Reframe QUT's evaluation framework : a case study of planning, policy and positioning leading to educational best practice

Every university in Australia has a set of policies that guide the institution in its educational practices, however, the policies are often developed in isolation to each other. Now imagine a space where policies are evidence-based, refined annually, cohesively interrelated, and meet stakeholders’ needs. Is this happenstance or the result of good planning? Culturally, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) is a risk-averse institution that takes pride in its financial solvency and is always keen to know “how are we going?” With a twenty-year history of annual reporting that assures the quality of course performance through multiple lines of evidence, QUT’s Learning and Teaching Unit went one step further and strategically aligned a suite of policies that take into consideration the needs of their stakeholders, collaborate with other areas across the institution and use multiple lines of evidence to inform curriculum decision-making. In QUT’s experience, strategic planning can lead to policy that is designed to meet stakeholders’ needs, not manage them; where decision-making is supported by evidence, not rhetoric; where all feedback is incorporated, not ignored; and where policies are cohesively interrelated, not isolated. While many may call this ‘policy nirvana’, QUT has positioned itself to demonstrate good educational practice through Reframe, its evaluation framework. In this case, best practice was achieved through the application of a theory of change and a design-led logic model that allows for transition to other institutions with different cultural specificity. The evaluation approach follows Seldin’s (2003) notion to offer depth and breadth to the evaluation framework along with Berk’s (2005) concept of multiple lines of evidence. In summary, this paper offers university executives, academics, planning and quality staff an opportunity to understand the critical steps that lead to strategic planning and design of evidence-based educational policy that positions a university for best practice in learning and teaching.

Gipuzkoako udalen finantza kaudimenaren rankinga ratio aipagarrienen analisiaren arabera

[EU]Lan honen helburu nagusia,Gipuzkoako udalen finantza kaudimena aztertzeaz gain, beraien arteko konparaketa bat egin ahal izatea zen. Beste modu batera esanda,egoera hobeagoan dauden udalak nortzuk diren identifikatu ahal izatea. Hasi aurretik bagenekien, ordea, udal baten finantza kaudimena ez dagoela faktore bat edo biren arabera soilik, eta gauza asko subjektiboak direla ere bai. Gainera, eragina duten baldintza guztiak kontuan hartzea ere zaila da. Kasu honetan, 9-10 adierazle aukeratu dira, ondoren udal bakoitzak besteekin konparatuz adierazle horretan lortutako zenbatekoa 1etik 10erako puntuazio batekin baloratu da, eta azkenik, udaletxe guztien ranking bat osatu da. Ondorengo lerroetan ikus daiteke ranking honen testuingurua,erabilitako metodologia eta egindako kalkuluen ondorio nagusiak ere.

Análise do desempenho econômico-financeiro de operadoras de planos de saúde no mercado de saúde suplementar brasileiro

O mercado privado de planos de saúde tem sido marcado por aumento dos custos da assistência médica, ampliação da cobertura de procedimentos, restrições nos reajustes dos planos e aumento das garantias de solvência exigidas pela Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS), impactando o desempenho econômico-financeiro das operadoras de planos de saúde. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar o desempenho econômico-financeiro de operadoras das modalidades autogestão, cooperativa médica, medicina de grupo e seguradora no período de 2001 a 2012. Foi utilizada uma base de dados operacionais e contábeis disponível na página eletrônica da ANS, com 5.775 observações, avaliando-se o desempenho econômico-financeiro por meio de cinco indicadores: Retorno sobre Ativos, Retorno Operacional sobre Ativos, Retorno sobre o Patrimônio Líquido, Liquidez Corrente e Sinistralidade. Dois modelos hierárquicos foram adotados para estimar os efeitos operadora, modalidade e porte no desempenho. Dentre estes, a pesquisa identificou que o efeito operadora é responsável pela maior parte da variabilidade explicada do desempenho. A investigação permitiu identificar as operadoras que apresentaram melhor desempenho no período, direcionando a realização futura de estudos qualitativos visando conhecer os principais fatores que explicam o desempenho superior.

Tangibilidade, classe de ativos e estrutura de capital das empresas listadas na BM&FBOVESPA

This study aims to investigate the influence of the asset class and the breakdown of tangibility as determinant factors of the capital structure of companies listed on the BM & FBOVESPA in the period of 2008-2012. Two current assets classes were composed and once they were grouped by liquidity, they were also analyzed by the financial institutions for credit granting: current resources (Cash, Bank and Financial Applications) and operations with duplicates (Stocks and Receivables). The breakdown of the tangible assets was made based on its main components provided as warrantees for loans like Machinery & Equipment and Land & Buildings. For an analysis extension, three metrics for leverage (accounting, financial and market) were applied and the sample was divided into economic sectors, adopted by BM&FBOVESPA. The data model in dynamic panel estimated by a systemic GMM of two levels was used in this study due its strength to problems of endogenous relationship as well as the omitted variables bias. The found results suggest that current resources are determinants of the capital structure possibly because they re characterized as proxies for financial solvency, being its relationship with debt positive. The sectorial analysis confirmed the results for current resources. The tangibility of assets has inverse proportional relationship with the leverage. As it is disintegrated in its main components, the significant and negative influence of machinery & equipment was more marked in the Industrial Goods sector. This result shows that, on average, the most specific assets from operating activities of a company compete for a less use of third party resources. As complementary results, it was observed that the leverage has persistence, which is linked with the static trade-off theory. Specifically for financial leverage, it was observed that the persistence is relevant when it is controlled for the lagged current assets classes variables. The proxy variable for growth opportunities, measured by the Market -to -Book, has the sign of its contradictory coefficient. The company size has a positive relationship with debt, in favor of static trade-off theory. Profitability is the most consistent variable in all the performed estimations, showing strong negative and significant relationship with leverage, as the pecking order theory predicts

Tangibilidade, classe de ativos e estrutura de capital das empresas listadas na BM&FBOVESPA

This study aims to investigate the influence of the asset class and the breakdown of tangibility as determinant factors of the capital structure of companies listed on the BM & FBOVESPA in the period of 2008-2012. Two current assets classes were composed and once they were grouped by liquidity, they were also analyzed by the financial institutions for credit granting: current resources (Cash, Bank and Financial Applications) and operations with duplicates (Stocks and Receivables). The breakdown of the tangible assets was made based on its main components provided as warrantees for loans like Machinery & Equipment and Land & Buildings. For an analysis extension, three metrics for leverage (accounting, financial and market) were applied and the sample was divided into economic sectors, adopted by BM&FBOVESPA. The data model in dynamic panel estimated by a systemic GMM of two levels was used in this study due its strength to problems of endogenous relationship as well as the omitted variables bias. The found results suggest that current resources are determinants of the capital structure possibly because they re characterized as proxies for financial solvency, being its relationship with debt positive. The sectorial analysis confirmed the results for current resources. The tangibility of assets has inverse proportional relationship with the leverage. As it is disintegrated in its main components, the significant and negative influence of machinery & equipment was more marked in the Industrial Goods sector. This result shows that, on average, the most specific assets from operating activities of a company compete for a less use of third party resources. As complementary results, it was observed that the leverage has persistence, which is linked with the static trade-off theory. Specifically for financial leverage, it was observed that the persistence is relevant when it is controlled for the lagged current assets classes variables. The proxy variable for growth opportunities, measured by the Market -to -Book, has the sign of its contradictory coefficient. The company size has a positive relationship with debt, in favor of static trade-off theory. Profitability is the most consistent variable in all the performed estimations, showing strong negative and significant relationship with leverage, as the pecking order theory predicts

Tangibilidade, classe de ativos e estrutura de capital das empresas listadas na BM&FBOVESPA

This study aims to investigate the influence of the asset class and the breakdown of tangibility as determinant factors of the capital structure of companies listed on the BM & FBOVESPA in the period of 2008-2012. Two current assets classes were composed and once they were grouped by liquidity, they were also analyzed by the financial institutions for credit granting: current resources (Cash, Bank and Financial Applications) and operations with duplicates (Stocks and Receivables). The breakdown of the tangible assets was made based on its main components provided as warrantees for loans like Machinery & Equipment and Land & Buildings. For an analysis extension, three metrics for leverage (accounting, financial and market) were applied and the sample was divided into economic sectors, adopted by BM&FBOVESPA. The data model in dynamic panel estimated by a systemic GMM of two levels was used in this study due its strength to problems of endogenous relationship as well as the omitted variables bias. The found results suggest that current resources are determinants of the capital structure possibly because they re characterized as proxies for financial solvency, being its relationship with debt positive. The sectorial analysis confirmed the results for current resources. The tangibility of assets has inverse proportional relationship with the leverage. As it is disintegrated in its main components, the significant and negative influence of machinery & equipment was more marked in the Industrial Goods sector. This result shows that, on average, the most specific assets from operating activities of a company compete for a less use of third party resources. As complementary results, it was observed that the leverage has persistence, which is linked with the static trade-off theory. Specifically for financial leverage, it was observed that the persistence is relevant when it is controlled for the lagged current assets classes variables. The proxy variable for growth opportunities, measured by the Market -to -Book, has the sign of its contradictory coefficient. The company size has a positive relationship with debt, in favor of static trade-off theory. Profitability is the most consistent variable in all the performed estimations, showing strong negative and significant relationship with leverage, as the pecking order theory predicts

Biztosítási és pénzügyi kockázat együttes hatása a biztosítók szolvencia-számításánál (Common effect of insurance and financial risk in the solvency calculation of insurers)

A Szolvencia II néven említett új irányelv elfogadása az Európai Unióban új helyzetet teremt a biztosítók tőkeszükséglet-számításánál. A tanulmány a biztosítók működését modellezve azt elemzi, hogyan hatnak a biztosítók állományának egyes jellemzői a tőkeszükséglet értékére egy olyan elméleti modellben, amelyben a tőkeszükséglet-értékek a Szolvencia II szabályok alapján számolhatók. A modellben biztosítási illetve pénzügyi kockázati "modul" figyelembevételére kerül sor külön-külön számolással, illetve a két kockázatfajta közös modellben való együttes figyelembevételével (a Szolvencia II eredményekkel való összehasonlításhoz). Az elméleti eredmények alapján megállapítható, hogy a tőkeszükségletre vonatkozóan számolható értékek eltérhetnek e két esetben. Az eredmények alapján lehetőség van az eltérések hátterében álló tényezők tanulmányozására is. ____ The new Solvency II directive results in a new environment for calculating the solvency capital requirement of insurance companies in the European Union. By modelling insurance companies the study analyses the impact of certain characteristics of insurance population on the solvency capital based on Solvency II rules. The model includes insurance and financial risk module by calculating solvency capital for the given risk types separately and together, respectively. Based on the theoretical results the difference between these two approaches can be observed. Based on the results the analysis of factors in°uencing the differences is also possible.

The role of deposit insurance and bank’s asset size in the 2008 financial crisis

In this paper we analyze the role of deposit insurance in providing the market with liquidity in times of financial turmoil. To do so, we look at the variation in insured and uninsured deposits between 2005Q3 and 2011Q3, controlling for liquidity, solvency and capital adequacy indicators, and find evidence that deposit insurance does provide some confidence in keeping funds in banks in times of turmoil. Additionally we follow an event study methodology to assess the impact of deposit insurance oriented policies on bank holding companies stock market returns, and find a TBTF effect.

Countercyclical regulation in Solvency II: merits and flaws. CEPS Commentary, 25 June 2012

October 2011 saw the latest draft of Solvency II, the European Union’s code for regulation of the insurance industry. This commentary, a collective effort by a group of academics specializing in financial, banking and insurance institutions, argues that the latest proposals need to be drafted again, urgently.

Liberalization or financial development?

Includes bibliography

Comparison of financial trends in small rural and urban hospitals in Texas, 1983--1985

The purpose of this study was to compare the financial performance of small rural hospitals to that of small urban hospitals in Texas. Hospital-specific and environmental factors were studied as control variables.^ Small rural hospitals were found to be financially stronger on measures of liquidity but weaker on measures of profitability. Small urban hospitals performed better on measures of profitability and long-range solvency. When all measures in the five dimensions of financial performance were analyzed, no significant difference was found between the two groups of hospitals. None of the control variables included in the study was significantly associated with financial performance both for rural and urban hospitals. Conclusions were that small rural hospitals in Texas are experiencing a deterioration in financial condition but small, rural hospitals are not doing any worse than small urban hospitals; and that the financial hardship which rural hospitals suffer may be inherent in the nature of the institutions themselves, and not as a result of their smallness nor their rural settings. ^

Tips and tricks about financial ratios: how to anticipate unpleasant surprises

Following recent accounting and ethical scandals within the Telecom Industry like Gowex case, old cards are laid on the table: what kind of management and control are we doing on our businesses and what use do we give to the specific tools we have at our disposition? There are indicators, that on a very specific, concise and accurate manner, aside from brief, allow us to analyze and capture the complexity of a business and also they constitute an important support when making optimal decisions. These instruments or indicators show, a priori, all relevant data from a purely economic perspective, while there also exist, the possibility of including factors that are not of this nature strictly. For instance, there are indicators that take into account the customer?s satisfaction, the corporate reputation among others. Both kind of performance indicators form, together, an integral dashboard while the pure economic side of it could be considered as a basic dashboard. Based on DuPont?s methodology, we will be able to calculate the ROI (Return on Investment) of a company from the disaggregation of very useful and much needed indicators like the ROE (Return on Equity) or the ROA (Return on Assets); thereby, we will be able to get to know, to control and, hence, to optimize the company?s leverage level, its liquidity ratio or its solvency ratio, among others; as well as the yield we will be able to obtain if our decisions and management are optimal related to the bodies of assets. Bear in mind and make the most of the abovementioned management tools and indicators that we have at our disposition, allow us to act knowing our path and taking full responsibility, as well as, to obtain the maximum planned benefits, instead of leaving them to be casual. We will be able to avoid errors that can lead the company to an unfortunate and non-desirable situation and, of course, we will detect, way in advance, the actual needs of the business in terms of accounting and financial sanitation before irreversible situations are reached.

Financial fragility, trade credit and contagion effects during the crisis: a spatial econometric approach to firm-level data

The number of distressed manufacturing firms increased sharply during recessionary phase 2009-13. Financial indebtness traditionally plays a key role in assessing firm solvency but contagion effects that originate from the supply chain are usually neglected in literature. Firm interconnections, captured via the trade credit channel, represent a primary vehicle of individual shocks’ propagation, especially during an economic downturn, when liquidity tensions arise. A representative sample of 11,920 Italian manufacturing firms is considered to model a two-step econometric design, where chain reactions in terms of trade credit accumulation (i.e. default of payments to suppliers) are primarily analyzed by resorting to a spatial autoregressive approach (SAR). Spatial interactions are modeled based on a unique dataset of firm-to-firm transactions registered before the outbreak of the crisis. The second step in instead a binary outcome model where trade credit chains are considered together with data on the bank-firm relationship to assess determinants of distress likelihoods in 2009-13. Results show that outstanding trade debt is affected by the liquidity position of a firm and by positive spatial effects. Trade credit chain reactions are found to exert, in turn, a positive impact on distress likelihoods during the crisis. The latter effect is comparable in magnitude to the one exerted by individual financial rigidity, and stresses the importance to include complex interactions between firms in the analysis of the solvency behavior.

Solvency risk minimizing guaranteed returns in life insurance

Return guarantee constitutes a key ingredient of classical life insurance premium calculation. In the current low interest rate environment insurers face increasingly strong financial incentives to reduce guaranteed returns embedded in life insurance contracts. However, return guarantee lowering efforts are restrained by associated demand effects, since a higher guaranteed return makes the net price of the insurance cover lower. This tradeoff between possibly higher future insurance obligations and the possibility of a larger demand for life insurance products can theoretically also be considered when determining optimal guaranteed returns. In this paper, optimality of return guarantee levels is analyzed from a solvency point of view. Availability and some other properties of optimal solutions for guaranteed returns are explored and compared in a simple model for two measures of solvency risk (company-level and contract-level VaR). The paper concludes that a solvency risk minimizing optimal guaranteed return may theoretically exist, although its practical availability can be impeded by economic and regulatory constraints.

Does Financial Performance Depend on Hotel Size? Analysis of the Financial Profile of the U.S. Lodging Industry

This research presents a financial profile of the U.S. Lodging Industry based on an analysis of 2,091 financial statements (fiscal year 2011) for individual hotels ranging in asset size of $500 thousand to $250 million. The study analyzes summary results of the financial position and profitability of hotels based on a common size analysis of Balance Sheets and Income Statements. Furthermore, the study analyzes 10 key performance benchmarks as measured by Liquidity, Solvency and Operating Ratios. The results of the study show a divergence in the hotel industry’s financial performance based on the size of the hotel and by upper, median and lower quartiles of the study sample.