Nicole Poret (FCE graduate student from FSU) at SRS-5

http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/fce_lter_photos/1329/thumbnail.jpg

Järjestö jäänmurtajana : Suomen merimiesunioni työmarkkinaosapuolena ja suomalaisten laivatyöntekijöiden turvallisuuden vankentajana 1944-1980

Like an Icebreaker: The Finnish Seamen s Union as collective bargaining maverick and champion of sailors social safety 1944-1980. The Finnish Seamen's Union (FSU), which was established on a national basis in 1920, was one of the first Finnish trade unions to succeed in collective bargaining. In the early 1930s, the gains made in the late 1920s were lost, due to politically based internal rivalries, the Great Depression, and a disastrous strike. Unexpectedly the FSU survived and went on promoting the well-being of its members even during World War II. After the war the FSU was in an exceptionally favorable position to exploit the introduction of coordinated capitalism, which was based on social partnership between unions, employers and government. Torpedoes, mines and confiscations had caused severe losses to the Finnish merchant marine. Both ship-owners and government alike understood the crucial importance of using the remaining national shipping capacity effectively. The FSU could no longer be crushed, and so, in 1945, the union was allowed to turn all ocean-going Finnish ships into closed shops. The FSU also had another source of power. After the sailors of the Finnish icebreaker fleet also joined its ranks, the FSU could, in effect, block Finnish foreign trade in wintertime. From the late 1940s to the 1960s the union started and won numerous icebreaker strikes. Finnish seamen were thus granted special pension rights, reductions on income taxes and import duties, and other social privileges. The FSU could neither be controlled by union federations nor intimidated by employers or governments. The successful union and its tactically clever chairperson, Niilo Välläri, were continuously but erroneously accused of syndicalism. Välläri did not aim for socialism but wanted the Finnish seamen to get all the social benefits that capitalism could possibly offer. Välläri s policy was successfully followed by the FSU until the late 1980s when Finnish ship-owners were allowed to flag their vessels outside the national registry. Since then the FSU has been on the defensive and has yielded to pay cuts. The FSU members have not lost their social benefits, but they are under constant fear of losing their jobs to cheap foreign labor.

Origin of a trend in ECMWF wind analysis and its objective removal

The suitability of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) operational wind analysis for the period 1980-1991 for studying interannual variability is examined. The changes in the model and the analysis procedure are shown to give rise to a systematic and significant trend in the large scale circulation features. A new method of removing the systematic errors at all levels is presented using multivariate EOF analysis. Objectively detrended analysis of the three-dimensional wind field agrees well with independent Florida State University (FSU) wind analysis at the surface. It is shown that the interannual variations in the detrended surface analysis agree well in amplitude as well as spatial patterns with those of the FSU analysis. Therefore, the detrended analyses at other levels as well are expected to be useful for studies of variability and predictability at interannual time scales. It is demonstrated that this trend in the wind field is due to the shift in the climatologies from the period 1980-1985 to the period 1986-1991.

热带印度洋低频Rossby波及其对上层热结构的影响

Rossby波是地球物理流体动力学中非常重要的一种波动，海洋斜压长Rossby波在海洋动力过程中起着相当重要的作用。它维持并影响强西边界流，是海盆内能量传播的主要机制，它所携带的变异信号从大洋的东边界传播到内部，对海气耦合系统起到很重要的作用。热带印度洋是季风爆发的源地，对季风的年际变化具有重要影响。研究热带印度洋对理解季风变率和提高季风预测水平有重要的科学和应用价值。 本文利用TOPEX/Poseidon等高度计资料、美国国家海洋数据中心（NODC）的世界海洋图集（WOA05）长期气候态水文资料、美国Scripps海洋研究所的上层海温资料、中国Argo资料中心提供的Argo资料、美国国家环境预测中心（NCEP）的海表面温度、FSU（Florida State University）月平均风场和海气界面热通量等观测数据，全面分析了热带印度洋低频Rossby波的基本特征，并深入研究了低频Rossby波的生成机制及其对上层海洋热结构的影响。 采用相关分析等统计方法，结合1.5层约化重力模式，研究了热带南印度洋低频Rossby波的生成机制。结果表明： （1）热带南印度洋低频Rossby波分为东边界扰动产生的Rossby波和南印度洋中部风强迫Rossby波；东边界激发的为自由Rossby波，沿12°S波速大约13 cm/s，向西最远传播到80°E左右，之后被局地变量调整；强迫Rossby波在西传的过程中不断加强，波速较快，沿12°S能超过20 cm/s； （2）东边界扰动由印度尼西亚贯通流（ITF）导致的地转调整过程引起；内区风强迫Rossby波生成和加强的关键区为（70°E–95°E，15°S–5°S）；显著的西传Rossby波同太平洋上的厄尔尼诺/南方涛动（ENSO）事件紧密相连，ENSO通过大气的遥驱动机制激发热带南印度洋低频Rossby波； （3）作为东边界低频变量扰动的一个重要因子，ITF的变化与ENSO事件密切相关，总的来讲，El Niño年ITF偏弱，La Niña年ITF偏强，这与前人的研究结果一致；但它在ENSO的不同位相时期，存在一定差异，并具有夏季锁相特征：El Niño事件发生年的春季到秋季，ITF偏强，夏季最强；从El Niño盛期（冬季）到次年秋季，ITF持续偏弱，夏季最弱。上述夏季锁相特征与夏季风的强弱变化相对应。La Niña期间情况相反。 西南印度洋（SWIO）（50°E–75°E，15°S–5°S）以及苏门答腊-爪哇沿岸地区是海表面高度异常（SSHA）和海表面温度异常（SSTA）相关显著的区域，表明内部海洋动力过程在次表层和表层变量的相互关系中起重要作用。本文以2006–2008年期间三个连续的同El Niño或者La Niña同时发生的正印度洋偶极子（IOD）事件为背景，基于Argo观测资料研究了表层和次表层IOD的演变以及二者的区别和联系，并首次采用垂直模态分解方法探讨了Rossby波对上层海洋热力结构影响的动力学特征，得到如下主要结论： （1）在热带印度洋，海洋动力过程一般主要由第一和第二低阶垂直斜压模态控制，而第一斜压模态处于主导地位——在SWIO海区，第一斜压模态运动的方差解释率为第二模态的2–3倍，在赤道和东南印度洋也达到2倍左右；另外，赤道印度洋地区高阶斜压模态运动对该地区的海洋动力过程也具有一定的贡献； （2）低频斜压Rossby波能影响海洋的垂直层结，尤其是强暖Rossby波使同第二斜压模态运动紧密相连的海洋上层层结减弱，加强第二斜压模态的贡献量，导致上层各等压线向下垂直位移增大，最终通过垂直混合过程调整上层海洋的热力结构；而低频斜压冷Rossby波会加强上层垂直层结，抑制该层内变量变化，因此第二斜压模态的贡献依然很小； （3）表层IOD和次表层IOD分布形态不同：表层东部冷异常主要集中在东南印度洋Sumatra-Java沿岸，次表层冷异常基本关于赤道对称；表层西部暖异常基本关于赤道对称，而在次表层赤道以南海温扰动强度远远大于赤道以北； （4）正IOD事件中，东南印度洋冷SSTA首先出现于Java沿岸，沿岸东南风引起的潜热释放增加以及沿岸上升流是该初始冷异常建立的主要机制，与之相关的SSTA东西梯度加强大气环流变化，并进一步强迫随后的海洋运动；1–2个月后，SST冷异常中心北跳到Sumatra沿岸并向西扩展，同时不断增强，其中Sumatra沿岸上升流、来自赤道印度洋的冷Kelvin波及其反射的西传冷Rossby波是这一演变过程的动力机制，而沿岸上升流起决定作用。

El uso de la musicoterapia para la mejora de la comunicación de niños con Trastorno del Espectro Autista en Aulas Abiertas Especializadas

Los beneficios que aporta la musicoterapia en alumnos con Trastorno del Espectro Autista, han sido demostrados profusamente por los distintos autores, si bien carecemos de literatura suficiente sobre su utilización en las Aulas Abiertas Especializadas en colegios ordinarios (Aulas TEA). En este sentido, el objetivo del trabajo, ha consistido en analizar qué mejoras aporta la musicoterapia al desarrollo de la comunicación en los alumnos con Trastorno del Espectro Autista dentro de las Aulas Abiertas de los CEIPs de Castilla-La Mancha y la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid. Para ello, se ha realizado una amplia revisión documental de fuentes de referencia y se ha entrevistado a los docentes responsables de las Aulas Abiertas Especializadas que utilizan actividades de musicoterapia como recurso en el aula. Se concluye el artículo manifestando, en primer lugar, la escasa integración de la musicoterapia en las aulas TEA (menos del 20% de los centros). En aquellas aulas que sí se programa con actividades de musicoterapia, los beneficios que ésta aporta se ven reflejados en un incremento claro de la intención comunicativa en los alumnos. Además, a la hora de planificar las actividades se tiene muy en cuenta conocer las preferencias y la historia musical del niño. No obstante, existen factores que impiden el aprovechamiento total de las posibilidades terapéuticas de la musicoterapia debido, especialmente a: a) una escasa formación del profesorado y b) un espacio inadecuado para poner en práctica una sesión de musicoterapia.

Propuesta académica para la Universidad del Rosario: Maestría en Administración Deportiva

Consiste en la propuesta de un programa de maestría para la Universidad Del Rosario en Administración Deportiva. Esto teniendo en cuenta el espacio para la profesionalización de este campo en el país

Should retributivists prefer pre-punishment?

Some philosophers believe that we can, in theory, justifiably pre-punish people – that is, punish them for a crime before they have committed that crime. In particular, it has been claimed that retributivists ought (in principle) to accept pre-punishment. The question of whether pre-punishment can be justified has sparked an interesting and growing philosophical debate. In this paper I look at a slightly different question: whether retributivists who accept that pre-punishment can be justified should prefer (ordinary) post-punishment or pre-punishment, or see them (in principle) as on a par. The answer is complex: asking this question brings to light unrecognised distinctions within both retributivism and pre-punishment, giving us four different answers to the question, depending on what kind of retributivism and what kind of pre-punishment are combined. Surprisingly, given that it is usually presented as a second best, to be pursued only when post-punishment is unavailable, some combinations will find pre-punishment preferable.

Entrepreneurship and cities: evidence from the post-communist world

While attributing urban success to more abundant supply of entrepreneurship, more recent studies on entrepreneurship have shifted their focus to examining cross-city variation in entrepreneurial activity. Despite a growing number of spatial-oriented studies of entrepreneurship worldwide to our best knowledge no empirical evidence exists on the determinants of cross-city variation in entrepreneurship in the context of the Former Soviet Union (FSU) states. Estrin and Mickiewicz (2010) show that transition economies generally exhibit lower rates of entrepreneurship than observed in most developed and developing market economies. This difference is even more pronounced for the FSU compared to Central and Eastern Europe. This paper investigates variation in entrepreneurial activity across FSU cities, attempting to bridge the city-level gap in spatial-oriented empirical research.