Flamelet structures in spray ignition

In typical liquid-fueled burners the fuel is injected as a high-velocity liquid jet that breaks up to form the spray. The initial heating and vaporization of the liquid fuel rely on the relatively large temperatures of the sourrounding gas, which may include hot combustion products and preheated air. The heat exchange between the liquid and the gas phases is enhanced by droplet dispersion arising from the turbulent motion. Chemical reaction takes place once molecular mixing between the fuel vapor and the oxidizer has occurred in mixing layers separating the spray flow from the hot air stream. Since in most applications the injection velocities are much larger than the premixed-flame propagation velocity, combustion stabilization relies on autoignition of the fuel-oxygen mixture, with the combustion stand-off distance being controlled by the interaction of turbulent transport, droplet heating and vaporization, and gas-phase chemical reactions. In this study, conditions are identified under which analyses of laminar flamelets canshed light on aspects of turbulent spray ignition. This study extends earlier fundamental work by Liñan & Crespo (1976) on ignition in gaseous mixing layers to ignition of sprays. Studies of laminar mixing layers have been found to be instrumental in developing un-derstanding of turbulent combustion (Peters 2000), including the ignition of turbulent gaseous diffusion flames (Mastorakos 2009). For the spray problem at hand, the configuration selected, shown in Figure 1, involves a coflow mixing layer formed between a stream of hot air moving at velocity UA and a monodisperse spray moving at velocity USUA. The boundary-layer approximation will be used below to describe the resulting sl ender flow, which exhibits different igniting behaviors depending on the characteristics of t he fuel. In this approximation, consideration of the case U A = U S enables laminar ignition distances to be related to ignition times of unstrained spray flamelets, thereby pro viding quantitative information of direct applicability in regions of low scala r dissipation-rate in turbulent reactive flows (see the discussion in pp. 181–186 of Peters (2000)) . This report is organized as follows. Effects of droplet dispersion dynamics on ignition of sprays in turbulent mixing layers are discussed in Section 2. The formulation f or ignition in laminar mixing layers is outlined in Sections 3 and 4. The results are presented in Section 5. In Section 6, the mixture-fraction field and associated scalar dissipat ion rates for spray ignition are discussed. Finally, some brief conclusions are drawn in Section 7.

On the relation between the conditional moment closure and unsteady flamelets

We consider the relation between the conditional moment closure (CMC) and the unsteady flamelet model (FM). The CMC equations were originally constructed as global equations, while FM was derived asymptotically for a thin reaction zone. The recent tendency is to use FM-type equations as global equations. We investigate the possible consequences and suggest a new version of FM: coordinate-invariant FM (CIFM). Unlike FM, CIFM complies with conditional properties of the exact transport equations which are used effectively in CMC. We analyse the assumptions needed to obtain another global version of FM: representative interactive flamelets (RIF), from original FM and demonstrate that, in homogeneous turbulence, one of these assumptions is equivalent to the main CMC hypothesis.

Modèles de flammelette en combustion turbulente avec extinction et réallumage : étude asymptotique et numérique, estimation d’erreur a posteriori et modélisation adaptative

On s’intéresse ici aux erreurs de modélisation liées à l’usage de modèles de flammelette sous-maille en combustion turbulente non prémélangée. Le but de cette thèse est de développer une stratégie d’estimation d’erreur a posteriori pour déterminer le meilleur modèle parmi une hiérarchie, à un coût numérique similaire à l’utilisation de ces mêmes modèles. Dans un premier temps, une stratégie faisant appel à un estimateur basé sur les résidus pondérés est développée et testée sur un système d’équations d’advection-diffusion-réaction. Dans un deuxième temps, on teste la méthodologie d’estimation d’erreur sur un autre système d’équations, où des effets d’extinction et de réallumage sont ajoutés. Lorsqu’il n’y a pas d’advection, une analyse asymptotique rigoureuse montre l’existence de plusieurs régimes de combustion déjà observés dans les simulations numériques. Nous obtenons une approximation des paramètres de réallumage et d’extinction avec la courbe en «S», un graphe de la température maximale de la flamme en fonction du nombre de Damköhler, composée de trois branches et d’une double courbure. En ajoutant des effets advectifs, on obtient également une courbe en «S» correspondant aux régimes de combustion déjà identifiés. Nous comparons les erreurs de modélisation liées aux approximations asymptotiques dans les deux régimes stables et établissons une nouvelle hiérarchie des modèles en fonction du régime de combustion. Ces erreurs sont comparées aux estimations données par la stratégie d’estimation d’erreur. Si un seul régime stable de combustion existe, l’estimateur d’erreur l’identifie correctement ; si plus d’un régime est possible, on obtient une fac˛on systématique de choisir un régime. Pour les régimes où plus d’un modèle est approprié, la hiérarchie prédite par l’estimateur est correcte.

Analisi numerica della combustione di gas a basso potere calorifico per applicazioni a microturbine a gas

Il presente lavoro si occupa dell’analisi numerica di combustione di gas a basso potere calorifico (gas di sintesi derivanti da pirolisi di biomasse). L’analisi è stata condotta su due principali geometrie di camera di combustione. La prima è un bruciatore sperimentale da laboratorio adatto allo studio delle proprietà di combustione del singas. Esso è introdotto in camera separatamente rispetto ad una corrente d’aria comburente al fine di realizzare una combustione non-premiscelata diffusiva in presenza di swirl. La seconda geometria presa in considerazione è la camera di combustione anulare installata sulla microturbina a gas Elliott TA 80 per la quale si dispone di un modello installato al banco al fine dell’esecuzione di prove sperimentali. I principali obbiettivi conseguiti nello studio sono stati la determinazione numerica del campo di moto a freddo su entrambe le geometrie per poi realizzare simulazioni in combustione mediante l’utilizzo di diversi modelli di combustione. In particolare è stato approfondito lo studio dei modelli steady laminar flamelet ed unsteady flamelet con cui sono state esaminate le distribuzioni di temperatura e delle grandezze tipiche di combustione in camera, confrontando i risultati numerici ottenuti con altri modelli di combustione (Eddy Dissipation ed ED-FR) e con i dati sperimentali a disposizione. Di importanza fondamentale è stata l’analisi delle emissioni inquinanti, realizzata per entrambe le geometrie, che mostra l’entità di tali emissioni e la loro tipologia. Relativamente a questo punto, il maggior interesse si sposta sui risultati ottenuti numericamente nel caso della microturbina, per la quale sono a disposizione misure di emissione ottenute sperimentalmente. Sempre per questa geometria è stato inoltre eseguito il confronto fra microturbina alimentata con singas a confronto con le prestazioni emissive ottenute con il gas naturale. Nel corso dei tre anni, l’esecuzione delle simulazioni e l’analisi critica dei risultati ha suggerito alcuni limiti e semplificazioni eseguite sulle griglie di calcolo realizzate per lo studio numerico. Al fine di eliminare o limitare le semplificazioni o le inesattezze, le geometrie dei combustori e le griglie di calcolo sono state migliorate ed ottimizzate. In merito alle simulazioni realizzate sulla geometria del combustore della microturbina Elliott TA 80 è stata condotta dapprima l’analisi numerica di combustione a pieno carico per poi analizzare le prestazioni ai carichi parziali. Il tutto appoggiandosi a tecniche di simulazione RANS ed ipotizzando alimentazioni a gas naturale e singas derivato da biomasse. Nell’ultimo anno di dottorato è stato dedicato tempo all’approfondimento e allo studio della tecnica Large Eddy Simulation per testarne una applicazione alla geometria del bruciatore sperimentale di laboratorio. In tale simulazione è stato implementato l’SGS model di Smagorinsky-Lilly completo di combustione con modelli flamelet. Dai risultati sono stati estrapolati i profili di temperatura a confronto con i risultati sperimentali e con i risultati RANS. Il tutto in diverse simulazioni a diverso valore del time-step imposto. L’analisi LES, per quanto migliorabile, ha fornito risultati sufficientemente precisi lasciando per il futuro la possibilità di approfondire nuovi modelli adatti all’applicazione diretta sulla MTG.

Dynamics of thermal ignition of spray flames in mixing layers

Conditions are identified under which analyses of laminar mixing layers can shed light on aspects of turbulent spray combustion. With this in mind, laminar spray-combustion models are formulated for both non-premixed and partially premixed systems. The laminar mixing layer separating a hot-air stream from a monodisperse spray carried by either an inert gas or air is investigated numerically and analytically in an effort to increase understanding of the ignition process leading to stabilization of high-speed spray combustion. The problem is formulated in an Eulerian framework, with the conservation equations written in the boundary-layer approximation and with a one-step Arrhenius model adopted for the chemistry description. The numerical integrations unveil two different types of ignition behaviour depending on the fuel availability in the reaction kernel, which in turn depends on the rates of droplet vaporization and fuel-vapour diffusion. When sufficient fuel is available near the hot boundary, as occurs when the thermochemical properties of heptane are employed for the fuel in the integrations, combustion is established through a precipitous temperature increase at a well-defined thermal-runaway location, a phenomenon that is amenable to a theoretical analysis based on activation-energy asymptotics, presented here, following earlier ideas developed in describing unsteady gaseous ignition in mixing layers. By way of contrast, when the amount of fuel vapour reaching the hot boundary is small, as is observed in the computations employing the thermochemical properties of methanol, the incipient chemical reaction gives rise to a slowly developing lean deflagration that consumes the available fuel as it propagates across the mixing layer towards the spray. The flame structure that develops downstream from the ignition point depends on the fuel considered and also on the spray carrier gas, with fuel sprays carried by air displaying either a lean deflagration bounding a region of distributed reaction or a distinct double-flame structure with a rich premixed flame on the spray side and a diffusion flame on the air side. Results are calculated for the distributions of mixture fraction and scalar dissipation rate across the mixing layer that reveal complexities that serve to identify differences between spray-flamelet and gaseous-flamelet problems.

Modeling of Turbulent Natural Gas and Biogas Flames of the Delft Jet-in-Hot-Coflow Burner: Effects of Coflow Temperature, Fuel Temperature and Fuel Composition on the Flame Lift-Off Height

The structure of a turbulent non-premixed flame of a biogas fuel in a hot and diluted coflow mimicking moderate and intense low dilution (MILD) combustion is studied numerically. Biogas fuel is obtained by dilution of Dutch natural gas (DNG) with CO2. The results of biogas combustion are compared with those of DNG combustion in the Delft Jet-in-Hot-Coflow (DJHC) burner. New experimental measurements of lift-off height and of velocity and temperature statistics have been made to provide a database for evaluating the capability of numerical methods in predicting the flame structure. Compared to the lift-off height of the DNG flame, addition of 30 % carbon dioxide to the fuel increases the lift-off height by less than 15 %. Numerical simulations are conducted by solving the RANS equations using Reynolds stress model (RSM) as turbulence model in combination with EDC (Eddy Dissipation Concept) and transported probability density function (PDF) as turbulence-chemistry interaction models. The DRM19 reduced mechanism is used as chemical kinetics with the EDC model. A tabulated chemistry model based on the Flamelet Generated Manifold (FGM) is adopted in the PDF method. The table describes a non-adiabatic three stream mixing problem between fuel, coflow and ambient air based on igniting counterflow diffusion flamelets. The results show that the EDC/DRM19 and PDF/FGM models predict the experimentally observed decreasing trend of lift-off height with increase of the coflow temperature. Although more detailed chemistry is used with EDC, the temperature fluctuations at the coflow inlet (approximately 100K) cannot be included resulting in a significant overprediction of the flame temperature. Only the PDF modeling results with temperature fluctuations predict the correct mean temperature profiles of the biogas case and compare well with the experimental temperature distributions.