On distribution of pollen in lakes. [Translation from: Palynology in geological research in the Baltic Soviet Republics p113-119. Vilnius, 1973.]

Systematic investigations of the distribution of pollen in stationary water bodies until now have hardly been conducted. For clarification of the problem of how the pollen of different plants which falls into a lake is deposited in relation to its physical properties, the character of the lake, wind currents and other factors, pollen analyses were carried out of surface samples of the bottom sediments of 13 Lithuanian lakes. Lakes were selected of different sizes (areas from 2333 ha. to 8 ha.) and different depths, not uniformly overgrown, situated in different physico-geographic regions of Lithuania. As a result of the investigation, it was established that in the surface layer of the sediments of the lakes of Lithuania pollen of woody species predominates.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits recovered by the Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ) during the 1971-1974 period in the Pacific Ocean

In 1974, the Geological Survey of Japan began its systematic investigation of manganese nodules in the Central Pacific Basin on the new geological research vessel Hakurei Maru. The first cruise (GH 74-5) was carried out over an eastern part area of the Basin (6°-10°30'N, 164°30'-171°30'W), and the authors report here the preliminary results on the occurrence of manganese nodule deposits, paying particular consideration to their relationship to submarine topography and surficial and sub-bottom sedimentary facies. The surveyed area comprises a deep-sea basin at 5,000-5,400 m, defined to the north and east by the chain of seamounts and guyots of the Christmas Ridge. The deep-sea basin is divided roughly into 2 contrasting topographic features. The eastern part is characterised by flattened topography resulting from continuous deposition of turbidities; the meridian and western parts are characterised by gently rolling topography and the existence of a large number of deep-sea hills. Manganese nodules are almost lacking in the former flattened eastern area, whereas they are widely distributed in the latter rolling meridian and western parts. The population density of nodules varies from less than 1 Kg/m² to 26 kg/m² and the higher density is found in the siliceous-calcareous ooze zone of rather small, flat basins surrounded by deep-sea hills. The density is closely related to the thickness of the transparent layer obtained by 3.5 kHz PDR profiling over the whole area. Considering the various data of grab sampling, 3.5 kHz PDR profiling and to a lesser extent of deep-sea television and camera observations, the most promising manganese field in the present area seems to be confined to the north of the western sector of the area.

牡丹江碰撞带的组成及演化

Jiamusi Massif is an important tectonic unit in Northeast China. It’s significant for understanding the evolution of Paleo-Asian Ocean and reconstruction of the tectonic framework of Northeast China. Mudanjiang area is located in the southern margin of Jiamusi Massif and is the key to understand the evolution of Jiamusi Massif. However, the detailed geological research for Mudanjiang area has long been deficient in many important problems, such as the tectonic components of the Mudanjiang collision zone (MCZ), the age of collisional complexes and the scenario of tectonic evolution. Based on the lithology, geochemistry and the SHRIMP zircon U-Pb geochronology in Mudanjiang area, our new data and results come to some constraints for the tectonic reconstruction of MCZ as follows: 1） It is identified that the former suggestion, which the so-called “Heilongjiang Group” in Mudanjiang area is the vestige of oceanic crust, is correct. The oceanic relics represent the Neo-Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic oceanic basins based on the SHRIMP zircon U-Pb geochronology. 2） One sheet of gabbroic complex with oceanic island-type geochemical signature was discovered by this work in Mudanjiang area. 3） It is verified that the Proterozoic concordant U-Pb ages of the migmatites developed along the southern margin of Jiamusi massif, which represent the events of magmatic intrusion, as the direct evidence for the existence of the Proterozoic crystalline basements of the Jiamusi Massif. Based on geochronology, we suggest that the migmatization and coeval S-type granite magmatism of the southern margin of Jiamusi Massif took place about 490Ma. 4） The island arc complex has been found in the Heilongjiang Group, and the oceanic relics was found distributing on both sides, as provided important constraint for the tectonic reconstruction of the MCZ. 5） ~440Ma metamorphic event and coeval post-collisional granite magmatism have been firmly identified in the MCZ and its southern neighboring area. Together with previous data obtained by other researchers, our conclusions on the reconstruction of the tectonic architecture and evolution of the MCZ as follows: 1） The orogenic assemblages developed in the Mudanjiang collisional zone are featured by a sequence of ancient active continental margins and ensuing orogenic processing. The Mashan Group is the reworking basement of Jiamusi Massif, whereas the Heilongjiang Group represents arc and oceanic complexes characterized by imbricate deep-seated sliced and slivering sheets due to multi-phases of thrusting and nappe stacking. 2） The northern sub-belt of MCZ is probably the arc-continent collisional boundary related to the closure of main oceanic basin. The collisional age can be constrained by the events of syn-orogenic migmatization of migmatite, coeval S-type granite magmatism and the related granulite-facies metamorphism. Therefore, we suggested the collisional age of northern sub-belt is probably Cambrian-Early Ordovician. The extensive granulite-facies metamorphism of the Mashan Group in Jiamusi Massif, as affirmed by former works, was probably related with the collisional event. 3） The southern sub-belt of the MCZ was possibly related with the closure of back-arc basin. We presumed that the collisional age of southern sub-belt is about Ordovician-Early Silurian according to the ~440Ma extensive metamorphism and the occurrence of coeval post-collisional granite magmatism. 4） The extant structural architecture of the MCZ is related to the multi-phases of intra-continental superimposition, which is characterized by the Mesozoic nappe structure.

青海德尔尼铜钴锌矿床地质构造背景与成因

The Derni large Cu-Co-Zn sulfide deposit is occurred in the Derni melange belt, which is located in the eastern section of the A'nyemaqen ophiolite melange belt. The Derni deposit is hosted in the mantle peridotites and is very special in the world. Because the studying area is of very bad natural environment and very low geological research, the geotectonic setting and genesis of the deposit have long been debated. This paper studied these two questions and answered them. The research is of great significance to reveal impotant information of deep geology, crust-mantle interaction and geotectonic evolution, to enrich theories in the study of mineral deposit and provide scientific basic data for exploration and exploit of this kind of deposit. Based on the series of new achievements and new cognitions, to start with the geologic setting of the Derni deposit, through detailed field, tectonics, petrology, geochemistry, isotopic geochronology, microfossil, and study of mineral deposit, belongs to a melange belt, including mantle peridotites slice with ore, Late Precambrian sandstone and slate slice, metamorphic rock slice. 2. Petrological and geochemical characteristics indicate that the Derni mantle peridotite is not ophiolite mantle peridotite, but is occurred under the continental crust. 3. The U-Pb isotopic age of single-grain zircon form the accumulative rock suggests that the Derni mantle peridotite were formed in 747±10Ma, and underwent a great period of metamorphic process in 441.5±2.5Ma. 4. Microfossil assemblage from the carbonaceous slate belongs to Late Precambrian. Through petrography and petrochemistry, sandstone and slate were formed in the continental margin. 5. Sideronitic texture, which is first discovered in this study, reveals the characteristics of magmatic liquation. 6. Fluid inclusion explosion temperature of pyrite is in the range of -6.15～+6.64‰, and Pb isotope is consistent with mantle peridotite, which suggest ore-forming materials are from the mantle. To sum up, the upper mantle was melting partially, when it was metasomated by the mantle fluids with abundant Cu, Co, Zn, S, Au and LREE etc. The pockets of magma became enlarged by mantle tenacity shearing, and the pockets of magma occurred magmatic differentiation in the stable field, then the magma and ore pulp together with mantle refractory remnant dirpired and crystallized in the shallow part of the crust.

胜利油田低渗透砂岩油藏非均质地质建模

Guided by geological theories, the author analyzed factual informations and applied advanced technologies including logging reinterpretation, predicting of fractal-based fracture network system and stochastic modeling to the low permeable sandstone reservoirs in Shengli oilfield. A new technology suitable for precious geological research and 3D heterogeneity modeling was formed through studies of strata precious correlation, relation between tectonic evolution and fractural distribution, the control and modification of reservoirs diagenesis, logging interpretation mathematical model, reservoir heterogeneity, and so on. The main research achievements are as follows: (1) Proposed four categories of low permeable reservoirs, which were preferable, general, unusual and super low permeable reservoir, respectively; (2) Discussed ten geological features of the low permeable reservoirs in Shengli area; (3) Classified turbidite fan of Es_3 member of the Area 3 in Bonan oilfield into nine types of lithological facies, and established the facies sequences and patterns; (4) Recognized that the main diagenesis were compaction, cementation and dissolution, among which the percent compaction was up to 50%~90%; (5) Divided the pore space in ES_3 member reservoir into secondary pores with dissolved carbonate cement and residual intergranular pores strongly compacted and cemented; (6) Established logging interpretation mathematical model guided by facies- control modeling theory; (7) Predicted the fracture distribution in barriers using fractal method; (8) Constructed reservoir structural model by deterministic method and the 3D model of reservoir parameters by stochastic method; (9) Applied permeability magnitudes and directions to describe the fractures' effect on fluid flow, and presented four different fractural configurations and their influence on permeability; (10) Developed 3D modeling technology for the low permeable sandstone reservoirs. The research provided reliable geological foundation for the establishment and modification of development plans in low permeable sandstone reservoirs, improved the development effect and produced more reserves, which provided technical support for the stable and sustained development of Shengli Oilfield.

Modelos de dinâmica da Terra aplicados à geologia de Portuga l: relevância da experimentação análoga no ensino e na divulgação da geologia

Tese de doutoramento, Geologia (Geodinâmica Interna), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2014

Recent work at the Lower Palaeolithic site of Corfe Mullen, Dorset, England

Changes in the geological interpretation of the history of the ancient Solent river basin have focused attention on the handaxes discovered in the Corfe Mullen area during quarrying before the Second World War. Recent geological research suggests that the fluvial terrace the handaxes are associated with may pre-date the Anglian glaciation. This is important because it contributes to the question of just when the Solent basin was first occupied by hominins, and how this relates to other areas of possible contemporary pre-Anglian occupation such as the Boxgrove Marine embayment. However, the artefacts were believed to come from the bluff of the river terrace and were thus not in situ. This paper explores that question and re-examines the context from which the handaxes at Corfe Mullen were discovered.

Geologia, mineralogia e geoquímica dos fosfatos de Sapucaia (Bonito - PA)

O depósito mineral de Sapucaia, situado no município de Bonito, região nordeste do Estado do Pará, é parte de um conjunto de ocorrências de fosfatos de alumínio lateríticos localizados predominantemente ao longo da zona costeira dos estados do Pará e Maranhão. Estes depósitos foram alvos de estudo desde o início do século passado, quando as primeiras descrições de “bauxitas fosforosas” foram mencionadas na região NW do Maranhão. Nas últimas décadas, com o crescimento acentuado da demanda por produtos fertilizantes pelo mercado agrícola mundial, diversos projetos de exploração mineral foram iniciados ou tiveram seus recursos ampliados no território brasileiro, dentre estes destaca-se a viabilização econômica de depósitos de fosfatos aluminosos, como o de Sapucaia, que vem a ser o primeiro projeto econômico mineral de produção e comercialização de termofosfatos do Brasil. Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo caracterizar a geologia, a constituição mineralógica e a geoquímica do perfil laterítico alumino-fosfático do morro Sapucaia. A macrorregião abrange terrenos dominados em sua maioria por rochas pré-cambrianas a paleozóicas, localmente definidas pela Formação Pirabas, Formação Barreiras, Latossolos e sedimentos recentes. A morfologia do depósito é caracterizada por um discreto morrote alongado que apresenta suaves e contínuos declives em suas bordas, e que tornam raras as exposições naturais dos horizontes do perfil laterítico. Desta forma, a metodologia aplicada para a caracterização do depósito tomou como base o programa de pesquisa geológica executada pela Fosfatar Mineração, até então detentora dos respectivos direitos minerais, onde foram disponibilizadas duas trincheiras e amostras de 8 testemunhos de sondagem. A amostragem limitou-se à extensão litológica do perfil laterítico, com a seleção de 44 amostras em intervalos médios de 1m, e que foram submetidas a uma rota de preparação e análise em laboratório. Em consonância com as demais ocorrências da região do Gurupi, os fosfatos de Sapucaia constituem um horizonte individualizado, de geometria predominantemente tabular, denominado simplesmente de horizonte de fosfatos de alumínio ou crosta aluminofosfática, que varia texturalmente de maciça a cavernosa, porosa a microporosa, que para o topo grada para uma crosta ferroalumino fosfática, tipo pele-de-onça, compacta a cavernosa, composta por nódulos de hematita e/ou goethita cimentados por fosfatos de alumínio, com características similares aos do horizonte de fosfatos subjacente. A crosta aluminofosfática, para a base do perfil, grada para um espesso horizonte argiloso caulinítico com níveis arenosos, que repousa sobre sedimentos heterolíticos intemperizados de granulação fina, aspecto argiloso, por vezes sericítico, intercalados por horizontes arenosos, e que não possuem correlação aparente com as demais rochas aflorantes da geologia na região. Aproximadamente 40% da superfície do morro é encoberta por colúvio composto por fragmentos mineralizados da crosta e por sedimentos arenosos da Formação Barreiras. Na crosta, os fosfatos de alumínio estão representados predominantemente pelo subgrupo da crandallita: i) série crandallita-goyazita (média de 57,3%); ii) woodhouseíta-svanbergita (média de 15,8%); e pela iii) wardita-millisita (média de 5,1%). Associados aos fosfatos encontram-se hematita, goethita, quartzo, caulinita, muscovita e anatásio, com volumes que variam segundo o horizonte laterítico correspondente. Como os minerais pesados em nível acessório a raro estão zircão, estaurolita, turmalina, anatásio, andalusita e silimanita. O horizonte de fosfatos, bem como a crosta ferroalumínio-fosfática, mostra-se claramente rica em P₂O₅, além de Fe₂O₃, CaO, Na₂O, SrO, SO₃, Th, Ta e em terras-raras leves como La e Ce em relação ao horizonte saprolítico. Os teores de SiO₂ são consideravelmente elevados, porém muito inferiores aqueles identificados no horizonte argiloso sotoposto. No perfil como um todo, observa-se uma correlação inversa entre SiO₂ e Al₂O₃; entre Al₂O₃ e Fe₂O₃, e positiva entre SiO₂ e Fe₂O₃, que ratificam a natureza laterítica do perfil. Diferente do que é esperado para lateritos bauxíticos, os teores de P₂O₅, CaO, Na₂O, SrO e SO₃ são fortemente elevados, concentrações consideradas típicas de depósitos de fosfatos de alumínio ricos em crandallita-goyazita e woodhouseítasvanbergita. A sucessão dos horizontes, sua composição mineralógica, e os padrões geoquímicos permitem correlacionar o presente depósito com os demais fosfatos de alumínio da região, mais especificamente Jandiá (Pará) e Trauíra (Maranhão), bem como outros situados além do território brasileiro, indicando portanto, que os fosfatos de alumínio de Sapucaia são produtos da gênese de um perfil laterítico maturo e completo, cuja rocha fonte pode estar relacionada a rochas mineralizadas em fósforo, tais como as observadas na Formação Pimenteiras, parcialmente aflorante na borda da Bacia do Parnaíba. Possivelmente, o atual corpo de minério integrou a paleocosta do mar de Pirabas, uma vez que furos de sondagem às proximidades do corpo deixaram claro a relação de contato lateral entre estas unidades.

Estudo geofísico em um depósito de manganês supergênico no município de Itapira - SP

The mining research is a complex activity, which should preferably involve the combination of direct and indirect techniques of geological research. The increasing demand for base metals in domestic and international markets provide the revaluation of mineral occurrences, which can be converted into deposits and mines. This paper presents the results of the application of geophysical methods of electric resistivity and induced polarization in main foliation parallel to the arrangement of the area, in a deposit of oxides and hydroxides in massive and disseminated ores, docked in gneisses and quartzites, located in the municipality of Itapira, in the North of the State of São Paulo in Brazil. Inversion models indicate the predominance of high cargabilidade that partially coincide with low resistivity values. Integration of geophysical data made possible the drafting of sections of electric walking with cross-checking distance x depth, for detailing your target. The integrated analysis of geophysical and geological structural data leads to the conclusion that the primary mining suffers structural control with the regional foliation in ores

Prospecção geológica e geofísica com ênfase em formações ferríferas na faixa meridional do Quadrilátero Ferrífero do Supergrupo Minas Indiviso

Pós-graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente - IGCE