Phosphorus reduction by sifting fish waste meal

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Characterization of a hydrolyzed oil obtained from fish waste for nutraceutical application

The fish industry generates high volume of waste from fish oil that can have the extraction of its lipids used as nutraceuticals and foods. The objective of this study was to produce unsaturated fatty acids from industrialized fish oil by means of a differentiated hydrolysis process. The samples used were crude fish oil obtained from Campestre industry and characterized through physical-chemical parameters, according to AOCS: acidity, peroxide, saponification, iodine and percentage of free fatty acids and also obtained the fatty acid profile through derivatization method for gas chromatography. The results obtained for the oleochemical indices for refined oil were similar to the data found on the literature. The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was found of 32,78%, with 9,12% of docosahexaenoic (DHA) and 10,36% of eicosapentaenoic (EPA), regarding monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) content was of 30,59% in the hydrolyzed fish oil in relation to refined (20,06%). Thus, it can be concluded that the hydrolysis process used for oils from fish-waste was satisfactory on the production of absolute yield of lipids in the process and significant preservation on the percentages of EPA and DHA, interesting on the production of nutraceuticals and nutrition of aquatic animals, including shrimp in captivity.

Studies on fish waste management practices in Aroor Seafood Industrial Belt, Kerala and conversion of seafood waste into a liquid plant growth supplement

This study was materialized to analyze the management issues regarding the seafood processing waste generated including its impact on the coastal community in one of the important seafood hubs of India Aroor Seafood Industrial Belt Alappuzha District Kerala The area has witnessed serious pollution issues related to seafood waste and seldom has any action been implemented by either the polluters or the preventers Further this study is also intended to suggest a low cost eco friendly method for utilizing the bulk quantity of seafood solid waste generated in the area for the promotion of organic farming The high nutritional value of seafood enables the subsequent offal to be considered as an excellent source for plant nutrition The liquid silage accepted worldwide as the cheapest and practical solution for rendering fish waste in bulk for production of livestock feed is adopted in this study to develop foliar fertilizer formulations from various seafood waste The effect of seafood foliar sprays is demonstrated by field studies on two plant varieties such as Okra and Amaranthus

AQUAREL CONCEPT Aquatic resources for green energy realization

The AQUAREL project studied the availability and optional utilization methods for fish processing side streams and other aquatic biomaterial in the Republic of Karelia. Additionally processing aquatic biomaterial with manure and sewage sludge was studied. Based on the results, the most feasible option today is to process fish side streams to fish oil and dewatered oil-free residue and to use them for fish or animal feed production. However, it is necessary to highlight, that changes in e.g. economic environment, energy prices and demand may require re-evaluating the results and conclusions made in the project. Producing fish oil from fish processing side streams is an easy and relatively simple production process generating a valuable end product. The functionality of the process was confirmed in a pilot conducted in the project. The oil and solids are separated from the heated fish waste based on gravity. The fish oil separating on top of the separator unit is removed. Fish oil can as such be utilized for heating purposes, fish meal or animal feed production, but it can also be further processed to biodiesel. However, due to currently moderate energy prices in Russia, biodiesel production is not economically profitable. Even if the fish oil production process is not complicated, the operative management of small-scale fish oil production unit requires dedicated resources and separate facilities especially to meet hygiene requirements. Managing the side streams is not a core business for fish farmers. Efficient and economically profitable fish oil production requires a centralized production unit with bigger processing capacity. One fish processing unit needs to be designed to manage side streams collected from several fish farms. The optimum location for the processing unit is in the middle of the fish farms. Based on the transportation cost analysis in the Republic of Karelia, it is not economically efficient to transport bio-wastes for more than 100 km since the transportation costs start increasing substantially. Another issue to be considered is that collection of side streams, including the dead fish, from the fish farms should be organized on a daily basis in order to eliminate the need for storing the side streams at the farms. Based on AQUAREL project studies there are different public funding sources available for supporting and enabling profitable and environmentally sustainable utilization, research or development of fish processing side streams and other aquatic biomaterial. Different funding programmes can be utilized by companies, research organizations, authorities and non-governmental organizations.

Biochemical Characterization and Bio-evaluation of Collagen and Collagen Peptides Extracted and Purified from Fish Skin: In vitro and In vivo Studies on Antiarthritic and Wound Healing Properties

In fish processing plants, there is huge amount of skin that is left as the waste. When this skin is taken and processed into fish collagen, it will save large amount of money that is used for extraction of collagen from other animal s.Fish collagen can be used as an alternative to replace mammalian collagen, especially collagen extracted from bovine, when we consider the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) and the foot - and-mouth disease (FMD) issues. BSE and TSE are progressive neurological disorders affecting cattles caused by proteinacious infectious particles called prions.The study aims in producing collagen that has been extracted from fish skin to replace other animal collagen so as to overcome the problem of other animal collagen issues. Also the study utilized the abandoned fish waste produced by fish processing industry since bone, skin, fin and scales of fish can be a useful source of collagen.

Fish oil fatty acids improve postprandial vascular reactivity in healthy men

Chronic fish oil intervention had been shown to have a positive impact on endothelial function. Although high-fat meals have often been associated with a loss of postprandial vascular reactivity, studies examining the effects of fish oil fatty acids on vascular function in the postprandial phase are limited. The aim of the present study was to examine the impact of the addition of fish oil fatty acids to a standard test meal on postprandial vascular reactivity. A total of 25 men received in a random order either a placebo oil meal (40 g of mixed fat; fatty acid profile representative of the U.K. diet) or a fish oil meal (31 g of mixed fat and 9 g of fish oil) on two occasions. Vascular reactivity was measured at baseline (0 h) and 4 h after the meal by laser Doppler iontophoresis, and blood samples were taken for the measurement of plasma lipids, total nitrite, glucose and insulin. eNOS (endothelial NO synthase) and NADPH oxidase gene expression were determined in endothelial cells after incubation with TRLs (triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins) isolated from the plasma samples taken at 4 h. Compared with baseline, sodium nitroprusside (an endothelium-independent vasodilator)-induced reactivity (P = 0.024) and plasma nitrite levels (P = 0.001) were increased after the fish oil meal. In endothelial cells, postprandial TRLs isolated after the fish oil meal increased eNOS and decreased NADPH oxidase gene expression compared with TRLs isolated following the placebo oil meal (P <= 0.03). In conclusion, meal fatty acids appear to be an important determinant of vascular reactivity, with fish oils significantly improving postprandial endothelium-independent vasodilation.

Amino acid composition of processed fish silage using different raw materials

The objective was to evaluate amino acid composition of silages produced from three raw materials. Commercial marine fish waste, commercial freshwater fish waste, and tilapia filleting residue were used to produce fish silage by acid digestion (20 ml/kg formic acid and 20 ml/kg sulfuric acid) and anaerobic fermentation (50 g/kg Lactobacillus plantarum, 150 g/kg sugar cane molasses). Protein content and amino acid composition were determined for raw materials and silage. Marine fish waste had higher crude protein content (776.7 g/kg) compared to freshwater fish waste (496.2 g/kg) and tilapia filleting residue (429.9 g/kg). All silages lacked up to three amino acids for each product according to FAO standards for essential amino acids. However, considering as the limiting factor only the amino acids below the 30% minimum requirement for fish in general, all products were satisfactory with respect to essential amino acids. Therefore, the results suggest that all products investigated are appropriate for use in balanced fish diets. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Amino acid composition of processed fish silage using different raw materials

The objective was to evaluate amino acid composition of silages produced from three raw materials. Commercial marine fish waste, commercial freshwater fish waste, and tilapia filleting residue were used to produce fish silage by acid digestion (20 ml/kg formic acid and 20 ml/kg sulfuric acid) and anaerobic fermentation (50 g/kg Lactobacillus plantarum, 150 g/kg sugar cane molasses). Protein content and amino acid composition were determined for raw materials and silage. Marine fish waste had higher crude protein content (776.7 g/kg) compared to freshwater fish waste (496.2 g/kg) and tilapia filleting residue (429.9 g/kg). All silages lacked up to three amino acids for each product according to FAO standards for essential amino acids. However, considering as the limiting factor only the amino acids below the 30% minimum requirement for fish in general, all products were satisfactory with respect to essential amino acids. Therefore, the results suggest that all products investigated are appropriate for use in balanced fish diets. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-6 and n-3 series: effects on postprandial lipid and apolipoprotein levels in healthy men

OBJECTIVE: The present study was carried out to determine effects of test meals of different fatty acid compositions on postprandial lipoprotein and apolipoprotein metabolism. DESIGN: The study was a randomized, single blind design. SETTING: The study was carried out in the Clinical Investigation Unit of the Royal Surrey County Hospital. SUBJECTS: Twelve male normal subjects with an average age of 22.4 +/- 1.4 years (mean +/- SD) were selected from the student population of the University of Surrey; one subject dropped out of the study because he found the test meal unpalatable. INTERVENTIONS: The subjects were given three evening test meals on three separate occasions, in which the oils used were either a mixed oil (rich in saturated fatty acids and approximated the fatty acid intake of the current UK diet), corn oil (rich in n-6 fatty acids), or fish oil (rich in n-3 fatty acids) 40 g of the oil under investigation were incorporated into a rice-based test meal. Triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins-triacylglycerol (TRL-TAG), TRL-cholesterol (TRL-cholesterol), plasma-TAG, plasma cholesterol (T-C), and serum apolipoprotein A-I and B (apo A-I and B) responses were measured. Postprandial responses were followed for 11 h. RESULTS: Postprandial plasma-TAG responses, calculated as incremental areas under the response curves (IAUC) were significantly reduced following the fish oil meal [365.5 +/- 145.4 mmol/l x min (mean +/- SD)[ compared with the mixed oil meal (552.0 +/- 141.7 mmol/l x min) (P < 0.05) and there was a strong trend towards the same direction in the TRL-TAG responses. In all instances, plasma-and TRL-TAG showed a biphasic response with increased concentrations occurring at 1h and between 3 and 7h postprandially. TRL-cholesterol, T-C, and serum apo A-I and B responses to the three meals were similar. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the view that fish oils decrease postprandial lipaemia and this may be an important aspect of their beneficial effects in reducing risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Further work is required to determine the mechanisms responsible for this effect.

Water quality and plankton populations in an earthen polyculture pond

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Acid and fermented silage characterization and determination of apparent digestibility coefficient of crude protein for pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus

Three types of raw materials including commercial waste from saltwater (SW), freshwater fish (FW) and tilapia fillet residue (FR) were used to produce fish silage by either acid digestion (2% formic acid and 2% sulfuric acid) or anaerobic fermentation (5% of Lactobacillus plantarum and 15% sugar cane molasses). Six test diets were used in digestibility trials prepared with 70% reference diet and 30% of each experimental silage. These diets were fed to juvenile pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (146 g average weight) in triplicate. Fish were kept in 500-L tanks and feces collected by manual extrusion. It was observed for both processes that SW waste always had the highest moisture content and lowest fat and ash. Highest crude protein levels were found in silages from commercial fish waste (SW and FW) made from whole fish unfit for human consumption. However, apparent digestibility coefficients did not vary among diets (P > 0.05). Although values did not differ statistically, fermented silage consistently displayed higher digestibility coefficients compared to acid silage. The silages exhibited relatively high protein digestibility (72.5-80.0%), thus suggesting the feasibility of using fish industry by-products in aquaculture feeds.

Utilização de composto orgânico de peixe em adubação de capim-marandu

Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FCAV

Microscale structure and function of anaerobic-aerobic granules containing glycogen accumulating organisms

The spatial arrangement and metabolic activity of 'Candidatus Competibacter phosphatis' was investigated in granular sludge from an anaerobic-aerobic sequencing batch reactor enriched for glycogen-accumulating organisms. In this process, the electron donor (acetate) and the electron acceptor (oxygen) were supplied sequentially in each phase. The organism, identified by fluorescence in situ hybridisation, was present throughout the granules; however, metabolic activity was limited to a 100-mum-thick layer immediately below the surface of the granules. To investigate the cause of this, oxygen microsensors and a novel microscale biosensor for volatile fatty acids were used in conjunction with chemical staining for intracellular storage polymers. It was found that the limited distribution of activity was caused by mass transport limitation of oxygen into the granules during the aerobic phase. (C) 2003 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Obtenção de um hidrogel proveniente de proteínas da corvina (micropogonias furnieri) e solubilização das proteínas fibrosas residuais

Com o aumento na captura de pescado e da poluição do meio ambiente, esta-se à margem de exceder a estimativa do limite da sustentabilidade, e obviamente isto faz com se utilize os recursos marítimos com mais inteligência e precaução. Aplicando tecnologia enzimática ou química é possível recuperar as proteínas do processamento do pescado, produzindo hidrolisados e isolados protéicos. Uma grande quantidade de proteínas insolúveis está disponível em escamas, peles e ossos, subprodutos do processamento do pescado, que podem ser solubilizadas através de fungos e bactérias. Utilizando isolados protéicos é possível obter biopolímeros, estes têm chamado a atenção nos últimos anos, pois são biodegradáveis, não-tóxicos e geralmente biocompatíveis. Os hidrogéis protéicos são polímeros que podem absorver uma quantidade de água a partir de 10 até centenas de vezes o seu peso seco. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um hidrogel protéico, com propriedades superabsorventes, a partir das proteínas solúveis e insolúveis da corvina (Micropogonias furnieri). Para a produção dos hidrolisados a partir das proteínas solúveis foi utilizado processo enzimático (Alcalase e Flavourzyme) e químico (solubilização ácida e alcalina). Nos processos de solubilização das proteínas insolúveis foram utilizados microrganismos (bactérias e fungos). Tanto as bactérias como os fungos avaliados apresentaram capacidade de solubilizar as proteínas insolúveis presentes nos resíduos (escamas, ossos, cartilagens e outros). A bactéria que atingiu a maior atividade proteolítica foi a Bacillus velesensis (47,56 U mL-1) e o fungo foi o Penicillium sp. (E20) (31,20 U mL-1). Para a produção dos hidrogéis, foram utilizados isolados protéicos provenientes de solubilização ácida ou alcalina, produzidos a partir de resíduos da industrialização de pescado, modificados quimicamente com dianidrido etilenodiamino tetraacético (EDTAD) e adicionados de agente de ligação cruzada (glutaraldeído). Algumas proteínas modificadas ainda foram submetidas a tratamento com etanol. Foram realizadas análise estrutural das proteínas modificadas e estudo da capacidade de retenção de água dos hidrogéis assim obtidos. Os hidrogéis produzidos apresentaram alta capacidade de retenção de água. A máxima absorção de água foi alcançada pelo hidrogel ácido sem o tratamento com etanol foi de 103,25 gágua/ggel seco, enquanto que a mesma amostra tratada com etanol alcançou 216,05 gágua/ggel seco. Os hidrogéis produzidos podem ser utilizados em diversas indústrias, tais como, farmacêutica, alimentícia, médica, agroindústria, entre outras, que necessitem de hidrogéis com alta capacidade de retenção de água.

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de filmes a base de isolado protéico de resíduos de corvina (micropogonias furnieri) e óleo de palma

Nas últimas duas décadas, o descarte e o acúmulo de embalagens não biodegradáveis têm agravado os problemas ambientais. Uma das soluções encontradas, particularmente na área de embalagens de alimentos, é o desenvolvimento de filmes a partir de polímeros que possam substituir os materiais sintéticos. Fontes alternativas de proteína, como os resíduos de pescados, tornam-se importante, pois estes representam de 60 a 70% da matéria-prima e são descartados pelas indústrias de filetagem contribuindo com os danos ao meio ambiente. As propriedades funcionais dos filmes biodegradáveis são resultantes das características das macromoléculas utilizadas, das interações entre os constituintes envolvidos na formulação (macromolécula, solvente, plastificante e outros aditivos), dos parâmetros de fabricação (temperatura, tipo de solvente, pH, entre outras), do processo de dispersão da solução filmogênica (pulverização, espalhamento, etc.) e das condições de secagem. Um problema limitante no uso de filmes biodegradáveis a base de proteínas de pescado é a sua susceptibilidade à umidade, devido à hidrofilicidade dos aminoácidos das moléculas de proteína. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi desenvolver e caracterizar filmes a base de isolado proteico de resídeos de corvina (IPC) e óleo de palma (OP). O desenvolvimento dos filmes foi estudado em duas etapas. Neste estudo utilizou-se resíduos de corvina (Micropogonias furnieri) para a obtenção do isolado protéico, glicerol como plastificante e óleo de palma para conferir hidrofobicidade ao filme. Na primeira etapa, o objetivo foi investigar o efeito das concentrações de IPC, de glicerol e do pH sobre as propriedades dos filmes de proteína de resíduos de corvina (Micropogonias furnieri). Os filmes foram avaliados quanto aos parâmetros de cor, opacidade, propriedades mecânicas, espessura, solubilidade em água, permeabilidade de vapor de água (PVA) e propriedades morfológicas. Como resultado foi observado que a opacidade e a luminosidade dos filmes não foram afetados pelas variáveis do processo. Os filmes de IPC ficaram amarelados e opacos. Apresentaramse mais claros quando elaborados com baixas concentrações de IPC e altas concentrações de glicerol nas soluções filmogênicas. A menor solubilidade em água ocorreu nos filmes com pH baixo e menores concentrações de glicerol. Com relação as propriedades mecânicas, os filmes apresentaram alta elongação e sua resistência à tração aumentou quando utilizadas maiores concentrações de IPC, menores concentrações de glicerol e pHs mais baixos.Os filmes apresentaram superficies ásperas e irregulares. Na segunda etapa foram elaborados filmes biodegradáveis de IPC contendo diferentes concentrações de óleo de palma (OP) (10 e 20 g de OP /100g de IPC) e suas propriedades de barreira, mecânicas, físico-químicas, térmicas e morfológicas foram estudadas. A adição de OP aumentou as espessuras dos filmes com 2 e 4% de IPC, no entanto a solubilidade não foi afetada pela adição do OP. Os filmes com 3 e 4% de IPC ficaram menos permeáveis a água quando incorporado 20% de OP nos mesmos. A opacidade dos filmes aumentou com a adição do OP. A incorporação do OP nos filmes resultou em uma diminuição da resistência à tração e no aumento da elongação dos filmes. Nos filmes com 2% de IPC o aumento na elongação foi significativo apenas quando adicionado 20% de OP. O aparecimento de apenas uma temperatura de fusão nos filmes sugeriu uma homogeneidade dos mesmos. A decomposição térmica dos filmes iniciou em torno de 120 -173ºC. Os filmes apresentaram uma superfície descontínua.