Estudo do pH e atividade antimicrobiana sobre Enterococcus faecalis de medicação intracanal à base de hidróxido de cálcio associada ao óleo de melaleuca, clorexidina ou farnesol

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação de propriedades físico-químicas e antimicrobianas sobre Enterococcus faecalis do mineral trióxido agregado associado a óleo de melaleuca ou farnesol

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Efeito do farnesol sobre fatores de virulência de Candida albicans e Streptococcus mutans

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudo do pH e atividade antimicrobiana sobre Enterococcus faecalis de medicação intracanal à base de hidróxido de cálcio associada ao óleo de melaleuca, clorexidina ou farnesol

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação de propriedades físico-químicas e antimicrobianas sobre Enterococcus faecalis do mineral trióxido agregado associado a óleo de melaleuca ou farnesol

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Efeito do farnesol sobre fatores de virulência de Candida albicans e Streptococcus mutans

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Farnesol is utilized for isoprenoid biosynthesis in plant cells via farnesyl pyrophosphate formed by successive monophosphorylation reactions

The ability of Nicotiana tabacum cell cultures to utilize farnesol (F-OH) for sterol and sesquiterpene biosynthesis was investigated. [3H]F-OH was readily incorporated into sterols by rapidly growing cell cultures. However, the incorporation rate into sterols was reduced by greater than 70% in elicitor-treated cell cultures whereas a substantial proportion of the radioactivity was redirected into capsidiol, an extracellular sesquiterpene phytoalexin. The incorporation of [3H]F-OH into sterols was inhibited by squalestatin 1, suggesting that [3H]F-OH was incorporated via farnesyl pyrophosphate (F-P-P). Consistent with this possibility, N. tabacum proteins were metabolically labeled with [3H]F-OH or [3H]geranylgeraniol ([3H]GG-OH). Kinase activities converting F-OH to farnesyl monophosphate (F-P) and, subsequently, F-P-P were demonstrated directly by in vitro enzymatic studies. [3H]F-P and [3H]F-P-P were synthesized when exogenous [3H]F-OH was incubated with microsomal fractions and CTP. The kinetics of formation suggested a precursor–product relationship between [3H]F-P and [3H]F-P-P. In agreement with this kinetic pattern of labeling, [32P]F-P and [32P]F-P-P were synthesized when microsomal fractions were incubated with F-OH and F-P, respectively, with [γ-32P]CTP serving as the phosphoryl donor. Under similar conditions, the microsomal fractions catalyzed the enzymatic conversion of [3H]GG-OH to [3H]geranylgeranyl monophosphate and [3H]geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate ([3H]GG-P-P) in CTP-dependent reactions. A novel biosynthetic mechanism involving two successive monophosphorylation reactions was supported by the observation that [3H]CTP was formed when microsomes were incubated with [3H]CDP and either F-P-P or GG-P-P, but not F-P. These results document the presence of at least two CTP-mediated kinases that provide a mechanism for the utilization of F-OH and GG-OH for the biosynthesis of isoprenoid lipids and protein isoprenylation.

Detection of alpha(2u)-globulin and its bound putative pheromones in the preputial gland of the Indian commensal rat (Rattus rattus) using mass spectrometry

The role of pheromones and pheromone-binding proteins in the laboratory rat has been extensively investigated. However, we have previously reported that the preputial gland of the Indian commensal rat produces a variety of pheromonal molecules and preputial glands would seem to be the predominant source for pheromonal communication. The presence of pheromone-binding proteins has not yet been identified in the preputial gland of the Indian commensal rat; therefore, the experiments were designed to unravel the alpha(2u)-globulin (alpha 2u) and its bound volatiles in the commensal rat. Total preputial glandular proteins were first fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and subsequently analyzed by mass spectrometry. Further, we purified alpha 2u and screened for the presence of bound pheromonal molecules with the aid of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A novel alpha 2u was identified with a high score and this protein has not been previously described as present in the preputial gland of Indian commensal rats.This novel alpha 2u was then characterized by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Peptides with m/z values of 969, 1192, 1303 and 1876 were further fragmented with the aid of MS/MS and generated de novo sequences which provided additional evidence for the presence of alpha 2u in the preputial gland. Finally, we identified the presence of farnesol 1 and 2 bound to alpha 2u. The present investigation confirms the presence of alpha 2u (18.54 kDa) in the preputial gland of the Indian commensal rat and identifies farnesol 1 and 2 as probably involved in chemo-communication by the Indian commensal rat.Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In vitro activities of natural products against oral Candida isolates from denture wearers

Background: Candida-associated denture stomatitis is a frequent infectious disease. Treatment of this oral condition is difficult because failures and recurrences are common. The aim of this study was to test the in vitro antifungal activity of pure constituents of essentials oils. -- Methods: Eight terpenic derivatives (carvacrol, farnesol, geraniol, linalool, menthol, menthone, terpinen-4-ol, and aterpineol), a phenylpropanoid (eugenol), a phenethyl alcohol (tyrosol) and fluconazole were evaluated against 38 Candida isolated from denture-wearers and 10 collection Candida strains by the CLSI M27-A3 broth microdilution method. -- Results: Almost all the tested compounds showed antifungal activity with MIC ranges of 0.03-0.25% for eugenol and linalool, 0.03-0.12% for geraniol, 0.06-0.5% for menthol, a-terpineol and terpinen-4-ol, 0.03-0.5% for carvacrol, and 0.06-4% for menthone. These compounds, with the exception of farnesol, menthone and tyrosol, showed important in vitro activities against the fluconazole-resistant and susceptible-dose dependent Candida isolates. -- Conclusions: Carvacrol, eugenol, geraniol, linalool and terpinen-4-ol were very active in vitro against oral Candida isolates. Their fungistatic and fungicidal activities might convert them into promising alternatives for the topic treatment of oral candidiasis and denture stomatitis.

青蒿素生物合成相关基因的功能分析及遗传转化研究

从中国传统药用植物青蒿（Artemisia annua L.）中提取的青蒿素及其半合成衍生物如蒿甲醚等是一类新型的抗疟特效药，特别是对抗氯喹的恶性疟疾和脑型疟疾有很好的疗效。由于青蒿素在植物中的含量极低，使得其价格很高，特别是对于亚非拉等第三世界国家来说。因此如何提高青蒿素的产量成为近年来研究的热点。各种传统的育种、生理生化手段和细胞培养技术均未取得较好的结果，因此，利用植物基因工程技术提高青蒿素产量已成为研究的重点之一。 本论文围绕青蒿素的生物合成途径开展了以下的工作： 一、中药青蒿紫穗槐二烯合酶的大肠杆菌表达、纯化与功能鉴定 利用RT-PCR方法，从中药青蒿高产株系001中克隆到的中药青蒿紫穗槐二烯合酶(ADS) cDNA, 其推测编码蛋白与前人报道的有两个位点的突变。将其开放阅读框插入到原核表达载体pET30a(+)的BamHⅠ和XhoⅠ酶切位点之间，构建N端携带有HIS6表达标签的紫穗槐二烯合酶重组表达载体pETADS。将pETADS转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)， IPTG (Isopropyl-beta -D-thiogalactoside)诱导重组紫穗槐二烯合酶的表达。表达产物经镍琼脂糖柱纯化。纯化蛋白加入酶促反应体系（含FPP），GC-MS分析酶促反应体系的正己烷萃取物，结果显示重组紫穗槐二烯合酶可以催化FPP向紫穗槐二烯的转化。体外酶促动力学分析表明，两个位点的氨基酸突变，并没有影响到青蒿紫穗槐二烯合酶的催化活性。基因组DNA杂交表明，紫穗槐二烯合酶基因在001株系基因组中至少有4个拷贝。 二、中药青蒿鲨烯合酶的大肠杆菌表达、纯化与功能鉴定 将经RACE方法克隆到的中药青蒿鲨烯合酶cDNA(AF302464) 开放阅读框的3'末端截短99 bp，插入到原核表达载体pET30a(+)的NcoⅠ和BamHⅠ酶切位点之间，构建N端和C端均携带有HIS6表达标签的鲨烯合酶重组表达载体pETSSA。将pETSSA转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)， IPTG (Isopropyl-beta-D-thio galactoside)诱导重组鲨烯合酶的表达。表达产物经镍琼脂糖柱纯化。纯化蛋白加入酶促反应体系（含FPP和NADPH），GC-MS分析酶促反应体系的正己烷萃取物，结果显示重组鲨烯合酶可以催化FPP向鲨烯的转化。青蒿鲨烯合酶的功能鉴定，为进一步利用反义或RNAi技术限制甾类生物合成，从而提高青蒿中的青蒿素含量提供了基础。 三、中药青蒿法呢醇合酶原核表达、纯化与功能鉴定 将经RACE方法克隆到的中药青蒿倍半萜合酶cDNA ( AF304444) 开放阅读框插入到原核表达载体pET30a(+)的NcoⅠ和BamHⅠ酶切位点之间，构建N端和C端均携带有HIS6表达标签的重组表达载体pET30SESQ。将pET30SESQ转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)， IPTG (Isopropyl-beta-D-thioga lactoside)诱导蛋白表达，表达产物经镍琼脂糖柱纯化。纯化蛋白加入酶促反应体系（FPP），GC-MS分析酶促反应体系的正己烷萃取物，结果显示此重组酶可以催化FPP向法呢醇的转化。 四、中药青蒿FPS、ADS双功能酶基因的构建、表达与功能鉴定 将青蒿素生物合成途径中催化两步连续反应的酶：法呢基焦磷酸合酶和紫穗槐二烯合酶的基因进行融合，经大肠杆菌表达后鉴定融合蛋白的功能，结果表明融合蛋白具有了双功能酶活性。进一步将融合酶基因转入酿酒酵母中，发酵后检测紫穗槐二烯的含量，并与同时转入法呢基焦磷酸合酶和紫穗槐二烯合酶单个基因的酵母、单独转入紫穗槐二烯合酶基因的酵母进行了比较，结果表明，转入双功能酶的酵母发酵获得的紫穗槐二烯含量要比两个对照酵母高，这表明，获得的双功能酶的催化效率要比两个单独酶的催化效率高。 五、过量表达青蒿紫穗槐二烯合酶对青蒿中青蒿素及其前体物含量的影响 利用根癌农杆菌介导，将青蒿紫穗槐二烯合酶转入青蒿株系001，分子检测证明，紫穗槐二烯合酶整合到了青蒿基因组中并在mRNA水平得到了高效表达。部分转基因青蒿的青蒿素含量有明显增加，最多的比001株系提高了41%。青蒿酸和二氢青蒿酸含量测定表明，转基因青蒿株系的青蒿酸和二氢青蒿酸含量最多的比对照分别提高了47%和79%。这些结果表明，紫穗槐二烯合成在青蒿素生物合成途径中是一个限速步骤，同时，也显示青蒿酸或二氢青蒿酸的进一步转化也可能是青蒿素生物合成中下游的限速步骤。

Identification of the bacteriochlorophyll homologues of Chlorobium phaeobacteroides strain UdG6053 grown at low light intensity Identification of the bacteriochlorophyll homologues of Chlorobium phaeobacteroides strain UdG6053 grown at low light intensity

Detailed APCI LC-MS/MS analysis using an improved HPLC separation reveals the green sulphur bacterium Chlorobium phaeobacteroides strain UdG6053 to contain a wider range of distinct bacteriochlorophyll homologues than has been previously recognised in Chlorobiaceae. The diversity in the homologue distribution is confirmed as arising from differences in the extent of alkylation of the macrocycle and variation in the nature of the esterifying alcohol and a novel series of bacteriochlorophyll structures has been recognised. Homologues containing esterifying alcohols other than farnesol, a number of which have not previously been reported in Chlorobiaceae, are present in high relative abundance. Confirmation of the structures of the esterifying alcohols has been obtained by hydrolysis and analysis by GC-MS.

Volatile terpenoids and C13 norisoprenoids in wines: development of rapid methods of analysis and evaluation of the sesquiterpenoids biological potential

Vitis vinifera L., the most widely cultivated fruit crop in the world, was the starting point for the development of this PhD thesis. This subject was exploited following on two actual trends: i) the development of rapid, simple, and high sensitive methodologies with minimal sample handling; and ii) the valuation of natural products as a source of compounds with potential health benefits. The target group of compounds under study were the volatile terpenoids (mono and sesquiterpenoids) and C13 norisoprenoids, since they may present biological impact, either from the sensorial point of view, as regards to the wine aroma, or by the beneficial properties for the human health. Two novel methodologies for quantification of C13 norisoprenoids in wines were developed. The first methodology, a rapid method, was based on the headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry operating at selected ion monitoring mode (HS-SPME/GC-qMS-SIM), using GC conditions that allowed obtaining a C13 norisoprenoid volatile signature. It does not require any pre-treatment of the sample, and the C13 norisoprenoid composition of the wine was evaluated based on the chromatographic profile and specific m/z fragments, without complete chromatographic separation of its components. The second methodology, used as reference method, was based on the HS-SPME/GC-qMS-SIM, allowing the GC conditions for an adequate chromatographic resolution of wine components. For quantification purposes, external calibration curves were constructed with β-ionone, with regression coefficient (r2) of 0.9968 (RSD 12.51 %) and 0.9940 (RSD of 1.08 %) for the rapid method and for the reference method, respectively. Low detection limits (1.57 and 1.10 μg L-1) were observed. These methodologies were applied to seventeen white and red table wines. Two vitispirane isomers (158-1529 L-1) and 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN) (6.42-39.45 μg L-1) were quantified. The data obtained for vitispirane isomers and TDN using the two methods were highly correlated (r2 of 0.9756 and 0.9630, respectively). A rapid methodology for the establishment of the varietal volatile profile of Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Fernão-Pires' (FP) white wines by headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GCxGC-TOFMS) was developed. Monovarietal wines from different harvests, Appellations, and producers were analysed. The study was focused on the volatiles that seem to be significant to the varietal character, such as mono and sesquiterpenic compounds, and C13 norisoprenoids. Two-dimensional chromatographic spaces containing the varietal compounds using the m/z fragments 93, 121, 161, 175 and 204 were established as follows: 1tR = 255-575 s, 2tR = 0,424-1,840 s, for monoterpenoids, 1tR = 555-685 s, 2tR = 0,528-0,856 s, for C13 norisoprenoids, and 1tR = 695-950 s, 2tR = 0,520-0,960 s, for sesquiterpenic compounds. For the three chemical groups under study, from a total of 170 compounds, 45 were determined in all wines, allowing defining the "varietal volatile profile" of FP wine. Among these compounds, 15 were detected for the first time in FP wines. This study proposes a HS-SPME/GCxGC-TOFMS based methodology combined with classification-reference sample to be used for rapid assessment of varietal volatile profile of wines. This approach is very useful to eliminate the majority of the non-terpenic and non-C13 norisoprenic compounds, allowing the definition of a two-dimensional chromatographic space containing these compounds, simplifying the data compared to the original data, and reducing the time of analysis. The presence of sesquiterpenic compounds in Vitis vinifera L. related products, to which are assigned several biological properties, prompted us to investigate the antioxidant, antiproliferative and hepatoprotective activities of some sesquiterpenic compounds. Firstly, the antiradical capacity of trans,trans-farnesol, cis-nerolidol, α-humulene and guaiazulene was evaluated using chemical (DPPH• and hydroxyl radicals) and biological (Caco-2 cells) models. Guaiazulene (IC50= 0.73 mM) was the sesquiterpene with higher scavenger capacity against DPPH•, while trans,trans-farnesol (IC50= 1.81 mM) and cis-nerolidol (IC50= 1.48 mM) were more active towards hydroxyl radicals. All compounds, with the exception of α-humulene, at non-cytotoxic levels (≤ 1 mM), were able to protect Caco-2 cells from oxidative stress induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide. The activity of the compounds under study was also evaluated as antiproliferative agents. Guaiazulene and cis-nerolidol were able to more effectively arrest the cell cycle in the S-phase than trans,trans-farnesol and α-humulene, being the last almost inactive. The relative hepatoprotection effect of fifteen sesquiterpenic compounds, presenting different chemical structures and commonly found in plants and plant-derived foods and beverages, was assessed. Endogenous lipid peroxidation and induced lipid peroxidation with tert-butyl hydroperoxide were evaluated in liver homogenates from Wistar rats. With the exception of α-humulene, all the sesquiterpenic compounds under study (1 mM) were effective in reducing the malonaldehyde levels in both endogenous and induced lipid peroxidation up to 35% and 70%, respectively. The developed 3D-QSAR models, relating the hepatoprotection activity with molecular properties, showed good fit (R2LOO > 0.819) with good prediction power (Q2 > 0.950 and SDEP < 2%) for both models. A network of effects associated with structural and chemical features of sesquiterpenic compounds such as shape, branching, symmetry, and presence of electronegative fragments, can modulate the hepatoprotective activity observed for these compounds. In conclusion, this study allowed the development of rapid and in-depth methods for the assessment of varietal volatile compounds that might have a positive impact on sensorial and health attributes related to Vitis vinifera L. These approaches can be extended to the analysis of other related food matrices, including grapes and musts, among others. In addition, the results of in vitro assays open a perspective for the promising use of the sesquiterpenic compounds, with similar chemical structures such as those studied in the present work, as antioxidants, hepatoprotective and antiproliferative agents, which meets the current challenges related to diseases of modern civilization.

La réponse au Farnésol de Candida albicans : production de biofilms et Parenté génétique

C. albicans est une levure pathogène opportuniste. Elle est un agent causal fréquent des infections muco-cutanées. C. albicans peut alterner entre la forme blastospore et mycélium. Cette dernière forme est impliquée dans la formation des biofilms. Le dimorphisme de C. albicans est contrôlé en partie par le phénomène de perception du quorum (quorum sensing) qui en autre, est associé à la molécule farnésol, produit par cette levure. La présence de cette molécule, inhibe la formation d’hyphe par C. albicans et par conséquent limite la formation de biofilms. Certaines souches ne répondent pas au farnésol et nous avons vérifié les hypothèses que : 1) la proportion des Non-Répondeurs (NR) au farnésol est similaire entre les souches de provenance orale et vaginale; 2) la capacité de formation de biofilm varie d’une souche à une autre mais les Non-Répondeurs en produisent en plus grande quantité; 3) la technique RAPD-PCR permettra de regrouper les souches de cette levure suivant leur provenance, leur capacité de formation de biofilm et leur aptitude à répondre au farnésol. La découverte d’une souche vaginale Non-Répondeur nous permet de croire que la proportion de ces souches est similaire entre les deux types de provenance. Les souches caractérisées Non-Répondeurs produisent 30 % plus de biofilm que les Répondeurs en absence de farnésol exogène dans le milieu. En présence de farnésol exogène, les Non-Répondeurs produisent 70 % plus de biomasse que les Répondeurs. De plus, la technique RAPD ne nous a pas permis de classer nos souches d’après les caractéristiques proposées. En conclusion, les souches orales de C. albicans semblent produire en moyenne plus de biomasse que les souches vaginales. Aussi, les NR semblent moins affectés par la présence du farnésol, ce qui pourrait causer la présence de biofilms tenaces. Les amorces utilisées pour la technique RAPD n’ont pas été efficace à la classification des souches dépendamment de leur provenance, de leur capacité à former un biofilm et à répondre au farnésol. Mots clés : Candida albicans, biofilm, perception du quorum (quorum sensing), farnésol, Non-Répondeur

Caractérisation génétique, phénotypique et formation de biofilm des souches de Candida albicans répondant ou non au farnésol

Candida albicans, le pathogène opportuniste le plus commun, peut subir des transitions morphologiques entre la forme levure et la forme hyphe, jouant un rôle dans la formation de biofilm. Le farnésol, un lipide endogène produit par C. albicans, est une molécule de quorum sensing qui inhibe cette transition morphologique. Certaines souches ne répondent pas au farnésol et nous avons vérifié les hypothèses que : 1) l’isolat clinique SC5314, la souche la mieux caractérisée, est un répondeur au farnésol; 2) la germination, la croissance et la formation de biofilm des non répondeurs diffèrent des répondeurs; 3) l’absence de la réponse au farnésol se manifeste en dehors de conditions de culture précises; 4) le farnésol agit via un récepteur nucléaire qui présente des altérations chez les non répondeurs; 5) la différence de la réponse au farnésol entre les souches s’explique par des variations au niveau transcriptionnel de certains gènes (CHK1, HST7, CPH1, GAP1, RAM2 et DPP3). Les non répondeurs produisent un plus grand nombre d’hyphes, forment 60% plus de biofilm et croissent 50% moins vite que les répondeurs. La souche SC5314 se comporte comme un répondeur. L’absence de la réponse au farnésol se manifeste indépendamment des conditions de culture. Cependant, elle ne s’explique pas par une différence dans le niveau d’expression des gènes proposés, excepté pour DPP3 qui est surexprimé chez le non répondeur ATTC® 36802, suggérant ainsi une surproduction de farnésol chez cette souche. De plus, si le farnésol agit via un récepteur nucléaire, il sera d’un type non décrit précédemment.

Classification of Boal, Malvazia, Sercial and Verdelho wines based on terpenoid patterns

Thirty-six Madeira wine samples from Boal, Malvazia, Sercial and Verdelho white grape varieties were analyzed in order to estimate the free fraction of monoterpenols and C13 norisoprenoids (terpenoid compounds) using dynamic headspace solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) technique coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The average values from three vintages (1998–2000) show that these wines have characteristic profiles of terpenoid compounds. Malvazia wines exhibits the highest values of total free monoterpenols, contrary to Verdelho wines which had the lowest levels of terpenoids but produced the highest concentration of farnesol. The use of multivariate analysis techniques allows establishing relations between the compounds and the varieties under investigation. Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were applied to the obtained matrix data. A good separation and classification power between the four groups as a function of their varietal origin was observed.