11 resultados para haitat


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Topic avoidance in romantic relationships has not been researched before in Finnish speech communication research, and this study was expected to increase the understanding of a phenomenon that acquires relatively dramatic attributes in everyday conversation. The aim of this study was to describe topic avoidance based on what was told in the interviews, and to describe the beliefs concerning functional or dysfunctional relational communication that can be interpreted from the interviewees' speech when they talk about topic avoidance. The theoretical reference frame of this study consists of the Communication Privacy Management Theory, relational dialectics, and earlier, mostly American research on topic avoidance. Ten Finnish people aged 22-31, who all had previous experience on one or more marital or common-law relationships were interviewed for this study. Additional material for the study was gathered from the interviewees by using the role playing method to describe interactional events where something essential is left unsaid in the context of romantic relationship. The following values were attributed to functional communication in romantic relationships: openness, equality, honesty, trust and positivity. The dialectical nature of the phenomenon being researched is evident in the way that along with openness, the interviewees talked about excessive openness that should occasionally be avoided in the context of relational communication by leaving things unsaid. Topic avoidance was seen both as a conscious strategic communication for managing privacy, and as an uncontrollable force of nature that at its worst destroys the relationship. When topic avoidance is seen as strategic communication, the choice concerning what is left unsaid is made by weighing the following dimensions asgainst each other: risks/ benefits (for self, relationship), protects/ does not protect (self, partner, relationship), burdens/ does not burden (self, partner, relationship), honesty/ dishonesty, responsibility lies with self/ responsibility does not lie with self. Topic avoidance was acceptable if it was used in order to preserve the relationship, as opposed to gaining power in the relationship or causing insecurity for the partner. The acceptability of topic avoidance varied according to whether it differed from lying or not. When the interviewees talk about topic avoidance, their speech can be interpreted to mean that in spite of uncontrollability, communicative choices can be made in relational communication and that skills concerning communication in romantic relationships can be learned.

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The issue of the usefulness of different prosopis species versus their status as weeds is a matter of hot debate around the world. The tree Prosopis juliflora had until 2000 been proclaimed weedy in its native range in South America and elsewhere in the dry tropics. P. juliflora or mesquite has a 90-year history in Sudan. During the early 1990s a popular opinion in central Sudan and the Sudanese Government had begun to consider prosopis a noxious weed and a problematic tree species due to its aggressive ability to invade farmlands and pastures, especially in and around irrigated agricultural lands. As a consequence prosopis was officially declared an invasive alien species also in Sudan, and in 1995 a presidential decree for its eradication was issued. Using a total economic valuation (TEV) approach, this study analysed the impacts of prosopis on the local livelihoods in two contrasting irrigated agricultural schemes. Primarily a problem-based approach was used in which the derivation of non-market values was captured using ecological economic tools. In the New Halfa Irrigation Scheme in Kassala State, four separate household surveys were conducted due to diversity between the respective population groups. The main aim was here to study the magnitude of environmental economic benefits and costs derived from the invasion of prosopis in a large agricultural irrigation scheme on clay soil. Another study site, the Gandato Irrigation Scheme in River Nile State represented impacts from prosopis that an irrigation scheme was confronted with on sandy soil in the arid and semi-arid ecozones along the main River Nile. The two cases showed distinctly different effects of prosopis but both indicated the benefits to exceed the costs. The valuation on clay soil in New Halfa identified a benefit/cost ratio of 2.1, while this indicator equalled 46 on the sandy soils of Gandato. The valuation results were site-specific and based on local market prices. The most important beneficial impacts of prosopis on local livelihoods were derived from free-grazing forage for livestock, environmental conservation of the native vegetation, wood and non-wood forest products, as well as shelterbelt effects. The main social costs from prosopis were derived from weeding and clearing it from farm lands and from canalsides, from thorn injuries to humans and livestock, as well as from repair expenses vehicle tyre punctures. Of the population groups, the tenants faced most of the detrimental impacts, while the landless population groups (originating from western and eastern Sudan) as well as the nomads were highly dependent on this tree resource. For the Gandato site the monetized benefit-cost ratio of 46 still excluded several additional beneficial impacts of prosopis in the area that were difficult to quantify and monetize credibly. In River Nile State the beneficial impact could thus be seen as completely outweighing the costs of prosopis. The results can contributed to the formulation of national and local forest and agricultural policies related to prosopis in Sudan and also be used in other countries faced with similar impacts caused by this tree.

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Disadvantages of invariable cereal cropping, concern of nutrient leaching and prices of nitrogen (N) fertilizer have all increased during last decades. An undersown crop, which grows together with a main crop and after harvest, could mitigate all those questions. The aim of this study was to develop undersowing in Finnish conditions, so that it suits for spring cereal farming as well as possible and enhances taking care of soil and environment, especially when control of N is concerned. In total, 17 plant species were undersown in spring cereals during the field experiments between 1991-1999 at four sites in South and Central Finland, but after selection, eight of them were studied more thoroughly. Two legumes, one grass species and one mixture of them were included in long-term trials in order to study annually repeated undersowing. Further, simultaneous broadcasting of seeds instead of separate undersowing was studied. Grain yield response and the capacity of the undersown crop to absorb soil N or fix N from atmosphere, and the release of N were of greatest interest. Seeding rates of undersown crops and N fertilization rates during annually repeated undersowing were also studied. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., IR) absorbed soil nitrate N (NO3-N) most efficiently in autumn and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) in spring. The capacity of other grass species to absorb N was low, or it was insufficient considering the negative effect on grain yield. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) suited well in annually repeated undersowing, supplying fixed N for cereals without markedly increased risk of N leaching. Autumn oriented growth rhythm of the studied legumes was optimal for undersowing, whereas the growth rhythm of grasses was less suited but varied between species. A model of adaptive undersowing system was outlined in order to emphasize allocation of measures according needs. After defining the goal of undersowing, many decisions are to be done. When diminishing N leaching is primarily sought, a mixture of IR and timothy is advantageous. Clovers suit for replacing N fertilization, as the positive residual effect is greater than the negative effect caused by competition. A mixture of legume and non legume is a good choice when increased diversity is the main target. Seeding rate is an efficient means for adjusting competition and N effects. Broadcasting with soil covering equipment can be used to establish an undersown crop. In addition, timing and method of cover crop termination have an important role in the outcome. Continuous observing of the system is needed as for instance conditions significantly affect growth of undersown crop and on the other hand N release from crop residues may increase in long run.

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Objective: Glucocorticoid therapy is used worldwide to treat various inflammatory and immune conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In IBD, 80% of the patients obtain a positive response to the therapy; however the development of glucocorticoid-related side-effects is common. Our aim was therefore to study the possibility of optimizing glucocorticoid therapy in children and adolescents with IBD by measuring circulating glucocorticoid bioactivity (GBA) and serum glucocorticoid-responsive biomarkers in patients receiving steroid treatment for active disease. Methods: A total of sixty-nine paediatric IBD patients from the Paediatric Outpatient Clinics of the University Hospitals of Helsinki and Tampere participated in the studies. Control patients included 101 non-IBD patients and 41 disease controls in remission. In patients with active disease, blood samples were withdrawn before the glucocorticoid therapy was started, at 2-4 weeks after the initiation of the steroid and at 1-month intervals thereafter. Clinical response to glucocorticoid treatment and the development of steroid adverse events was carefully registered. GBA was analyzed with a COS-1 cell bioassay. The measured glucocorticoid therapy-responsive biomarkers included adipocyte-derived adiponectin and leptin, bone turnover-related collagen markers amino-terminal type I procollagen propeptide (PINP) and carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) as well as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and inflammatory marker high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Results: The most promising marker for glucocorticoid sensitivity was serum adiponectin that associated with steroid therapy–related adverse events. Serum leptin indicated a similar trend. In contrast, circulating GBA rose in all subjects receiving glucocorticoid treatment but did not associate with the clinical response to steroids or with glucocorticoid therapy-related side-effects. Of notice, young patients (<10 years) showed similar GBA levels than older patients, despite receiving higher weight-adjusted doses of glucocorticoid. Markers of bone formation were lower in children with active IBD than in the control patients, probably reflecting the suppressive effect of the active inflammation. The onset of the glucocorticoid therapy further suppressed bone turnover. Inflammatory marker hs-CRP decreased readily after the initiation of the steroid, however the decrease did not associate with the clinical response to glucocorticoids. Conclusions: This is the first study to show that adipocyte-derived adiponectin associates with steroid therapy-induced side-effects. Further studies are needed, but it is possible that the adiponectin measurement could aid the recognition of glucocorticoid-sensitive patients in the future. GBA and the other markers reflecting glucocorticoid activity in different tissues changed during the treatment, however their change did not correlate with the therapeutic response to steroids or with the development of glucocorticoid-related side effects and therefore cannot guide the therapy in these patients. Studies such as as the present one that combine clinical data with newly developed biomolecular technology are needed to step-by-step build a general picture of the glucocorticoid actions in different tissues.

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Problematisoin pro gradu -tutkielmassani tekijänoikeusdiskurssia. Aineistona käytän peruskoululaisille tuotettuja Piraatti-tehdas (2006) sekä Tekijänoikeus suojaa luovaa työtä (2008) –oppimateriaaleja. Tarkastelen kuinka tekijänoikeuksien haltijat pyrkivät aineiston kautta vaikuttamaan koululaisiin. Toteutan analyysini käyttäen hyväksi Arja Jokisen retoristen keinojen viitekehystä lähtökohtanani Bourdieun ajatus siitä, että kieli ei ole ainoastaan väline kommunikointiin, vaan myös vallankäytön väline. Lähestyn tekijänoikeuksia yhteiskunnallisena prosessina, sosiaalisena luomuksena. Lähtökohtani on, että tekijänoikeudet eivät ole luonnonoikeuksia vaan yhteiskunnallisen neuvottelun tuloksena syntyneitä. Tekijänoikeudessa on kyse arvovalinnoista ja vallasta: siitä kenen ääni kuuluu ja kuinka perustelut vahvistavat valta-asetelmia ja tuottavat sosiaalista todellisuutta. Esittelen tekijänoikeuspolitiikan kontekstin ymmärtämiseksi immateriaalioikeuksien ympärillä käytävää keskustelua, jonka yhtenä perimmäisistä kysymyksistä on, kuinka paljon yhteisiä hyödykkeitä on tarpeen aidata, me-neekö edelle yksilön vai yhteisön etu ja ovatko nämä keskenään, ja jos ovat niin millä perustein, yhteen sovitettavia. Oppimateriaalia voidaan kuvata sen laatijoiden pyrkimykseksi tuottaa neutralisoitua tekijänoikeuskuvaa. Tekijänoikeuden ajatellaan sääntelevän ja turvaavan vain omistusta ilman konflikteja muiden yhteiskunnallisten intressien kanssa. Materiaalista nousee esille vastakkainasettelu laillisen ja laittoman sekä moraalisuuden ja moraalittomuuden välillä. Materiaalin tuottajat ottavat oppiainemateriaalissa aseman, joka peilautuu suhteessa ei-toivottuun tilaan: laittomaan ja moraalittomaan. Retoriikassa pyritään asettamaan koululaiset lakia noudattavien moraalisten kansalaisten muottiin. Tämän muotin tekijänoikeuden etujärjestöt pyrkivät määrittämään, eikä muotin ulkopuolella ole tilaa. Etujärjestöjen maailmassa asiat ovat mustavalkoisia ja tekijöiden taloudelliset intressit koetaan kaikkien yhteisinä intresseinä. Argumentoinnin kautta hälvennetään sosiaalisen todellisuuden konstruktiivista rakennetta ja tuotetaan todellisuutta, jossa ei ole sijaa piraateille, joiden toimillaan arvioidaan saattavan kaiken uuden kulttuurin tuottamisen vaaranalaiseksi. Sen sijaan että tekijänoikeuskasvatuksellinen tehtävä suodaan tekijänoikeusalan järjestöille, olisi tarvetta moniääniselle kriittiselle yhteiskunnalliselle keskustelulle, jossa ovat mukana eri intressiryhmät ja joka tunnustaa sekä tekijänoikeuden esillä oleviin kysymyksiin liittyvät hyödyt että haitat. Oppimateriaali ilmentää ongelmallista ja pitkälti kyseenalaistamaton-ta tilannetta, jossa käytävä keskustelu noudattaa tekijänoikeusalan etujärjestöjen logiikkaa. Pohjimmiltaan kyse on siitä, että kuka hyötyy tekijänoikeudesta ja mikä on sen tehtävä? Vahvat tekijänoikeudet eivät välttämättä ole yhteiskunnan etu, niin jonkinlaiselle tekijänoikeudelle on kuitenkin myös tarve.

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It is often maintained that the Prohibition Act (in force from 1 June 1919 to 5 April 1932) still influences both the Finnish alcohol policy and notions about alcohol. This study focuses on the development of women s opinions concerning Prohibition in Finland. What role did the formulation and expression of women s opinions and women's actions play in the final outcome of the Prohibition Act? What do the debate on Prohibition and women s activities for and against the legislation tell us about the status and possibilities of women to exert influence in the Finnish society of the Prohibition era? Women s opinions are particularly interesting since they deviated radically from what has generally been assumed. It was expected that the referendum of 1931 would result in a resounding vote of 100% in favour of Prohibition, but the outcome was a majority vote against it. Over 65% of the women who cast their vote in the referendum wanted a full repeal of Prohibition. The study approaches the history of Prohibition by combining methods and theories of the history of mentalities and social history with gender history. Women are examined as a heterogeneous group with dissimilar objectives and differing ways of acting and thinking. The research material consists of press materials, archival materials from organisations, personal materials and statistics from the Prohibition period. Both discourses and practices are examined; the object of the research is best described by Michel Foucault's concept of dispositif. When participating in the public debate on Prohibition, women based their right to express their opinions and take part in action on an ideological continuum spanning a hundred years, according to which home and family were central areas of women s interest. This idea was linked to questions of morality and social policy. On the other hand, women presented themselves as working taxpayers, voters and equal citizens. The most crucial issue in women's discussions was whether Prohibition improved or worsened the temperance of fathers, husbands and sons. The dichotomies town dweller - countryside dweller, Swedish-speaking Finnish-speaking, and middle class - working class were highly significant backgrounds both as factors dividing women and in public discussions regarding Prohibition. The 1931 referendum showed that the lines of demarcation drawn during the preceding debate did not materialise in political action in line with these dichotomies: the dispositif did not correspond to the discourse. Contrary to what was expressed in public, a great number of women among the labour and rural classes, among inland inhabitants and among Finnish-speakers were also against Prohibition. The media and organisations defended temperance and Prohibition almost until the end of the Prohibition era. This discourse was in conflict with the discourse of everyday conversations and practices in which alcohol was present.

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Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää Keski-Suomen haukien (Esox lucius) elohopeapitoisuuksia. Tutkimusta varten koottiin aiempien keskisuomalaisten elohopeaselvitysten tuloksia sekä tutkittiin 31 keskisuomalainen vesialueen haukien elohopeapitoisuuksia vuosina 2006–2007. Mukaan valittiin maaperältään ja vedenlaadultaan erilaisia vesialueita sekä myös aiemmissa tutkimuksissa mukana olleita vesialueita. Tutkimusaineisto sisältää kaikkiaan 257 haukea eli keskimäärin kahdeksan kalaa per vesialue. Tulosten tarkastelussa hyödynnettiin tutkimusalueen vedenlaatu-, maaperä- ja maankäyttötietoja. Koko aineistosta laskettu vakiopainoisen hauen (1 kg) keskimääräinen elohopeapitoisuus oli 0,46mg/kg. Tämän mukaan elohopeapitoisuudet eivät ole muuttuneet Keski-Suomessa 1990-luvun tilanteesta. Silloin vastaava pitoisuus oli 0,45 mg/kg (350 näytekalaa; 36 vesialuetta). Haukien elohopeapitoisuuksissa havaittiin huomattavaa vaihtelua niin eri vesialueiden välillä kuin myös saman vesialueen sisältä pyydettyjen haukien pitoisuuksissa. Korkeimmat elohopeapitoisuudet mitattiin tummavetisistä ja runsashumuksisista järvistä. Alhaisimmat pitoisuudet puolestaan havaittiin kirkasvetisimmistä järvistä. Joukossa oli myös järviä, joiden pitoisuudet poikkesivat em. säännönmukaisuudesta. Yhdessäkään järvessä ei hauen keskimääräinen elohopeapitoisuus ylittänyt syötäväksi kelpaavalle hauelle asetettua enimmäispitoisuusrajaa (1,0 mg/kg). Joistakin tutkimusjärvistä saatiin kuitenkin muutamia yksilöitä, joiden absoluuttiset pitoisuudet ylittivät syömiselle asetetun pitoisuusrajan.

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Tutkielman aiheena on tuulipuiston osayleiskaavan suunnitteluun osallistaminen. Tutkielman kohteena on Luvian ja Porin alueelle suunniteltu Oosinselän tuulipuiston osayleiskaavoitusprosessi vuosina 2010–2016, jota tutkin Luvian puoleiselta osalta. Kaavoituksen osallisiksi määrittelen yksittäisten kuntalaisten lisäksi asiantuntijatahot, jotka ottavat osaa suunnitteluun. Tutkielman tarkoitus on tuoda esiin niitä vaikutusmahdollisuuksia mitä laki sallii kansalaisille ja asiantuntijoille. Tutkimustapani on kronologinen tapaustutkimus, jonka aineistona olen käyttänyt kaavaluonnoksia ja -selostuksia, asukaskyselyitä ja haastatteluja, lausuntoja, muistutuksia/mielipiteitä, vastineita, julkaisuja, sanomalehtiä sekä tutkimuskirjallisuutta. Totean heti tutkimukseni johdannossa kolme yleisesti tiedossa olevaa kansalaisia huolestuttavaa seikkaa; muutokset maisemassa, tuulimyllyjen aiheuttama ääni sekä mahdolliset haitat lintujen muuttoreiteille. Kaavoitukseen kuuluvien pakollisten toimenpiteitten lisäksi tutkin niitä keinoja, joilla voitaisiin saavuttaa yleiskaavaan toivottu lopputulos. Erityisesti korostan vuorovaikutuksen merkitystä osallistavan, onnistuneen kaavoituksen suunnittelussa. Yleiskaavan laadintaan kuuluu ennen kaavan esittelyä ja voimaantuloa järjestetty, eri tavoin toteutettu vuorovaikutusmenettely. Sen tulee olla tasapuolista ja kaikkia tasavertaisesti huomioivaa. Oikein toteutettu vuorovaikutus aikaansaa myönteistä yhteisöllisyyttä. Sen tuloksena voidaan välttyä kaavan laadinnassa ja voimaantulossa pitkälliseltä valituskierteeltä. Tutkielma tuo esiin päätöksentekoa helpottavia asioita mutta myös niitä kielteisiä seikkoja, jotka hankaloittavat päätöksiä ja kenties estävät aiotun lopputuloksen saavuttamisen. Tutkielman tuloksena totean, että kansalaisilla ja asiantuntijoilla on todelliset mahdollisuudet vaikuttaa tuulipuiston osayleiskaavan muutoksiin ja sen voimaantuloon.

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Melu on päästö ja se kuuluu osaksi nyky-yhteiskuntaa. Meluun suhtaudutaan henkilökohtaisesti eri tavoin ja sillä voi olla vakavia seurauksia niin fyysisellä kuin psyykkisellä tasolla. Ravintoloista peräisin oleva melu voi kulkeutua asuinrakennusten eri kerroksiin ja nostaa niiden äänitasoja. Ravintolamelu poikkeaa muista melulähteistä, koska se on tasaista ja myöhään kestävää. Asuinrakennusten asuntoihin muodostuu huonekohtaiset melutaseet. Ravintolamelua voidaan mitata huoneiden eri paikoista, mutta tyypillisintä on mitata ihmisten oleskeluvyöhykkeiltä. Ravintolamelumittauksien epävarmuus riippuu lähinnä ympärillä olevista muista äänilähteistä ja mittalaitteiston tarkkuudesta. Ravintolamelu voi aiheuttaa asukkaille ärtyneisyyttä ja unettomuutta, mutta haitat voidaan useimmiten välttää huolellisella meluntorjunnalla. Ravintolameluntorjunta on yleensä tehokkainta, kun torjuntatoimenpiteet tehdään mahdollisimman lähellä äänilähdettä.