基于ECA规则的工作流时间约束分析

本文着重研究了工作流中各活动间的定量时序关系,提出了一种分析工作流中时间约束的方法。该方法针对基于ECA规则的工作流,通过建立及分析工作流的约束图,对工作流中活动间定量时序约束的一致性进行了分析,从而保证了工作流的正常运行。

基于ECA的信息发布/订阅机制研究

分布式的监控环境中,基于发布/订阅的push模式能及时地反映用户关注的最新信息,很好地满足松散通信的需要。但当订阅条件关联多条数据信息时,传统的订阅描述方法和匹配算法难以满足要求。提出了基于ECA(event-condition-action)的信息发布/订阅机制,利用ECA规则描述复杂的订阅条件,并初步研究了匹配方法。介绍了在卫星测试中该机制的设计实现及应用。

Enhancing Interaction With Smart Objects Throught Mobile Devices

Interaction with smart objects can be accomplished with different technologies, such as tangible interfaces or touch computing, among others. Some of them require the object to be especially designed to be 'smart', and some other are limited in the variety and complexity of the possible actions. This paper describes a user-smart object interaction model and prototype based on the well known event-condition-action (ECA) reasoning, which can work, to a degree, independently of the intelligence embedded into the smart object. It has been designed for mobile devices to act as mediators between users and smart objects and provides an intuitive means for personalization of object's behavior. When the user is close to an object, this one publishes its 'event & action' capabilities to the user's device. The user may accept the object's module offering, which will enable him to configure and control that object, but also its actions with respect to other elements of the environment or the virtual world. The modular ECA interaction model facilitates the integration of different types of objects in a smart space, giving the user full control of their capabilities and facilitating creative mash-uping to build customized functionalities that combine physical and virtual actions

Towards a lightweight mobile semantic-based approach for enhancing interaction with smart objects

This work describes a semantic extension for a user-smart object interaction model based on the ECA paradigm (Event-Condition-Action). In this approach, smart objects publish their sensing (event) and action capabilities in the cloud and mobile devices are prepared to retrieve them and act as mediators to configure personalized behaviours for the objects. In this paper, the information handled by this interaction system has been shaped according several semantic models that, together with the integration of an embedded ontological and rule-based reasoner, are exploited in order to (i) automatically detect incompatible ECA rules configurations and to (ii) support complex ECA rules definitions and execution. This semantic extension may significantly improve the management of smart spaces populated with numerous smart objects from mobile personal devices, as it facilitates the configuration of coherent ECA rules.

事件驱动的BPEL引擎架构设计与实现

WS-BPEL(Web Service Business Process Execution Language，简称BPEL)是Web服务规范族中服务复合层的重要标准。BPEL支持通过对Web服务的编制(Orchestration)来构建业务流程，从而使编程人员能够集中关注业务逻辑。BPEL引擎系统是一个支持BPEL语言描述的业务流程运行的服务器中间件系统，使用BPEL引擎可以执行BPEL语言编写的业务流程。作为一个网络服务器系统，BPEL引擎将不可避免的处理大量的并发请求。如何设计实现BPEL引擎使之能高效的处理并发将是高性能BPEL引擎设计的关键问题。 并发服务器系统通常采用多线程和事件驱动两种并发模型。传统上大多数服务器软件都建立在多线程(或多进程)模型的基础上。但在高负载条件下，过多的线程和线程间的上下文切换会造成系统较大的开销，这些开销是导致系统性能下降的主要原因。事件驱动模型是一种只采用少量固定数量线程的并发模型，一般说来，它的伸缩性更好，并且有更高的处理效率。 本文对高并发服务器系统中所使用的事件驱动模型进行了分析和研究，并且结合BPEL语言规范的特点，提出了事件驱动的BPEL引擎实现技术方案。论文重点研究了BPEL事件结构和有限状态机(Finite State Machine，简称FSM)刻画BPEL流程和活动行为的原理，针对BPEL语言语法特点，构造了完整的BPEL FSM模型，包括了状态空间和基于ECA(Event-Condition-Action)模式的状态转移规则。 在基于事件驱动模型的BPEL引擎架构原理的指导下，我们设计并实现了基于事件驱动模型的OnceBPEL2.0引擎系统。并且，我们对采用多线程模型实现的OnceBPEL1.0系统和采用事件驱动模型实现的OnceBPEL2.0系统进行了性能测试和分析比较。从我们的测试数据和分析结果可以看出，采用事件驱动模型的OnceBPEL2.0系统比采用多线程模型的OnceBPEL1.0有了较大的性能提升。

Especificação e implementação de uma linguagem para transformação de modelos MOF em repositórios dMOF

This work presents the specification and the implementation of a language of Transformations in definite Models specification MOF (Meta Object Facility) of OMG (Object Management Group). The specification uses a boarding based on rules ECA (Event-Condition-Action) and was made on the basis of a set of scenes of use previously defined. The Parser Responsible parser for guaranteeing that the syntactic structure of the language is correct was constructed with the tool JavaCC (Java Compiler Compiler) and the description of the syntax of the language was made with EBNF (Extended Backus-Naur Form). The implementation is divided in three parts: the creation of the interpretative program properly said in Java, the creation of an executor of the actions specified in the language and its integration with the type of considered repository (generated for tool DSTC dMOF). A final prototype was developed and tested in the scenes previously defined

Reducing the gap between mobile and intelligent software agents

This paper presents an approach to integrate an artificial intelligence (AI) technique, concretely rule-based processing, into mobile agents. In particular, it focuses on the aspects of designing and implementing an appropriate inference engine of small size to reduce migration costs. The main goal is combine two lines of agent research, First, the engineering oriented approach on mobile agent architectures, and, second, the AI related approach on inference engines driven by rules expressed in a restricted subset of first-order predicate logic (FOPL). In addition to size reduction, the main functions of this type of engine were isolated, generalized and implemented as dynamic components, making possible not only their migration with the agent, but also their dynamic migration and loading on demand. A set of classes for representing and exchanging knowledge between rule-based systems was also proposed.

Monitoring Complex Processes to Verify System Conformance: A Declarative Rule-Based Framework

Over the last 60 years, computers and software have favoured incredible advancements in every field. Nowadays, however, these systems are so complicated that it is difficult – if not challenging – to understand whether they meet some requirement or are able to show some desired behaviour or property. This dissertation introduces a Just-In-Time (JIT) a posteriori approach to perform the conformance check to identify any deviation from the desired behaviour as soon as possible, and possibly apply some corrections. The declarative framework that implements our approach – entirely developed on the promising open source forward-chaining Production Rule System (PRS) named Drools – consists of three components: 1. a monitoring module based on a novel, efficient implementation of Event Calculus (EC), 2. a general purpose hybrid reasoning module (the first of its genre) merging temporal, semantic, fuzzy and rule-based reasoning, 3. a logic formalism based on the concept of expectations introducing Event-Condition-Expectation rules (ECE-rules) to assess the global conformance of a system. The framework is also accompanied by an optional module that provides Probabilistic Inductive Logic Programming (PILP). By shifting the conformance check from after execution to just in time, this approach combines the advantages of many a posteriori and a priori methods proposed in literature. Quite remarkably, if the corrective actions are explicitly given, the reactive nature of this methodology allows to reconcile any deviations from the desired behaviour as soon as it is detected. In conclusion, the proposed methodology brings some advancements to solve the problem of the conformance checking, helping to fill the gap between humans and the increasingly complex technology.

主动数据库中的实时ECA规则推理算法

许多领域的应用要求发生的事件能够得到实时的反应,这就要求应用于其中的主动数据库中的ECA规则推理过程具有实时性,能够在截止期内完成推理给出反应.现有的ECA规则推理算法均没有考虑实时性要求.为了解决这个问题,提出了一种实时ECA规则推理算法RTIAE.作为一种"任意时刻"实时算法,RTIAE算法在ECA规则的有向图结构中通过启发式搜索进行推理,在截止期内尽量给出更多的推理结果.随后,通过实验探讨了不同的参数对RTIAE算法实时性能的影响,并与深度优先算法进行了对比.实验结果显示,RTIAE算法的截止期推理成功率优于深度优先算法.

基于ECA规则的企业过程数据集成系统设计与实现

流程企业中的信息主要包括管理数据和过程数据，随着企业信息化进程的推进，实现管理数据和过程数据的集成对提高流程企业生产管理与决策的质量、效益和水平起到越来越重要的作用，为实现流程企业的管控一体化创造了条件。本文在对流程企业的数据集成需求和现有的过程数据集成方法全面分析的基础上，针对现有的过程数据集成方法无法保证数据集成过程的主动性以及数据的时效性问题，提出了基于ECA规则的过程数据集成方法，该方法将具有主动机制的ECA规则引入到数据集成中，通过事件触发规则来完成数据集成任务，保证了数据的时效性和可靠性，具有一定的应用价值。论文主要工作如下： 1．分析了流程企业生产数据的特点和过程数据集成的重要性，总结了现有的解决过程数据集成问题方法的不足，针对已有方法无法保证过程数据集成的主动性和数据的时效性问题，提出了基于ECA规则的过程数据集成方法。 2.分析了流程企业数据集成的具体需求特点，给出了过程数据集成系统中的ECA规则的设计描述。基于实时数据库提供的发布/订阅机制，阐述了系统对规则中主要事件类型产生的捕获处理过程。 3.设计了基于ECA规则的过程数据集成框架，研究了框架中主要模块设计所用到的关键技术，包括复合事件检测机制、规则语法解析和规则调度策略，分析了该框架的特点，说明了系统运行流程。 4．基于上述研究，开发了基于ECA规则的企业过程数据集成系统。该系统已经投入石化和钢铁企业的实际应用中,取得了较好的效果。

自主/遥控水下机器人水面/水下通信协议设计与实现

为了解决自主/遥控水下机器人（ARV）水面控制台与水下载体之间的通信问题，设计并实现了一种基于分层结构的水面/水下通信协议。该协议根据ARV 通信特殊需求，分为应用层，数据链路层与物理层，各层之间通过事件路由的方式进行调用，层内协议规则通过有限状态机来描述，整个协议结构清晰。ARV 实验结果证明这一通信协议具有传输速率快，可靠性高等优点。

Detecção e diagnóstico de falhas não-supervisionados baseados em estimativa de densidade recursiva e classificador fuzzy auto-evolutivo

In this work, we propose a two-stage algorithm for real-time fault detection and identification of industrial plants. Our proposal is based on the analysis of selected features using recursive density estimation and a new evolving classifier algorithm. More specifically, the proposed approach for the detection stage is based on the concept of density in the data space, which is not the same as probability density function, but is a very useful measure for abnormality/outliers detection. This density can be expressed by a Cauchy function and can be calculated recursively, which makes it memory and computational power efficient and, therefore, suitable for on-line applications. The identification/diagnosis stage is based on a self-developing (evolving) fuzzy rule-based classifier system proposed in this work, called AutoClass. An important property of AutoClass is that it can start learning from scratch". Not only do the fuzzy rules not need to be prespecified, but neither do the number of classes for AutoClass (the number may grow, with new class labels being added by the on-line learning process), in a fully unsupervised manner. In the event that an initial rule base exists, AutoClass can evolve/develop it further based on the newly arrived faulty state data. In order to validate our proposal, we present experimental results from a level control didactic process, where control and error signals are used as features for the fault detection and identification systems, but the approach is generic and the number of features can be significant due to the computationally lean methodology, since covariance or more complex calculations, as well as storage of old data, are not required. The obtained results are significantly better than the traditional approaches used for comparison

Efeitos de diferentes histórias experimentais sobre o comportamento de seguir regras em participantes classificados de flexíveis e inflexíveis

O presente estudo investigou se a manutenção, ou não, do comportamento de seguir regras discrepantes das contingências de reforço programadas em situação experimental depende mais da história experimental do ouvinte ou da sua história pré-experimental, inferida das respostas destes a um questionário sobre inflexibilidade. Dezesseis estudantes universitários selecionados previamente com base em suas respostas a um questionário sobre inflexibilidade, foram expostos a um procedimento de escolha segundo o modelo. Em cada tentativa, um estímulo modelo e três de comparação eram apresentados ao participante, que deveria apontar para os três de comparação, em uma determinada seqüência. Os participantes foram atribuídos a duas condições e cada condição continha quatro fases. As condições diferiram somente quanto ao esquema de reforço utilizado. Na Condição 1 o esquema de reforço era contínuo (CRF) e na Condição 2 era de razão fixa (FR4). Nas duas condições a Fase 1 era iniciada com a apresentação de instruções mínimas e uma seqüência de respostas era estabelecida por reforço diferencial; a Fase 2 era iniciada com a apresentação de uma regra discrepante; a Fase 3 era iniciada com a apresentação de uma regra correspondente e a Fase 4 com a reapresentação da regra discrepante. Oito participantes (quatro classificados de flexíveis e quatro classificados de inflexíveis) foram expostos à Condição 1 (CRF) e oito participantes (quatro classificados de flexíveis e quatro classificados de inflexíveis) foram expostos à Condição 2 (FR4). Os resultados mostraram que independente da classificação, os oito participantes da Condição 1 abandonaram o seguimento da regra discrepante das contingências, indicando que o controle exercido pela história experimental construída, impediu a observação dos efeitos de variáveis pré-experimentais sobre o comportamento de seguir regras discrepantes dos participantes. Já os resultados da Condição 2 mostraram que os quatro participantes classificados de flexíveis abandonaram o seguimento da regra discrepante e os quatro participantes classificados de inflexíveis mantiveram o seguimento da regra discrepante das contingências, indicando que sob estas condições o controle por diferentes histórias pré-experimentais, prevaleceu. Comparativamente os resultados das duas condições permitem concluir que a manutenção do comportamento de seguir regras discrepantes não depende somente da história experimental ou da história pré-experimental do ouvinte, mas sim da combinação de um número de condições favoráveis ou desfavoráveis a manutenção do comportamento de seguir regra discrepante.

Clinical decision support capabilities of commercially-available clinical information systems.

BACKGROUND: The most effective decision support systems are integrated with clinical information systems, such as inpatient and outpatient electronic health records (EHRs) and computerized provider order entry (CPOE) systems. Purpose The goal of this project was to describe and quantify the results of a study of decision support capabilities in Certification Commission for Health Information Technology (CCHIT) certified electronic health record systems. METHODS: The authors conducted a series of interviews with representatives of nine commercially available clinical information systems, evaluating their capabilities against 42 different clinical decision support features. RESULTS: Six of the nine reviewed systems offered all the applicable event-driven, action-oriented, real-time clinical decision support triggers required for initiating clinical decision support interventions. Five of the nine systems could access all the patient-specific data items identified as necessary. Six of the nine systems supported all the intervention types identified as necessary to allow clinical information systems to tailor their interventions based on the severity of the clinical situation and the user's workflow. Only one system supported all the offered choices identified as key to allowing physicians to take action directly from within the alert. Discussion The principal finding relates to system-by-system variability. The best system in our analysis had only a single missing feature (from 42 total) while the worst had eighteen.This dramatic variability in CDS capability among commercially available systems was unexpected and is a cause for concern. CONCLUSIONS: These findings have implications for four distinct constituencies: purchasers of clinical information systems, developers of clinical decision support, vendors of clinical information systems and certification bodies.