Human gustation: when the brain has taste.

What we put into our mouths can nourish or kill us. A new study uses state-of-the-art electroencephalogram decoding to detail how we and our brains know what we taste.

Somesthetic, gustatory, olfactory function and salivary flow in patients with neuropathic trigeminal pain

OBJECTIVES: To determine somesthetic, olfactory, gustative and salivary abnormalities in patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS), idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (ITN) and trigeminal postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty patients from each group (BMS, ITN, PHN) and 60 healthy controls were evaluated with a systematized quantitative approach of thermal (cold and warm), mechanical, pain, gustation, olfaction and salivary flow; data were analyzed with ANOVA, Tukey, Kruskal Wallis and Dunn tests with a level of significance of 5%. RESULTS: There were no salivary differences among the groups with matched ages; the cold perception was abnormal only at the mandibular branch of PHN (P = 0.001) and warm was abnormal in all trigeminal branches of PHN and BMS; mechanical sensitivity was altered at the mandibular branch of PHN and in all trigeminal branches of BMS. The salty, sweet and olfactory thresholds were higher in all studied groups; the sour threshold was lower and there were no differences of bitter. CONCLUSION: All groups showed abnormal thresholds of gustation and olfaction; somesthetic findings were discrete in ITN and more common in PHN and BMS; central mechanisms of balance of sensorial inputs might be underlying these observations. Oral Diseases (2010) 16, 482-487

Ionotropic and metabotropic mechanisms in chemoreception: 'chance or design'?

Chemosensory receptors convert an enormous diversity of chemical signals from the external world into a common language of electrical activity in the brain. Mammals and insects use several families of transmembrane receptor proteins to recognize distinct classes of volatile and non-volatile chemicals that are produced by conspecifics or other environmental sources. A comparison of the signalling mechanisms of mammalian and insect receptors has revealed an unexpected functional distinction: mammals rely almost exclusively on metabotropic ligand-binding receptors, which use second messenger signalling cascades to indirectly activate ion channels, whereas insects use ionotropic receptors, which are gated directly by chemical stimuli, thereby leading to neuronal depolarization. In this review, we consider possible reasons for this dichotomy, taking into account biophysical, cell biological, ecological and evolutionary influences on how information is extracted from chemosensory cues by these animal classes.

Traitement des mélanges par le système trigéminal

Le système trigéminal –tout comme l’olfaction et la gustation– est un sens chimique qui permet la perception des informations chimiosensorielles de notre environnement. Contrairement à l’olfaction et à la gustation, notre connaissance du traitement des mélanges par le système trigéminal est limitée. Nous avons donc utilisé des mélanges de trois agonistes relativement spécifiques à des récepteurs (eucalyptol, agoniste TRPM8; aldéhyde cinnamique, agoniste TRPA1 ; camphre, agoniste TRPV1) et d’une odeur pure (alcool phényléthylique) dans différentes proportions afin de déterminer les dimensions de base de la perception trigéminale. Quatre dimensions principales se sont avérées pertinentes: l’intensité, la sensation de chaleur, la sensation de froid et la douleur. Nous avons utilisé ces dimensions pour étudier la perception de mélanges et de combinaisons dans différentes proportions d’un stimulus qui procure une sensation de froid (eucalyptol) et d’un stimulus qui procure une sensation de chaleur (aldéhyde cinnamique). Les résultats indiquent que les mélanges obtiennent généralement des scores plus élevés que les combinaisons sur les dimensions « intensité », « sensation de chaleur » et « douleur » alors que les combinaisons obtiennent des scores plus élevés sur la dimension « sensation de froid ». Ces résultats suggèrent des interactions spécifiques pour les différentes dimensions de la perception trigéminale. Nous en venons à la conclusion d’un effet d’additivité pour les mélanges sur les dimensions « intensité », « sensation de chaleur » et « douleur » alors que nous observons plutôt un effet de suppression de la perception de froid pour les deux stimuli dans les mélanges, ce qui semble indiquer des interactions particulières pouvant prendre place aux niveaux périphérique ou central.

Le sens du goût chez l'aveugle congénital

Thèse réalisée en collaboration avec le Département de neurosciences et pharmacologie de l'Université de Copenhague, Danemark.

The genomes of two key bumblebee species with primitive eusocial organization

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Biology of sensory systems

Since publication of the first edition, huge developments have taken place in sensory biology research and new insights have been provided in particular by molecular biology. These show the similarities in the molecular architecture and in the physiology of sensory cells across species and across sensory modality and often indicate a common ancestry dating back over half a billion years. Biology of Sensory Systems has thus been completely revised and takes a molecular, evolutionary and comparative approach, providing an overview of sensory systems in vertebrates, invertebrates and prokaryotes, with a strong focus on human senses. Written by a renowned author with extensive teaching experience, the book covers, in six parts, the general features of sensory systems, the mechanosenses, the chemosenses, the senses which detect electromagnetic radiation, other sensory systems including pain, thermosensitivity and some of the minority senses and, finally, provides an outline and discussion of philosophical implications. New in this edition: - Greater emphasis on molecular biology and intracellular mechanisms - New chapter on genomics and sensory systems - Sections on TRP channels, synaptic transmission, evolution of nervous systems, arachnid mechanosensitive sensilla and photoreceptors, electroreception in the Monotremata, language and the FOXP2 gene, mirror neurons and the molecular biology of pain - Updated passages on human olfaction and gustation. Over four hundred illustrations, boxes containing supplementary material and self-assessment questions and a full bibliography at the end of each part make Biology of Sensory Systems essential reading for undergraduate students of biology, zoology, animal physiology, neuroscience, anatomy and physiological psychology. The book is also suitable for postgraduate students in more specialised courses such as vision sciences, optometry, neurophysiology, neuropathology, developmental biology.