Phenomenology as a method to investigate the experience lived: a perspective from Husserl and Merleau Ponty's thought

Aim. By taking nursing as a human relationships activity, in spite of its strong technical-scientific features, this article reflects on the phenomenological method as one of the ways to develop ail investigation and acquire knowledge of the topic.Rationale. Based on Husserl's phenomenology, which is opposed to the way of doing science based on the laws that regulate the physics and mathematics, the article introduces Merleau Ponty's existential phenomenology as the theoretical foundation for the method it proposes. My existential conceptions-people as historic beings inserted in a world over which they act but which, in its turn, determines them; the human perception as reference for our way of being in the world; the space-time structure of perception-these are the key concepts that have led to the elaboration of ail approach to phenomenological research.Proposal of a methodology. Steps are proposed for such ail approach, namely phenomenological description, reduction and analysis. These lead to the building up of ideographic and nomothetic analyses, thus unveiling and describing general truths about the phenomenon studied. Finally, the possibilities for applying the methodology to nursing research are discussed, illustrated by my research into student nurses' perspectives on working oil an isolation ward.

"Kyllähän täällä tehdään kaikenlaista laidasta laitaan..." : Nuorten työpajatoiminta ja oppiminen työpajoilla työharjoittelijoiden kokemana

Workshops can be seen as a one kind of occupational model in the field of the social employing. The objective of social employing is to support the employment of those persons who are in a weak labour market position and to maintain their ability to function. The objectives of the workshops, which are offering work experience and learning of life management, maintain the same goal as social employment. Workshop services in Finland are relatively little scientifically studied in spite of their fairly long history. The workshop as a concept is still quite sparsely defined and also an unknown occupational model to the large part of people. The starting point for this study was to clarify what the workshops are like, what the services are like and how learning can be seen from the point of view of the workshop services. The objective of this study was to analyse how the apprentices experience the workshop services as well as learning in the workshops and thus describe how the workshops are shaped at the youth workshops. According to earlier studies the apprentices have experienced the workshops as useful periods in their lives and also they believe that other people in society appreciate the experience that apprentices have been received from the workshops. This study can be described as a qualitative study. Its methodological foundation is in phenomenology and especially in existential phenomenology. The research material consisted of seven individual interviews and two group interviews. In the group interviews five apprentices were those who had also participated in the individual interviews and one apprentice who did not participate. The interviewees' ages were between 17-22 years. The interviews were carried out as semi-structured interviews. The method which was utilised in the analysis of the research material is developed by Juha Perttula (2000). This analyse method is based on existential phenomenology. The apprentices considered that significant experiences in the workshop services were the entry to the workshop, the form of activity of the workshop, workshop community, the achieving of life management and work experience, the understanding of the significance of the education and the planning of the future. Regarding to learning the attitude, on-the-job learning, the importance of the mentors, the new information and new skills achieved were significant experiences at the workshop for the apprentices. The apprentices' experiences reflect well the achievement of the objectives which are set for the workshop services. Results of this study are also compatible to the results of earlier studies of apprentices' positive experience of the workshop services. The results can be utilised in developing the workshop services to offer more versatile experiences than before and to improve learning conditions on the workshops. The arranging of the on-the-job learning and the significance of the actions of mentors should also be noticed.

Estar em casa no mundo : Hannah Arendt, crise do sentido e ser do humano

Tese de doutoramento, Filosofia (Filosofia Política), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2015

A phenomenological account of Merleau-Ponty's notion of style : from embodiment to flesh

Abstract This thesis is an investigation of Maurice Merleau-Ponty's notion of style via the individual, artwork, and the world. It aims to show that subject-object, self-other, and perceiver-perceived are not contrary, but are reverses of one another each requiring the other for meaningful experience. In experience, these cognitive contraries are engaged in relationships of communication and communion that render styles of interaction by which we have/are a world. A phenomenological investigation of Merleau-Ponty's notion of style via existential meaningfulness, corporeal and worldly understanding, stylistic nuances (with respect to the individual, the artwork, and the world), and the existential temporal dynamic provide the foundation for understanding our primordial connection with the world. This phenomenological unpacking follows Merleau-Ponty's thought from Phenomenology of Perception to "Cezanne's Doubt" and "Eye and Mind" through The Visible and the Invisible.

L'expérience de sclérodermie systémique et de santé-dans-la-maladie pour des adultes : une étude phénoménologique existentielle herméneutique

Dans la perspective de faire disparaître la dichotomie existant entre la santé et la maladie, le concept « santé-dans-la-maladie » (health-within-illness) est apparu dans les écrits infirmiers pour étudier la santé chez les personnes vivant avec une maladie chronique. Or, la recherche sur ce phénomène s’est surtout centrée sur l’expérience de santé (wellness) occultant celle de la maladie (illness). À l’heure actuelle, peu d’études ont été réalisées pour comprendre la coexistence de l’expérience de santé (wellness) et celle de maladie (illness) impliquée dans la réalité quotidienne des personnes vivant avec une maladie chronique. De plus, aucune d’entre elles ne s’est adressée à une clientèle vivant avec la sclérodermie systémique. Ainsi, cette étude avait pour but de décrire et de comprendre l’expérience de la sclérodermie systémique et celle de santé-dans-la-maladie dans le contexte d’adultes vivant avec cette maladie chronique. La perspective disciplinaire de la chercheure, en l’occurrence la philosophie du caring humain de Watson (1979, 1988, 1999, 2006, 2008), a soutenu le processus de recherche. En cohérence avec cette auteure, la méthode qualitative de type phénoménologique existentielle herméneutique élaborée par van Manen (1984, 1997, 2002) a été choisie pour encadrer ce processus. La collecte des données repose principalement sur l’expérience d’adultes québécois vivant avec la sclérodermie systémique, recueillie au moyen de 34 entretiens en profondeur réalisés auprès de 17 participants (14 femmes et trois hommes). Les résultats ont permis d’identifier quatre thèmes pour décrire d’une part, l’essence de l’expérience de la sclérodermie systémique, soit : (a) la souffrance interminable d’un corps malade; (b) la dysharmonie intérieure et relationnelle du soi; (c) le processus d’accommodation et (d) l’heuristique d’accommodation. D’autre part, les deux thèmes suivants ont émergé pour exposer l’essence de l’expérience de santé-dans-la-maladie: (a) la prise de pouvoir d’un nouveau soi et (b) l’harmonie avec l’existence. Un travail de mise en relation de ces deux essences a été effectué afin de développer une conceptualisation de l’expérience de santé-dans-la-maladie dans le contexte d’adultes québécois vivant avec la sclérodermie systémique. Ainsi, elle se conçoit comme « une dialectique dans laquelle le nouveau soi mobilise son pouvoir pour vivre en harmonie avec l’existence et pour s’accommoder à la souffrance interminable, où une dysharmonie intérieure et relationnelle est vécue dans le corps malade ». Les résultats de cette étude permettent de mieux comprendre la souffrance vécue par les personnes ayant la sclérodermie systémique de même que le processus et les stratégies d’accommodation à cette souffrance. Ils mettent également en évidence les moyens utilisés pour exercer un nouveau pouvoir sur leur vie et pour vivre en harmonie dans tous les aspects de leur existence. Enfin, la dialectique de santé-dans-la-maladie proposée dans cette étude souligne le caractère dynamique, continu et subjectif du processus d’intégration impliquant les expériences indissociables de la santé (wellness) et de la maladie (illness). Cette nouvelle conceptualisation de l’expérience de santé-dans-la-maladie, pouvant contribuer au renouvellement des pratiques de soins, suggère également une manière inédite d’exister lorsque la maladie chronique survient, soit celle d’ « être ni en santé, ni malade ».

La muerte en la psicoterapia fenomenológico-existencial

El siguiente trabajo pretende, mediante la revisión de diferentes fuentes bibliográficas, mostrar las distintas categorías en las que la muerte se trabaja dentro de la psicoterapia fenomenológico existencial. Es así como se hace un recorrido por los antecedentes filosóficos de este enfoque psicoterapéutico, las diferentes escuelas que dentro de él se desarrollan y sus planteamientos frente a la muerte, las maneras de morir, la muerte y el ciclo vital, y los avances actuales como la Teoría del Manejo del Terror (TMT) . Todos estos elementos se revisan para después ser relacionados y así proponer una serie de acciones prácticas a llevar a cabo dentro del encuentro psicoterapéutico con miras a un trabajo adecuado y productivo con la muerte desde una perspectiva existencial.

O estado indutor: um olhar fenomenológico-existencial sobre o programa comunidade ativa.

O Programa Comunidade Ativa foi criado pela Comunidade Solidária como uma estratégia para induzir o Desenvolvimento Local Integrado e Sustentável em pequenos municípios brasileiros por meio da formação de fóruns comunitários e da capacitação desses fóruns. O Programa pretende favorecer que as pessoas se tornem mais ativas, participantes e responsáveis pela resolução de seus problemas comuns e incentivar a valorização das culturas locais. O presente estudo investiga as possibilidades e as limitações de o Programa Comunidade Ativa favorecer que os membros das comunidades em que atua apropriem-se de sua liberdade, assumindo a responsabilidade pela construção de sua realidade social. A fim de responder a esta questão recorreu-se neste estudo ao pensamento de Martin Heidegger e de Hanna Arendt. O referencial teórico desta dissertação está dividido em duas partes. Na primeira parte são abordados os seguintes temas: reforma do Estado e políticas sociais; cidadania; desenvolvimento local; espaços públicos de participação; formação humana; e capital social. A segunda parte do referencial teórico apresenta a Fenomenologia Existencial e suas concepções sobre conhecimento, homem, mundo, liberdade, política e educação. A metodologia de investigação inclui coleta e tratamento dos dados provenientes de estudo de documentos e de palestra e de trinta e sete entrevistas realizadas com atores situados desde o âmbito nacional até a esfera local. No último capítulo os dados coletados são interpretados segundo o referencial teórico adotado - o que permite apontar diversas limitações e algumas possibilidades do Programa Comunidade Ativa favorecer que os membros da comunidade em que atua apropriem-se de sua liberdade - e são realizadas reflexões sobre o papel, os desafios e as possibilidades do Estado indutor.

A experiência de depressão na contemporaneidade: uma compreensão fenomenológico-existencial

The depression is one of the most common forms of getting ill nowaday. Due to the increase in incidence of depression cases registered worldwide, this theme has been the subject of important studies, especially regarding the symptomatological description and biological etiology of the disease. This research had the objective to understand the unique experience of depression experienced by people who recognize themselves in depression, under the focus of existential phenomenology of Martin Heidegger. To reach the proposed objective, individuals narratives interviews were conducted with four participants, starting from the triggering question, "from your experience, how is for you to being depressed?". The survey revealed that depression affects the whole person and is related to stressful life contexts. Depression was narrated as an experience of disempowerment and lack of self esteem and personal worth. The collaborators of the research referred to the depression from sad, angry, bored and pessimistic mood. The time is experienced as a restriction to the projective opening towards the possibilities of being in which the future is seen as catastrophic and the past lived as debt and guilt. The corporeality, in depression is experienced through the weight, fatigue and pains for no reason. The space is lived from the notion of fall and collapse. We also realized the desire for isolation and avoidance of social contact. Suicide is desired and represents the end of the suffering in life. The depression has proved, still, very stigmatized, because it is discredited and misunderstood. The stigma also addressed to the experience of hospitalization and the unsuitability to the socially imposed standards of beauty, which generates enough suffering to the depressed person. The medication was described based on its positive effects, as a balance and suffering reducer, but also as a producer of dependence. Were also identified according to the collaborators, traces of selfdemand, ordenality and being-for-others, characteristic of typus melancholicus. This study contributes to an understanding of the depression that goes beyond the merely biological perspective and symptomatology of the pathology. The investigation of the depressive experience, through the lens of Heidegger's phenomenology, showed us the phenomenon of the depression in their singularity, complexity and multiple meanings, showing the close relationship between the formation of the depression and the context of personal and social life of the participants

Taking care as a relationship: a phenomenological view

The purpose of this study was to understand and analyse the meanings given to caring of patients on the isolation ward by nursing students, focusing particularly on the aspects of communication and interpersonal relationships. The data were collected from individual interviews with 18 nursing students who were performing nursing practice on the isolation ward. The results, analysed and interpreted according to existential phenomenology, describe the structure of the phenomenon 'taking care on the isolation ward' from a relational perspective. The students described their difficulties and anxieties, as well as their willingness to take care of isolated patients, resulting in the overcoming of obstacles and in contacting and becoming involved when taking care of these patients.

Os significados atribuídos ao cuidar de pacientes com aids

Este estudo apresenta o resultado de pesquisa envolvendo 27 profissionais da saúde, que atendem pacientes com aidsem enfermarias de isolamento, em Centro de Referência Regional para aids. Os dados do estudo, analisados e interpretados segundo a Fenomenologia Existencial, mostram a visão dos profissionais a respeito desse cuidado: trabalha-se com um paciente difícil, exigente, discriminado, embora deva ser visto como igual aos outros pacientes; o medo do contágio e o preconceito interferem na assistência e no relacionamento com este paciente; prejudicando a postura profissional; há a percepção a respeito dos efeitos deletérios do isolamento para os pacientes com aids, porém não se visualizam perspectivas para oferecer apoio efetivo. Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de implementar programas educativos e de apoio aos profissionais da área.

Life with a hemodialysis machine

The aim of the present study was to describe the experience of patients undergoing haemodialysis starting from their own perception. A qualitative perspective using Merleau Ponty's Existential Phenomenology was considered to be the most appropriate methodology for this study. Fifteen patients were interviewed in a haemodialysis unit at a Brazilian teaching hospital. Interviews were based on the question 'What does the experience of living with a haemodialysis machine mean?' Convergences in speeches were grouped into three categories: the machine, improvement in quality of life, reflection on patients' experience. These findings show the existential reality patients experience. A haemodialysis machine dictates their lives: they have to accept strict rules controlled by a team of healthcare providers. They realize it has to be so and there is no way out. It is the only way to get some relief from the symptoms of the disease. The feeling is mostly acceptance of the condition. Healthcare providers' dedication is recognized. Some participants complain bout painful procedures, others deny them, others fantasize the reality. An essential piece of information is the lack of future perspectives; few patients mentioned the possibility of a transplant or the possibility of carrying out their own care. The study may contribute in outlining new perspectives for nurses to understand the needs of patients undergoing haemodialysis. An approach accepting patients' views will probably bring awareness to patients as to the possibilities of helping with their own treatment.

A formação do pesquisador na pós-graduação em educação na universidade moderna: valores epistemológicos e ético-políticos

Objetivou-se compreender o horizonte axiológico da Universidade Moderna nas suas repercussões na formação do pesquisador em educação no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação (PPGED) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA). O Problema de pesquisa expressa-se em duas interrogações: 1) Quais valores epistemológicos e ético-políticos da Universidade Moderna a UFPA incorpora ao seu ideal formativo? 2) Que valores apresentam se na formação do pesquisador no PPGED? Partiu-se de uma abordagem epistemológica, fundamentada na fenomenologia hermenêutica-existencial, que tomou os dados bibliográficos, as transcrições de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e as notas de campo como textos, em cuja organização lançou-se mão de técnicas de análise de conteúdo. Constatou-se que a ideia de universidade moderna, teve a sua origem na filosofia iluminista, que apesar de consagrar a noção de pesquisa como o seu centro, assentava-se, na verdade, no conceito de formação (Bildung), com inspiração no neo-humanismo. Mais do que o pesquisador stricto sensu, a universidade deve formar o homem que pensa por conta própria, autônomo, crítico e racional e é nisso que se encontra a essência do pesquisar. Pôde-se confirmar a tese proposta de acordo com a qual “O referencial ético-político e epistemológico da universidade moderna, baseado na noção de subjetividade autônoma, livre, consciente e crítica, mantém o seu vigor institucional na constituição do horizonte axiológico da formação na UFPA e no PPGED, em particular, embora esses valores venham sendo modalizados e criticados, em um movimento de autocrítica que é parte constitutiva do sujeito moderno.

Miedo e inseguridad de la gestante durante el trabajo de parto como motivos para la demanda de internación precoz

Objective. To identify reasons why women look for early health care attention at the end of pregnancy. Methodology. Qualitative study based in socio-existential phenomenology proposed by Alfred Schütz. Nine pregnant women who consulted to the maternity service without being in real labor were interviewed. Results. The following analysis categories emerged: Having different symptoms or signals from the ones they had felt or been informed about, not being able to identify real labor, fear to fetal complications for being close to the probable labor date, feeling calmer when being seen by professionals of the institution, lack of problem solving by other services of the health institution, fearing out of hospital delivery, imitating real labor, looking for tranquility in the idealization of labor and modifying behaviors to guarantee attention. Conclusion. Women are insecure and fear because of a fragmented health care, where they do not perceive themselves linked to the prenatal control program anymore, and at the same time they don’t find the health care assistance they want.

Luis María Ravagnan : Psicología y filosofía : Del Bergsonismo a la fenomenología existencial

Este trabajo resume la historia intelectual de Luis María Ravagnan, uno de los autores más productivos de la psicología argentina de mediados del siglo XX. Su concepción de la psicología, íntimamente vinculada con la filosofía, lo diferenciaba claramente de otros autores de su época, más interesados en el psicoanálisis o en los aspectos aplicados de la disciplina. Sin embargo, el rol que desempeñó en la recepción del pensamiento francés en general y de la fenomenología existencial en particular lo situó en una zona de intersecciones que fue fundamental para la construcción de los discursos de la psicología en los años 60

Luis María Ravagnan : Psicología y filosofía : Del Bergsonismo a la fenomenología existencial

Este trabajo resume la historia intelectual de Luis María Ravagnan, uno de los autores más productivos de la psicología argentina de mediados del siglo XX. Su concepción de la psicología, íntimamente vinculada con la filosofía, lo diferenciaba claramente de otros autores de su época, más interesados en el psicoanálisis o en los aspectos aplicados de la disciplina. Sin embargo, el rol que desempeñó en la recepción del pensamiento francés en general y de la fenomenología existencial en particular lo situó en una zona de intersecciones que fue fundamental para la construcción de los discursos de la psicología en los años 60