Stereocopic Photography Encounters the Staircase

The staircase is presented as the architectural component that most potently embodies thresholds, boundaries and passages due to its diagonal orientation and essence as an intermediary zone. Connections then are made between the kinesthetic requirements of traversing a staircase and viewing a stereoscopic photograph. From this foundation, the haptic essence of stereoscopic photography is proposed as uniquely qualified medium through which to view a staircase and therefore thresholds, boundaries, and passages within architecture. Analyses of stereoviews of staircases in the Palais de Justice in Brussels, the Library of Congress in Washington, and the Palais Garnier (Opéra) in Paris close the essay.

Neuropatia, Incapacidade e Aspectos Ortopédicos da Lepra na Guiné-Bissau

Resumo A lepra resulta da infecção por M. leprae. Manifesta-se fundamentalmente por lesões cutâneas e dos nervos periféricos podendo, no entanto, atingir outros órgãos e sistemas. A neuropatia periférica a nível dos membros, com consequente disfunção sensitiva e motora, pode culminar em lesões deformantes e gravemente incapacitantes. A terapêutica médica e cirúrgica, bem como a reabilitação têm um lugar importante na prevenção e no tratamento destas lesões. Este foi um estudo de carácter observacional, transversal e analítico, com o objectivo de caracterizar uma população de doentes com lepra no que se refere às sequelas do foro neuro-músculo-esquelético. Pretendeu-se avaliar o seu impacto em termos de incapacidade, de forma a determinar as necessidades no que respeita a intervenções preventivas e terapêuticas. A população estudada incluía dois grupos de doentes com diagnóstico de lepra – novos doentes (ND) e antigos doentes (AD) – internados ou seguidos em ambulatório no Hospital de Cumura, onde confluem todos os casos de lepra reportados na Guiné-Bissau. Para a colheita de dados foi realizada a consulta de registos clínicos do hospital, bem como a avaliação de doentes segundo um protocolo elaborado para o efeito. Para a classificação da incapacidade foi usado o Maximum Impairment Grade da OMS e o Eye Foot and Hand Score. A amostra consistiu em 82 doentes (54 ND e 28 AD). No grupo ND obteve-se 9,3% de indivíduos com idade inferior a 15 anos, 63,0% de indivíduos com doença do tipo multibacilar (MB) e 29,6% de indivíduos com incapacidade grau 2. Neste grupo os indivíduos paucibacilares (PB) apresentavam 10,0% de incapacidade grau 2 e os MB 41,2%. No grupo dos AD a incapacidade grau 2 ocorreu em 80,0% dos casos. Os troncos nervosos mais frequentemente envolvidos foram, por ordem decrescente de frequência: 1) nos ND, o tibial posterior, o mediano, o cubital, o ciático popliteu externo e o radial; 2) nos AD, o tibial posterior, o cubital, o mediano, o ciático popliteu externo e o radial. Os troncos nervosos que mais se associaram a lesões/deformidades foram nos ND e AD: o tibial posterior, cubital e mediano. As lesões dos membros mais frequentes foram: 1) nos ND, feridas e úlceras das mãos e dos pés, mutilação de dedos das mãos; 2) nos AD, mutilação das mãos e pés e mão em garra. O pé pendente/equino ocorreu apenas nos AD. Após o diagnóstico a maioria dos AD foram abandonados pela família ou amigos e encontravam-se dependentes nas actividades domésticas. Globalmente, 78% não retomou a sua actividade profissional (na maior parte das vezes ligada ao trabalho rural) ou mudou de ocupação. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que uma proporção importante de indivíduos está a ser diagnosticada tardiamente, o que pode corresponder a um maior número de casos detectados activamente em zonas antes não abrangidas pelas actividades de controlo da lepra. A maioria dos novos casos detectados eram MB, que correspondiam aos que apresentavam maior incapacidade. Os troncos nervosos mais atingidos foram os descritos na literatura, resultando nas lesões habituais. Estas são abordadas correctamente se passíveis de tratamento conservador, contudo parece escassear o recurso a soluções cirúrgicas. Estas lesões estiveram associadas a impacto negativo na qualidade de vida e integração social destes doentes. O estudo sugere que a detecção precoce da lepra e das lesões incapacitantes a ela associadas podem ser optimizadas no hospital de Cumura. Existe lugar para o tratamento cirúrgico que pode alterar a história natural da doença e suas consequências físicas, familiares e sociais.

Neuropatia Incapacidade e Aspectos Ortopédicos da Lepra na Guiné - Bissau

A lepra resulta da infecção por M. leprae. Manifesta-se fundamentalmente por lesões cutâneas e dos nervos periféricos podendo, no entanto, atingir outros órgãos e sistemas. A neuropatia periférica a nível dos membros, com consequente disfunção sensitiva e motora, pode culminar em lesões deformantes e gravemente incapacitantes. A terapêutica médica e cirúrgica, bem como a reabilitação têm um lugar importante na prevenção e no tratamento destas lesões. Este foi um estudo de carácter observacional, transversal e analítico, com o objectivo de caracterizar uma população de doentes com lepra no que se refere às sequelas do foro neuro-músculo-esquelético. Pretendeu-se avaliar o seu impacto em termos de incapacidade, de forma a determinar as necessidades no que respeita a intervenções preventivas e terapêuticas. A população estudada incluía dois grupos de doentes com diagnóstico de lepra – novos doentes (ND) e antigos doentes (AD) – internados ou seguidos em ambulatório no Hospital de Cumura, onde confluem todos os casos de lepra reportados na Guiné-Bissau. Para a colheita de dados foi realizada a consulta de registos clínicos do hospital, bem como a avaliação de doentes segundo um protocolo elaborado para o efeito. Para a classificação da incapacidade foi usado o Maximum Impairment Grade da OMS e o Eye Foot and Hand Score. A amostra consistiu em 82 doentes (54 ND e 28 AD). No grupo ND obteve-se 9,3% de indivíduos com idade inferior a 15 anos, 63,0% de indivíduos com doença do tipo multibacilar (MB) e 29,6% de indivíduos com incapacidade grau 2. Neste grupo os indivíduos paucibacilares (PB) apresentavam 10,0% de incapacidade grau 2 e os MB 41,2%. No grupo dos AD a incapacidade grau 2 ocorreu em 80,0% dos casos. Os troncos nervosos mais frequentemente envolvidos foram, por ordem decrescente de frequência: 1) nos ND, o tibial posterior, o mediano, o cubital, o ciático popliteu externo e o radial; 2) nos AD, o tibial posterior, o cubital, o mediano, o ciático popliteu externo e o radial. Os troncos nervosos que mais se associaram a lesões/deformidades foram nos ND e AD: o tibial posterior, cubital e mediano. As lesões dos membros mais frequentes foram: 1) nos ND, feridas e úlceras das mãos e dos pés, mutilação de dedos das mãos; 2) nos AD, mutilação das mãos e pés e mão em garra. O pé pendente/equino ocorreu apenas nos AD. Após o diagnóstico a maioria dos AD foram abandonados pela família ou amigos e encontravam-se dependentes nas actividades domésticas. Globalmente, 78% não retomou a sua actividade profissional (na maior parte das vezes ligada ao trabalho rural) ou mudou de ocupação. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que uma proporção importante de indivíduos está a ser diagnosticada tardiamente, o que pode corresponder a um maior número de casos detectados activamente em zonas antes não abrangidas pelas actividades de controlo da lepra. A maioria dos novos casos detectados eram MB, que correspondiam aos que apresentavam maior incapacidade. Os troncos nervosos mais atingidos foram os descritos na literatura, resultando nas lesões habituais. Estas são abordadas correctamente se passíveis de tratamento conservador, contudo parece escassear o recurso a soluções cirúrgicas. Estas lesões estiveram associadas a impacto negativo na qualidade de vida e integração social destes doentes. O estudo sugere que a detecção precoce da lepra e das lesões incapacitantes a ela associadas podem ser optimizadas no hospital de Cumura. Existe lugar para o tratamento cirúrgico que pode alterar a história natural da doença e suas consequências físicas, familiares e sociais.

Assessment of physical impairments in leprosy patients: a comparison between the world health organization (who) disability grade and the Eye-Hand-Foot Score

This cross-sectional study assessed the grade of physical impairments in 61 individuals with leprosy receiving multidrug therapy (MDT) under the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), and residing in Campina Grande, Paraíba State, Brazil. Impairments were assessed using the disability grade (DG) standardized by the WHO, and the EHF score (Eye-Hand-Foot sum of impairment scores). Impairments were detected in 25 (41%) of the subjects. A total of 14 (23%) patients scored DG 1, while 11 (18%) were assigned DG 2. The EHF score ranged from 1 to 10 points in the group of patients with physical impairments, with a mean score of 3.6 points. The majority of individuals with impairments were affected in at least two sites. We conclude that the EHF score showed overlapping impairments in the segments examined and may be more appropriate than the DG classification system for describing the degree of physical impairment of leprosy patients.

Find the difference! : eye tracking study on information seeking behavior using an online game

With the advent of digital era web applications have become inevitable part of our lives. We are using the web to manage even the financially or ethically sensitive issues. For this reason exploration of information seeking behavior is an exciting area of research. Current study provides insight on information seeking behavior using a classic ‘Find the Difference’ game. 50 university students between the age of 19 and 26 participated in the study. Eye movement data were recorded with a Tobii T120 device. Participants carried out 4 continuous tasks. Each task included two pictures side by side with 7 hidden differences. After finishing the tasks, participants were asked to repeat the game with the same picture set. This data collection methodology allows the evaluation of learning curves. Additionally, participants were asked about their hand preference. For the purpose of analysis the following metrics were applied: task times (including saccades), fixation count and fixation duration (without saccades). The right- and left-hand side on each picture was selected as AOI (Area of Interest) to detect side preference in connection with hand preference. Results suggest a significant difference between male and female participants regarding aggregated task times (male 58.37s respectively female 68.37s), deviation in the number of fixations and fixation duration (apparently female have less but longer fixations) and also in the distribution of fixations between AOIs. Using eyetracking data current paper highlights the similarities and differences in information acquisition strategies respectively reveals gender and education (Arts vs. Sciences) dependent characteristics of interaction.

Effect Of Platform Connection And Abutment Material On Stress Distribution In Single Anterior Implant-supported Restorations: A Nonlinear 3-dimensional Finite Element Analysis.

Although various abutment connections and materials have recently been introduced, insufficient data exist regarding the effect of stress distribution on their mechanical performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different abutment materials and platform connections on stress distribution in single anterior implant-supported restorations with the finite element method. Nine experimental groups were modeled from the combination of 3 platform connections (external hexagon, internal hexagon, and Morse tapered) and 3 abutment materials (titanium, zirconia, and hybrid) as follows: external hexagon-titanium, external hexagon-zirconia, external hexagon-hybrid, internal hexagon-titanium, internal hexagon-zirconia, internal hexagon-hybrid, Morse tapered-titanium, Morse tapered-zirconia, and Morse tapered-hybrid. Finite element models consisted of a 4×13-mm implant, anatomic abutment, and lithium disilicate central incisor crown cemented over the abutment. The 49 N occlusal loading was applied in 6 steps to simulate the incisal guidance. Equivalent von Mises stress (σvM) was used for both the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the implant and abutment in all the groups and the maximum (σmax) and minimum (σmin) principal stresses for the numerical comparison of the zirconia parts. The highest abutment σvM occurred in the Morse-tapered groups and the lowest in the external hexagon-hybrid, internal hexagon-titanium, and internal hexagon-hybrid groups. The σmax and σmin values were lower in the hybrid groups than in the zirconia groups. The stress distribution concentrated in the abutment-implant interface in all the groups, regardless of the platform connection or abutment material. The platform connection influenced the stress on abutments more than the abutment material. The stress values for implants were similar among different platform connections, but greater stress concentrations were observed in internal connections.

An Eye On Sickle Cell Retinopathy.

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Dry eye disease caused by viral infection: review

Dry eye disease and ocular surface disorders may be caused or worsened by viral agents. There are several known and suspected virus associated to ocular surface diseases. The possible pathogenic mechanisms for virus-related dry eye disease are presented herein. This review serves to reinforce the importance of ophthalmologists as one of the healthcare professional able to diagnose a potentially large number of infected patients with high prevalent viral agents.

Reproductive behavior, development and eye regression in the cave armored catfish, Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), breed in laboratory

The troglobitic armored catfish, Ancistrus cryptophthalmus (Loricariidae, Ancistrinae) is known from four caves in the São Domingos karst area, upper rio Tocantins basin, Central Brazil. These populations differ in general body shape and degree of reduction of eyes and of pigmentation. The small Passa Três population (around 1,000 individuals) presents the most reduced eyes, which are not externally visible in adults. A small group of Passa Três catfish, one male and three females, reproduced spontaneously thrice in laboratory, at the end of summertime in 2000, 2003 and 2004. Herein we describe the reproductive behavior during the 2003 event, as well as the early development of the 2003 and 2004 offsprings, with focus on body growth and ontogenetic regression of eyes. The parental care by the male, which includes defense of the rock shelter where the egg clutch is laid, cleaning and oxygenation of eggs, is typical of many loricariids. On the other hand, the slow development, including delayed eye degeneration, low body growth rates and high estimated longevity (15 years or more) are characteristic of precocial, or K-selected, life cycles. In the absence of comparable data for close epigean relatives (Ancistrus spp.), it is not possible to establish whether these features are an autapomorphic specialization of the troglobitic A. cryptophthalmus or a plesiomorphic trait already present in the epigean ancestor, possibly favoring the adoption of the life in the food-poor cave environment. We briefly discuss the current hypotheses on eye regression in troglobitic vertebrates.

Spatial clustering analysis of the foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil - 2005

In the southern region of Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemic started in September 2005. A total of 33 outbreaks were detected and 33,741 FMD-susceptible animals were slaughtered and destroyed. There were no reports of FMD cases in other species than bovines. Based on the data of this epidemic, it was carried out an analysis using the K-function and it was observed spatial clustering of outbreaks within a range of 25km. This observation may be related to the dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease spread and to the measures undertaken to control the disease dissemination. The control measures were effective once the disease did not spread to farms more than 47 km apart from the initial outbreaks.

The effectiveness of educational practice in diabetic foot: a view from Brazil

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevention and self-inspection behavior of diabetic subjects with foot at ulcer risk, no previous episode, who participated in the routine visits and standardized education provided by the service and who received prescribed footwear. This evaluation was carried out using a questionnaire scoring from 0-10 (high scores reflect worse practice compliance). Results: 60 patients were studied (30 of each sex); mean age was 62 years, mean duration of the disease was 17 years. As for compliance, 90% showed a total score <= 5, only 8.7% regularly wore the footwear supplied; self foot inspection 65%, 28,3% with additional familiar inspection; creaming 77%; proper washing and drying 88%; proper cutting of toe nails 83%; no cuticle cutting 83%; routine shoe inspection 77%; no use of pumice stones or similar abrasive 70%; no barefoot walking 95%. Conclusion: the planned and multidisciplinary educational approach enabled high compliance of the ulcer prevention care needed in diabetic patients at risk for complications. In contrast, compliance observed for the use of footwear provided was extremely low, demonstrating that the issue of its acceptability should be further and carefully addressed. In countries of such vast dimensions as Brazil multidisciplinary educational approaches can and should be performed by the services providing care for patients with foot at risk for complications according to the reality of local scenarios. Furthermore, every educational program should assess the learning, results obtained and efficacy in the target population by use of an adequate evaluation system.

Is there a connection between long airplane flight, venous thromboembolism, and sleep-disordered breathing?

Commercial passenger flights have been increasing around the world. The effect of these flights on health is unclear. Venous thromboembolism has been noted after recent long-distance airplane flight, even in the absence of other risk factors. Hypoxia caused by the low ambient pressure during flights could contribute, and individuals with obstructive sleep apnea may be particularly vulnerable. The association between the effects of long airplane travel and sleep-disordered breathing deserves further study. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Connection Admission Control for a WDM Optical Network Based on Traffic Monitoring and Bandwidth Release

We proposed a connection admission control (CAC) to monitor the traffic in a multi-rate WDM optical network. The CAC searches for the shortest path connecting source and destination nodes, assigns wavelengths with enough bandwidth to serve the requests, supervises the traffic in the most required nodes, and if needed activates a reserved wavelength to release bandwidth according to traffic demand. We used a scale-free network topology, which includes highly connected nodes ( hubs), to enhance the monitoring procedure. Numerical results obtained from computational simulations show improved network performance evaluated in terms of blocking probability.