyecciones, para llegar a la descripción de los requisitos de una adecuada cadena de suministro. Por último, se concluyen con algunas estrategias y recomendaciones que permitan el posicionamiento y éxito del proyecto, resaltando los variables tiempo y producción como las primordiales para cualquier representación exclusiva en el sector, incluso sobre el precio.

Consequences of N,C,N '- and C,N,N '-coordination modes on electronic and photophysical properties of cyclometalated aryl ruthenium(II) complexes

The effects of isoelectronic replacement of a neutral nitrogen donor atom by an anionic carbon atom in terpyridine ruthenium(II) complexes on the electronic and photophysical properties of the resulting N,C,N'- and C,N,N'-cyclometalated aryl ruthenium(II) complexes were investigated. To this end, a series of complexes was prepared either with ligands containing exclusively nitrogen donor atoms, that is, [Ru(R-1-tpy)(R-2-tpy)](2+) (R-1, R-2 = H, CO2Et), or bearing either one N,C,N'- or C,N,N'-cyclometalated ligand and one tpy ligand, that is, [Ru(R-1-(NCN)-C-Lambda-N-Lambda)(R-2-tpy)](+) and [Ru(R-1-(CNN)-N-Lambda-N-Lambda)(R-2-tpy)](+), respectively. Single-crystal X-ray structure determinations showed that cyclometalation does not significantly alter the overall geometry of the complexes but does change the bond lengths around the ruthenium(II) center, especially the nitrogen-to-ruthenium bond length trans to the carbanion. Substitution of either of the ligands with electron-withdrawing ester functionalities fine-tuned the electronic properties and resulted in the presence of an IR probe. Using trends obtained from redox potentials, emission energies, IR spectroelectrochemical responses, and the character of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals from DFT studies, it is shown that the first reduction process and luminescence are associated with the ester-substituted C,N,N'-cyclometalated ligand in [Ru(EtO2C-(CNN)-N-Lambda-N-Lambda)(tpy)](+). Cyclometalation in an N,C,N'-bonding motif changed the energetic order of the ruthenium d(zx), d(yz), and d(xy) orbitals. The red-shifted absorption in the N,C,N'-cyclometalated complexes is assigned to MLCT transitions to the tpy ligand. The red shift observed upon introduction of the ester moiety is associated with an increase in intensity of low-energy transitions, rather than a red shift of the main transition. Cyclometalation in the C,N,N'-binding motif also red-shifts the absorption, but the corresponding transition is associated with both ligand types. Luminescence of the cyclometalated complexes is relatively independent of the mode of cyclometalation, obeying the energy gap law within each individual series.