1000 resultados para hairy root


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Hyoscyamine 60-hydroxylase (H6H: EC 1.14.11.11), a key enzyme at the terminal step of tropane alkaloid biosynthesis, converts hyoscyamine to scopolamine. The accumulation of scopolamine in different organs, in particular the aerial parts for storage, is subject to the expression of hyoscyamine 6-phydroxylase as well as its transport from the site of synthesis. To understand the molecular basis of this regulation, we have analyzed, in parallel, the relative levels of hyoscyamine and scopolamine, and the accumulation of H6H (both protein and transcript) in leaves, stems and roots of D. metel. The root, stem and leaf tissues all contain about 0.51-0.65 mg g(-1) dry weight of scopolamine. Hyoscyamine content was extremely low in leaf and stem tissues and was about 0.28 mg g(-1) dry weight in the root tissue. H6H protein and its transcript were found only in roots but not in the aerial parts viz. stems and leaves. The immunolocalization studies performed on leaf, stem, root as well as hairy root tissues showed that H6H was present only in the pericycle cells of young lateral and hairy roots. These studies suggest that the conversion of hyoscyamine to scopolamine takes place in the root pericycle cells, and the alkaloid biosynthesized in the roots gets translocated to the aerial parts in D. metel. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Catharanthlls rosellS (L.) G Don is a commercially significant flower species and in addition is the only source of the monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIA) vinblastine and vincristine, which are key pharmaceutical compounds that are used to combat a number of different cancers. Therefore, procurement of the antineoplastic agents is difficult but essential procedure. Alternatively, CatharanthllS tissue cultures have been investigated as a source of these agents; however they do not produce vindoline, which is an obligate precursor to vinblastine and vincristine. The interest in developing high MIA cultivars of Catharantlws rosellS has prompted metabolic profiling studies to determine the variability of MIA accumulation of existing flowering cultivars, with particular focus on the vindoline component ofthe pathway. Metabolic profiling studies that used high performance liquid chromatography of MIAs from seedlings and young leaf extracts from 50 different flowering cultivars showed that, except for a single low vindoline cultivar (Vinca Mediterranean DP Orchid), they all accumulate similar levels of MIAs. Further enzymatic studies with extracts from young leaves and from developing seedlings showed that the low vindoline cultivar has a IO-fold lower tabersonine-16-hydroxylase activity than those of CatharanthllS rosellS cv Little Delicata. Additionally, studies aimed at metabolic engineering ofvindoline bios}l1thesis in Catharanthus rosellS hairy root cultures have been performed by expressing the last step in vindoline biosynthesis [Dcacetylvindoline-4-0- acetyltransferase (DAT)]. Enzymatic profiling studies with transformed hairy roots have confirmed that over-expressing DAT leads to lines with high levels of O-acetyltransferase activity when compared to non-expressing hairy roots. One particular DA T over111 expressing hairy root culture (line 7) contained 200 times the OAT activity than leaves of control lines. Additional MIA analyses revealed that DAT over-expressing hairy roots have an altered alkaloid profile with significant variation in the accumulation of h6rhammericine. Further analysis of transformed hairy root line 7 suggests a correlation between the expression of OAT activity and h6rhammericine accumulation with root maturation. These studies show that metabolic and selective enzymatic profiling can enhance our ability to search for relevant MIA pathway mutants and that genetic engineering with appropriate pathway genes shows promise as a tool to modify the MIA profile of Catharanthus roseus.

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This study reports Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of three cultivars of Ocimum basilicum for hairy root establishment, screening and selection for the production of rosmarinic acid and antioxidants. Hairy root development was found to be explant-specific and virulence-dependent. Distinct inter-cultivar morphological variability was found between the seven axenically developed hairy root lines and morphological traits were found to be correlated with the presence of aux2 genes, their expression and endogenous IAA content. Further inter-cultivar variability in the content of total phenolics, rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid was also found. Production of rosmarinic acid was found to be age-dependent and cultivar-specific. Chemiluminescence analysis showed the hairy roots to be rich in antioxidants and that rosmarinic acid was the major antioxidant molecule. The concentration of rosmarinic acid was found to be positively correlated with the total antioxidant potential of the hairy root extracts. On the basis of origin, morphology and metabolite content, three elite hairy root lines were selected that had significantly higher rosmarinic acid production, biomass and antioxidant potential than non-transformed roots. These new lines are rich reserves of both antioxidants and rosmarinic acid.

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In addition to producing medicinally important tropane alkaloids, some species in the mainly Australian Solanaceous tribe Anthocercideae, sister to genus Nicotiana, are known to also contain substantial levels of the pyridine alkaloids nicotine and nornicotine. Here, we demonstrate that axenic hairy root cultures of two tribe Anthocercideae species, Cyphanthera tasmanica Miers and Anthocercis ilicifolia ssp. ilicifolia Hook, contain considerable amounts of both nicotine and nornicotine (∼0.5-1% DW), together with lower levels of the tropane alkaloid hyoscyamine (<0.2% DW). Treatment of growing hairy roots of both species with micromolar levels of the wound stress hormone methyl-jasmonate (MeJa) led to significant increases (P<0.05) in pyridine alkaloid concentrations but not of hyoscyamine. Consistent with previous studies involving Nicotiana species, we also observed that transcript levels of key genes required for pyridine alkaloid synthesis increased in hairy roots of both Anthocercideae species following MeJa treatment. We hypothesise that wound-associated induction of pyridine alkaloid synthesis in extant species of tribe Anthocercideae and genus Nicotiana was a feature of common ancestral stock that existed before the separation of both lineages ∼15million years ago.

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利用发根农杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes)1601,1000,1500,15834,A4,均成功地转化了中药青蒿(Artemisia annua L.)并且建立了pRi1601,pRi15834,pRiA4诱导的发根培养。pRi1601,pRi15834的发根诱导率比其它质粒高。太老或太幼的叶片不利子发根的诱导;发根主要从叶脉的伤口处萌发;带顶芽或带侧芽的叶片容易诱导根,但不一定是发根。光照有利于发根的诱导和发根的生长。以每个发根的“绝对生长速率”(Gtowth Ratio,GR)和绝对“侧根”数量(Number of Side Roots,NSR),通过大量的发根系的筛选,建立了8个发根系,1601-L-1, 1601-L-2, 1601-L-3, 1601-L-4, 15834-L-1, 1601-P-I, 16 01-P-2,15834-L-2。Southern分子检测表明,160l-1-1,1801-L-2, 1601-L-3,1601-L-4,1601-P-1,1601-P-2均为转化子。8个建立的发根系之间无论生长或者QHS的合成存在明显的差异。比较光/暗(16/8hrs),25℃条件下培养的16 01-L-1,1601-L-2,1601-L-3,1601-L-4,1601-P-l,和1601-P-2,其中16 01-L-3的生长最快,160l-L-1的生长最慢;但是,1601-L-1的QHS的含量最高(可达1. 048%),1601-1-3的QHS的含量最低。160Z-L-3,15834 -L-1和2583:1-L-2的生长速率相差不大。用盛有l000mLMS液体培养基的3000mL的锥形瓶扩大培养1601-L -3,15834-L-1和15834-L-2,转速为ll0rlpm,培养过程中发根容易形成发根球(Hairy Root Balis,HRB),HRB的形成严重影响发根的生长和QHs的合成,HpLC分析表明扩大培养发根中QHS的含量比较低。 改变MS基本培养基中的无机离子的浓度,研究不同无机离子对发根生长和QHS的合成的影响。 l、KN03为18.79×10-3M时有利于1601- L-1生长,为14. 84×10-3M时有利于QHS的合成。NH-4N0-3浓度在10.93-12. 49×10—3M范围内有利于1601-L-1生长,在0-20.62×10-3M范围内对QHS的合成影响不大,大于20. 62×lO-3M不利QHS的合成。培养基中NH-4+/N0-3-比值为0. 37-0. 4-0.52:1时有利于发根的生长,比值为0.52 - 0.58:1时有利于QHS的合成。 2、H-2P0-4-浓度为2.498×10-3M时有利于发根的生长在0-2. 498×l0-3M范围内,随着浓度的提高,促进发根的生长。培养基中的H2P4 -的浓度在0-1.249×lO-3M的范围内,随着浓度的提高,促进QHS的合成,为1.249×10-3M时QHS的含量最高。 3、培养基中最适16 01-L-1生长的Ca-2+浓度为0.198- 0.766×10-3M,大于或小于该浓度范围,显著地抑制发根的生长。但是,在0-3.695×10-3M范围内,随着培养基中Ca-2+浓度提高,促进QHS的合成,最适Ca-2+浓度为3.695×l0-3M。 4、培养基中不加Mg-2+时,完全抑制发根生长,在0. 142×10-3M-7.506×l0-3M浓度范围内,对发根生长影响没有明显的差别。但是,HPLC和UV分析发根中QHS含量,培养基中不加Mg-2+时,发根中QHS含量最高。 5、培养基中的Fe-2+浓度在0. 25 -1.0×10-3M范围内,同时有利于16 01- L-1的生长和QHS的形成。 6、培养基中最适合予16 01- L-3生长的KI浓度为2.5ppm,大于或小予该浓度均显著地抑制发根的生长,培养基中加入KI明显地降低发根中的QHS的含量。 7、H2BO3对l601-L-l生长影响不大,HPLC分析QHS的含量,培养基中的H3BO3浓度为100ppm和400ppm,QHS的含量分别为1.69mg/g和1.80mg/g(DW)。 8、Cu-2+对1601-L-3的生长影响显著,最适合1601-L-3生长的Cu-2+浓度为1.00ppm,在0 -1.00ppm的浓度范围内,随着培养基中的Cu+浓度的提高,发根的生物量不断增加。培养基中QHS合成的最适Cu2+浓度为0.05ppm,大于或小于该浓度均显著地抑制发根中QHS的合成。 比较光培养和暗培养对发根生长的影响,结果表明光照明显地促进1601-L-l的生长,暗培养明显不利于发根的生长。最适合于发根生长的温度为25℃,大于35℃显著地抑制发根的生长,影响发根的根尖细胞的正常分裂。 改变培养基中的蔗糖浓度和在发根培养的不同时期给培养基中添加蔗糖,试验结果表明蔗糖作为碳源对1601-L-3和1601-L-1的生长具有显著的影响。 (1)培养基中缺少蔗糖显著地抑制发根的生长。 (2)发根培养的前5天时间内,蔗糖浓度为30- 60glL昀培养基最有利于发根的生长,50glL的培养基中的发根生长最快,培养基中的蔗糖浓度大于60g/L小于30g/L时,发根的生物量增加较少。 (3)发根培养至第15天时,蔗糖浓度为60g/L的培养基最有利予发根的生物量的增加。发根培养至30天时,蔗糖浓度为60-90g/L的培养基,发根的生物量的增加相差不大,但是为蔗糖浓度为30-40g/L的培养基中的发根生物量一倍。 (4)发根培养过程中,分别于第5和15天给蔗糖浓度为30g/L的培养基中添加一次或二次蔗糖,使培养基中的蔗糖终浓度相当于60g/L或90g/L,培养至30天时,添加蔗糖的培养基中的发根的干重生物量相当于不添加蔗糖培养基中的发根生物量一倍,相当于初始蔗糖浓度为60g/L和90g/L培养基中发根的生物量。 (5)随着培养基中蔗糖浓度的提高,发根干重/鲜重比显著增加。培养基中的蔗糖的消耗量与发根生物量的增加呈正相关,蔗糖消耗越多,发根生物量的增加越大。 比较pH值对发根生长和QHS合成的影响表明,灭菌前pH值在5.O-6.5范围内的培养基适合予1601-L-1的生长,小于5.O不利于发根的生长,pH5.8有利于1601-1-1生长和QHS的生物合成。发根收获时培养基中的pH值一般为4.5-5.2. pH7.O抑制发根的生长,pHl0.O对发根具有强烈的致死作用。发根在培养过程中,对培养基中的pH值具有显著的调节作用,发根能在很短的时间内(24- 48hrs)使pl:l值为5.8、6.4、7.0培养基降低到pH4. 5-5.2,pH为5.8的培养基有利于QHS合成。 比较不同基本培养基对发根生长和QHS合成的影响,试验结果表明N6、DCR、Litvay培养基有利于1601-L-1的生长,WS、White、B5培养基不利于发根的生长。DCR培养基中的QHS含量最高。 根据三水平试验选用三水平正交表来安排试验的原则,选用三水平正交表L7(3-),研究多因子效应对发根生长和QHS合成的影响,试验结果表明,Mg2+,Fe2+,Mn-2+,NH4NO3,KN03 ,KI,Ca-2+为发根生长的主要因子,NH4N03,KNOs,Mg2+,Ca2+,肌醇为QHS合成的主要因子。 通过TLC分析发根中QHS和其它化学成分,同时比较发根和无菌苗及野生植株的化学成分,发根和无菌苗均能合成包括QHS在内的野生青蒿叶片中的大部分非挥发性的化台 物。 研究青蒿植株在发育过程中QHS的含量的变化以及发根、无菌苗和野生青蒿中QHS的合成,HP分析结果表明,l、不同的单株青蒿之间的QHS量相差很大。2、同一植株幼 叶的QHS含量比老叶的QHS含量高。3、不同单株青蒿之间达到最高QHS含量的时间不一样,开花期或开花之前。4、无菌苗(带根)或者不带根丛生芽均能合成QHS,但是带根的无菌蕾的QHS量比丛生芽中的QIS的含量高。5、不同发根农杆菌转化的发根系1601-L-1和15834-L-1都能合成QHS。

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本论文主要包括以下两部分内容: 一、真菌诱导子对青蒿发根生长和青蒿素生物合成的影响 用3种真菌诱导子[大丽花轮枝孢(Verticillium dahliae Kleb.)、葡枝根霉(Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. ex Fr.) Vuill)和束状刺盘孢(Colleto trichumdematium (Pers.) Grove)]分别处理青蒿(Ar temisia annuaL.)的发根,这3种真菌诱导子均能促进发根中青蒿素的合成,其中以大丽花轮枝孢的诱导效果最好;对细胞生长均没有明显影响。经大丽花轮枝孢处理的发根中青蒿素含量达1. 12 mg/gDW,比对照(0. 77 mg/g DW)提高45%。诱导子的作用效果与诱导子浓度、诱导子作用时间及发根的生长状态有关。对大丽花轮枝孢来说,诱导子作用的最适浓度为每毫升培养基含糖0.4 mg;发根在指数生长末期对诱导作用最敏感:在加入诱导子4d后收获发根,发根中的青蒿素含量最高。 二、早花基因FPF1、co对青蒿开花时间的影响及开花与青蒿素生物合成的相关性 1.将来源于拟南芥的早花基因Flowering Promoting Factorl (FPFl)插入到植物表达载体pBI121中,构建CaMV 35S启动子控制下含FPFl基因的植物表达载体pBI121FPF/,用含有pBI121FPF/质粒的根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)LBA4404感染青蒿(Artemisia annua L.)叶片并诱导丛生芽,经卡那霉素筛选,获得转基因抗性植株。PCR、 PCR-Southem blot及Southern blot检测表明,外源基因FPFI已整合到青蒿基因组中:RT-PCR及RT-PCR Southern blot分析表明,外源基因在转录水平上已有表达。在短日照条件下,FPF1转基因植株的开花时间较对照提前20天左右,但提早开花的转基因植株与未开花的对照其青蒿素含量无明显差异,即提早开花并不能使开花植株的青蒿素含量有所提高,开花与青蒿素合成之间可能没有直接的关系。 2.将拟南芥的早花基因CONSTANS (CO)置于CaMV 35S启动子之下,通过根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)LBA4404介导转入青蒿(Artemisia annuaL.),使之在青蒿中表达,并得到了抗性植株。PCR、PCR-Southem blot及Southemblot检测表明,外源基因co已整合到青蒿基因组中;RT-PCR及RT-PCR Southemblot分析表明,外源基因在转录水平上已有表达。在短日照条件下,co转基因植株的开花时间较对照提前2周左右,但提早开花的转基因植株的青蒿素含量与未丌花的对照无明显差异,即植株开花前青蒿素含量的提高并不是由于开花本身引起的,再次证明,开花与青蒿素合成之间可能没有直接的关系。

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水母雪莲(Saussurea medusa Maxim)为菊科凤毛菊属植物,是名贵中药材,其主要活性成分为黄酮类化合物。为解决雪莲资源匮乏,本文开展了利用水母雪莲毛状根培养生产黄酮类活性成分的研究。 在1/2MS液体培养基上研究了不同理化因子对水母雪莲毛状根生长和黄酮类化合物生物合成的影响。实验结果表明:氮源总浓度(包括NH4+和NO3-)为30 mmol/L;NH4+/NO3-比例为5:25;2 %蔗糖和3 %葡萄糖组合;0.5 mg/L GA3和0.5 mg/L IBA;pH 5.8;18 h/d的光照(光强为3500 Lux);24℃;摇床转速为100 rpm的条件有利于毛状根生长及黄酮类化合物的生物合成。在此培养条件下,经过21 d的培养毛状根生长量达到12.8 g/L(DW),黄酮类化合物合成量为1922 mg/L,即黄酮类化合物含量占毛状根干重的15 %,约为野生水母雪莲植株干重黄酮类化合物含量的25倍。 用MJ和SA两种诱导子分别处理水母雪莲的毛状根,适宜条件下它们均能使毛状根中黄酮类化合物的产量得到提高。实验发现,在水母雪莲毛状根培养过程中,MJ抑制其生长,但提高了黄酮类化合物在毛状根中的百分含量;SA降低了黄酮类化合物在毛状根中的百分含量,但促进其生长。诱导子的作用效果与诱导子的浓度和添加时间有关。在延迟期后期添加浓度为0.02 mmol/L的MJ时黄酮类化合物产量达到 849 mg/L,比对照(633 mg/L)提高34.1 %;在指数生长期中期添加浓度为0.03 mmol/L的SA时,黄酮类化合物产量达到968 mg/L,比对照(633 mg/L)提高52.9 %。在指数生长期前期同时添加浓度为0.02 mmol/L的MJ 和0.03 mmol/L的SA,黄酮类化合物的产量为1125 mg/L,比对照(633 mg/L)提高77.7 %。 另外采取热水、碱提取,乙醇沉淀获得水母雪莲毛状根多糖。进一步用α-萘酚—浓硫酸法进行定性、定量分析,测得水母雪莲毛状根中水溶性多糖与碱溶性多糖的含量分别为2.453 %和3.391 % 。

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新疆雪莲(Saussurea involucrata Kar. et Kir.)是我国名贵中药材,其主要药用活性成分为黄酮类化合物。目前人们对新疆雪莲及它的黄酮类化合物的需求日益增多,但雪莲的人工栽培技术尚未成熟,在野生状态下,新疆雪莲只能生长在海拔4,000到5,000米的雪山上,现在由于过度采挖已濒临灭绝。为解决雪莲资源匮乏,提高雪莲中黄酮类成分的含量,本研究通过基因工程手段利用发根农杆菌将黄酮代谢途径中的关键酶-查尔酮异构酶(CHI)基因导入新疆雪莲,产生转基因新疆雪莲毛状根及再生苗,以期提高新疆雪莲的黄酮类物质含量,进行新疆雪莲黄酮类物质的生产。主要结果如下:   1.对克隆到的水母雪莲查尔酮异构酶基因(Smchi)进行功能分析。转Smchi正义、反义烟草的CHI酶活性实验结果表明,转Smchi正义的烟草CHI酶活性比对照提高3-6倍,而转反义Smchi基因的烟草CHI酶活性比对照则显著降低。分析不同株系的转基因烟草和对照烟草的黄酮含量和花色素含量表明,转Smchi正义的烟草积累比对照显著增高水平的总黄酮,其中株系CS-5黄酮含量是对照的6倍,转Smchi反义的烟草则积累较低水平的总黄酮,而且转基因烟草的总黄酮含量与Smchi基因的表达水平和CHI酶活性成正相关。但不论转Smchi基因正义或反义方向的烟草,其花色素含量和对照相比均没有发生显著变化。进一步对转基因烟草的黄酮成分进行分析,发现烟草中的主要黄酮成分芦丁在转Smchi正义烟草中有很高的积累。   2.发根农杆菌介导法将Smchi基因导入新疆雪莲,得到转Smchi基因的新疆雪莲毛状根。实验发现,35S-chi转基因对毛状根的生长没有显著影响,但35S-chi转基因毛状根能够合成显著提高水平的芹菜素和总黄酮,其中根系C46经过35 d培养,能产生32.1 mg/L的芹菜素和647.8 mg/L的总黄酮,分别是对照根系的12倍和4倍;不同根系的Smchi基因表达水平、CHI酶活性和芹菜素含量成正相关。本研究为通过基因工程手段提高新疆雪莲毛状根芹菜素和总黄酮含量提供了一个有效方法。   3.在1/2MS附加GA1.5 mg/L的培养基上,新疆雪莲毛状根的不定芽再生频率高且不定芽生长健壮。再生苗在MS+BA1.0 mg/L+NAA0.1 mg/L的培养基上继代培养生长量较大,经过20 d的培养,35S-chi转基因新疆雪莲再生苗株系(C17、C27、C46)、对照再生苗(Control-1)和正常试管苗(Control-2)之间生长量差异不显著,增殖倍数都在7倍左右;实验还发现,毛状根再生苗比各自来源的毛状根的芹菜素和总黄酮含量下降了20-30%,但转基因再生苗的芹菜素和总黄酮含量比Control-1和Control-2都有显著提高,其中C46芹菜素和总黄酮含量分别为1.86 mg/g 干重和37.3 mg/g干重,分别是Control-1的12倍和 2.4 倍,Control-2的4 倍和1.6倍。这些结果表明由毛状根诱导出的再生苗可作为增强目标次生代谢产物生产的另外一个有效来源。   

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水母雪莲(Saussurea medusa Maxim.)和新疆雪莲(Saussurea involucrata Karel. et Kir.)是我国珍稀的药用植物资源,具有清热解毒、止痉镇痛、敛伤、消肿及治疗热病、风湿等多种功效。雪莲的主要药用成份为紫丁香甙(Syringin)、芦丁(Rutin)、高车前素(Hispidulin)和Jaceosidin等苯基丙酸类(phenylpropanoid)和黄酮类(flavonoids)物质。最新的药理研究表明,上述物质还具有抗菌消炎、保肝降压、延缓衰老和抑制癌细胞增殖等重要的研发价值。 雪莲生境恶劣,生长缓慢,人工引种困难,加上长期掠夺性采挖,已使雪莲处于灭绝的边缘。为了保存国家珍稀植物品种,保护生态环境,满足临床上对雪莲药物的需求,本研究在雪莲组织培养的基础上,应用诱导子添加技术和毛状根培养技术对雪莲中具有重要药用价值的次生代谢物质进行调控,并对雪莲MYB类转录因子的功能进行了初步探索,为保护珍稀植物资源、维护生态环境、开发野生雪莲替代产品、缩短雪莲药用成份的生产周期奠定了基础。另外,分析了野生雪莲和雪莲培养物中主要生物活性成份的种类及含量,为今后雪莲药理药效研究及品质评价奠定了基础。 为了提高雪莲黄酮的产量,满足工业化生产的需要,在细胞培养水平上,通过添加茉莉酸甲酯(MJ),对雪莲黄酮类物质的代谢进行调控。研究了诱导子的添加时间、添加浓度对水母雪莲红色系悬浮细胞的生物量和总黄酮产量的影响。发现在细胞培养的指数期(第9天)添加5.0 µmol/L的MJ,可以使总黄酮产量提高2.4倍(1134.5 ± 63.86 mg/L),而雪莲细胞干重(dw)仅比对照提高23.8 %(20.4 ±0.27 g/L)。另外,细胞中苯丙氨酸裂解酶(PAL)的活性分析表明,MJ添加后PAL活性的增加与雪莲总黄酮含量增长之间存在相关性。 在器官培养水平上,对雪莲毛状根的诱导频率及其培养条件进行了研究。结果表明,选择发根农杆菌R1601侵染预培养2天的新疆雪莲根段外植体,毛状根的诱导效率可达到83 %。毛状根的冠瘿碱检测、PCR和Southern分析表明,Ri质粒中的T-DNA已整合到植物基因组中并稳定表达。以新疆雪莲毛状根为外植体,能够容易地获得再生芽。在含有1.0 mg/L 6-BA的MS固体培养基上,其再生频率高达91 ± 5.9 %,是其正常根的2.4倍。而水母雪莲在该培养条件下,仅有少量的畸形芽出现。进而对毛状根的培养条件进行初步研究,结果表明在无激素附加的MS液体培养基中,新疆雪莲的HR1601根系在一个培养周期内(32 天),其生物量能够达到接种量的16倍,而紫丁香甙含量(43.5 ± 1.13 mg/g dw)能够达到野生雪莲的83倍。从而显示了雪莲毛状根培养体系的优良特性。 在基因水平上,对雪莲黄酮类物质代谢调控的研究已经展开。玉米P基因编码的Myb类转录因子能够调节黄酮类物质代谢途径关键酶基因的表达。根据P基因的保守序列设计引物,从雪莲细胞培养物中获得了SmP基因。核酸序列分析表明,SmP基因与烟草中涉及苯丙素类物质代谢途径的LBM 1、LBM 3和MybAS 1基因具有较高的一致性,分别为66 %、60 %和61 %。因此为了研究雪莲SmP基因的功能,构建了正义表达载体,并与先前构建好的反义表达载体分别导入烟草,分析了转基因植株的形态特征及黄酮类物质的含量变化。其中,约有30 %转反义SmP基因的株系表现叶片皱缩、叶脉紊乱、主侧脉角度缩小、叶片、花瓣失去对称性以及花粉败育等性状。 另外,通过正交试验设计优化了雪莲提取工艺的条件,并对雪莲细胞提取物进行了分离纯化。正交试验设计结果表明,温度对雪莲黄酮提取效率的影响极为显著,而分批多次提取比一次性浸提,能够收到较好的提取效果。考虑到工业生产中的实际问题,推荐在60 ℃水浴条件下,采用50 %乙醇对雪莲样品连续浸提2次的方案。对雪莲提取物的纯化研究表明,雪莲成份复杂,仅依靠单一的分离手段,往往难以奏效。另外,野生雪莲及雪莲培养物中生物活性成份的比色法、HPLC(High Performance Liquid Chromatography)、LC-ESI-MS(Liquid Chromotagraphy Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry)分析表明,传统的NaNO2-AlCl3 法测定雪莲总黄酮的含量,结果偏高,不利于雪莲黄酮的实验室研究分析与今后工业化生产的质量监控。而AlCl3 法的显色反应较为特异,今后有望取代NaNO2-AlCl3 法,作为雪莲类药材品质评价的标准。而HPLC-DAD结合LC-ESI-MS可以对雪莲中的主要生物活性成份进行较为准确的定性分析,从而解决了由于缺乏相应的雪莲化合物标准品而难以对雪莲中的成份进行定性定量分析及比较的难题。最后综合利用上述分析方法,对雪莲细胞培养物中的花素类物质进行了分析。结果表明,雪莲细胞中至少含有7种花色素类物质,分别为矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖甙及其衍生物、天竺葵素糖甙衍生物和芍药色素糖甙衍生物。

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Nicotiana glauca (Argentinean tree tobacco) is atypical within the genus Nicotiana, accumulating predominantly anabasine rather than nicotine and/or nornicotine as the main component of its leaf pyridine alkaloid fraction. The current study examines the role of the A622 gene from N. glauca (NgA622) in alkaloid production and utilises an RNAi approach to down-regulate gene expression and diminish levels of A622 protein in transgenic tissues. Results indicate that RNAi-mediated reduction in A622 transcript levels markedly reduces the capacity of N. glauca to produce anabasine resulting in plants with scarcely any pyridine alkaloids in leaf tissues, even after damage to apical tissues. In addition, analysis of hairy roots containing the NgA622-RNAi construct shows a substantial reduction in both anabasine and nicotine levels within these tissues, even if stimulated with methyl jasmonate, indicating a role for the A622 enzyme in the synthesis of both alkaloids in roots of N. glauca. Feeding of Nicotinic Acid (NA) to hairy roots of N. glauca containing the NgA622-RNAi construct did not restore capacity for synthesis of anabasine or nicotine. Moreover, treatment of these hairy root lines with NA did not lead to an increase in anatabine levels, unlike controls. Together, these results strongly suggest that A622 is an integral component of the final enzyme complex responsible for biosynthesis of all three pyridine alkaloids in Nicotiana.

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The wound-inducible quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase promoter from Nicotiana tabacum (NtQPT2) was assessed for its capacity to produce B-subunit of the heat-labile toxin (LTB) from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in transgenic plant tissues. Comparisons were made with the widely used and constitutive Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S (CaMV35S) promoter. The NtQPT2 promoter produced somewhat lower average concentrations of LTB protein per unit weight of hairy root tissue but allowed better growth thereby producing similar or higher overall average yields of LTB per culture batch. Transgenic tobacco plants containing the NtQPT2-LTB construct contained LTB protein in roots but not leaves. Moreover, wounding NtQPT2-LTB transgenic plants, by removal of apices, resulted in an approximate 500% increase in LTB levels in roots when analysed several days later. CaMV35S-LTB transgenic plants contained LTB protein in leaves and roots but wounding made no difference to their LTB content.