Leadership paradoxes in Angolan organizations: Emic paradoxes, etic paradoxes, and paradox work

The study departs from two assumptions. First, it considers that organizations and their leadership are inherently paradoxical and that, in that sense, dealing with paradox is a necessary component of the leadership process. Second, it explores whether the paradoxes of leadership may manifest differently in different contexts. We explore the emergence of paradox in the leadership of Angolan organizations. Angola is an economy transitioning from a centrally-planned to a market mode, and this makes it a rich site for understanding the specificities of paradoxical processes in an under-researched, “rest of the world”, context. The findings of our inductive study led to the emergence of four interrelated paradoxes and highlight the importance of paradoxical work as a management requirement.

A Matter of Perspective? Disentangling the Emic−Etic Debate in the Scientific Study of Religion\s

This article introduces the emic–etic debate in the scientific study of religion\s and provides a frame for the special issue’s six articles on the topic. Departing from the broader debate’s early history in the 1960s, this article contextualizes the emic–etic debate and locates its point of entry into the scientific study of religion\s in the 1980s. This article argues that in the course of the debate the insider–outsider and emic–etic complexes have become entangled. In order to facilitate an understanding of the debate, this article maintains that the emic–etic debate in the scientific study of religion\s touches upon three central dimensions (existential–political, methodologi- cal, and epistemological). In order to move toward a clearer methodological and epis- temological framework, this article furthermore proposes an iterative model that locates insider–outsider at the level of observers and emic–etic at the level of categories.

Leadership Attributes and Cultural Values in Australia and New Zealand Compared: An Initial Report Based on GLOBE Data.

This paper reports a comparative study of Australian and New Zealand leadership attributes, based on the GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness) program. Responses from 344 Australian managers and 184 New Zealand managers in three industries were analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Results supported some of the etic leadership dimensions identified in the GLOBE study, but also found some emic dimensions of leadership for each country. An interesting finding of the study was that the New Zealand data fitted the Australian model, but not vice versa, suggesting asymmetric perceptions of leadership in the two countries.

The egalitarian leader: A comparison of leadership in Australia and New Zealand

This article compares leadership in Australia and New Zealand based on data collected as a part of the GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior effectiveness) 62-nation culture and leadership project. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to demonstrate that etic (universal) dimensions of 'Charismatic' and 'Self-Protective' leadership are evident in both cultures, but that the dimensions have emic (local) culturally determined manifestations. These emic manifestations were stronger in New Zealand than in Australia. Leadership effectiveness incorporated the negative emic dimension of 'Bureaucratic' leadership (both countries), and the positive emic dimension of 'Egalitarian leadership' in Australia and 'Team leadership' in New Zealand. Both models of leadership nonetheless represent styles of leadership based on egalitarian principles.

Cómo cuantificar los aspectos cualitativos en escalas de clasificación de resultados NOC para etiquetas psico-socioculturales

El hecho de trabajar necesariamente con escalas Likert en la medición de resultados NOC tiene la ventaja de la unificación, pero acarrea también la dificultad de cómo reducirlo a un número del 1 al 5, especialmente cuando una investigación es cualitativa y que por tanto trabaja con palabras y expresiones, con observaciones y percepciones. ¿Qué quiere exactamente decir un 2 o un 3 en el NOC Creencias sobre la salud? En el artículo se muestran las diferentes propuestas para la operacionalización de conceptos y su transformación en números, pero se advierte que en ellas siempre se termina con un análisis cuantitativo. Se hace una propuesta de utilización de observaciones cualitativas emic/etic para las etiquetas psicosociales y culturales siguiendo los postulados de la etnografía. La investigación en lenguajes enfermeros, básica y aplicada, debe tener cimientos metodológicos correctos y atender los mismos criterios de idoneidad metodológica que cualquier otra investigación.

The impact of Economics on health policy and management in Spain

BackgroundDespite the intrinsic value of scientific disciplines, such as Economics, it is appropriate to gauge the impact of its applications on social welfare, or at least Health Economics (HE) case- its influence on health policy and management.MethodsThe three relevant features of knowledge (production, diffusion and application) are analyzed, more from an emic perspective the one used in Anthropology relying on the experience of the members of a culture- than from an etic approach seated on material descriptions and dubious statistics.ResultsThe soundness of the principles and results of HE depends on its disciplinary foundations,whereas its relevance than does not imply translation into practice- is more linked with the problems studied. Important contributions from Economics to the health sphere are recorded.HE in Spain ranks seventh in the world despite the relatively minor HE contents of its clinical and health services research journals.HE has in Spain more presence than influence, having failed to impregnate sufficiently thedaily events.ConclusionsHE knowledge required by a politician, a health manager or a clinician is rather limited; the main impact of HE could be to develop their intuition and awareness.

Influencia del entorno social y el clima motivacional en el autoconcepto de las futbolistas asturianas : repercusi??n en la dimensi??n educativa del deporte-ocio

Conocer la realidad social de las mujeres futbolistas, no solo como las percibe el mundo que les rodea, sino tambi??n que imagen tienen de ellas mismas como practicantes de un deporte mayoritariamente masculino. Determinar si el entorno social y el clima motivacional generado durante el entrenamiento, influyen en la autopercepci??n y autoconcepto de las futbolistas y si a su vez repercute en la realidad social del deporte como dimensi??n educativa en la cultura del ocio. Se parte de la hip??tesis de que la mujer futbolista es objeto de diferentes estigmas derivados de la consideraci??n de que el f??tbol es un deporte eminentemente masculino. Un primer estudio sobre 21 jugadoras del equipo de f??tbol femenino Oviedo Moderno Universidad entre los 15 y 26 a??os de edad, 2 padres, 2 entrenadores, 2 ??rbitros y 2 directivos del mismo equipo. Un segundo estudio con 100 jugadoras y 100 jugadores de 16 equipos de f??tbol en competici??n oficial en la Comunidad Aut??noma de Asturias. Primeramente se realiza un vaciado de las fuentes documentales existentes para, a continuaci??n, proceder al an??lisis detallado de todo el material. Para una mayor profundizaci??n en la tem??tica objeto de estudio se realizan dos tipos de investigaciones: 1) Un primer estudio de car??cter cualitativo durante la temporada 2002-2003 que proporciona un conocimiento amplio del estado de la cuesti??n en un grupo humano reducido. Para ello se propone una investigaci??n etnogr??fica aplicando un sistema etic-emic, es decir, la observaci??n en primer lugar desde el exterior y m??s tarde un conocimiento en profundidad desde el interior del propio grupo. 2) El segundo estudio, de car??cter cuantitativo, se realiza durante la temporada 2003-2004 con la aplicaci??n de varios instrumentos de medida. En el primer estudio se parte de la observaci??n participante y de las entrevistas en profundidad para intentar desentra??ar los problemas que afectan al colectivo de f??tbol femenino. Las unidades de an??lisis a valorar son: estudio, trabajo, compa??erismo, sacrificio deportivo, edad, parentesco, entorno social, intereses sociales y autoestima. En el segundo estudio se aplican cuatro instrumentos de medida: Cuestionario de percepci??n del ??xito (POSQ), Test motivacional del logro (MEF), Cuestionario de diversi??n de los sujetos con la pr??ctica deportiva (CDPD) y Test AF5. Autoconcepto y forma. Los elementos evaluados son: las disposiciones de meta de logros personales, el grado de divertimiento y el autoconcepto (acad??mico/laboral, social, emocional, familiar y f??sico). El an??lisis de los resultados se realiz?? a trav??s del paquete estad??stico SPSS 12.0 y AMOS 5. Los estad??sticos utilizados han sido: an??lisis factoriales confirmatorios, 'prueba t de Student' y coeficiente de correlaci??n de Pearson. La primera parte del estudio advierte que: 1) No se observa que las mujeres futbolistas sufran discriminaci??n social debido a su supuesta pertenencia a estratos sociales bajos o con una m??nima formaci??n acad??mica. 2) Existen focos aislados que aseguran que el f??tbol embrutece a las mujeres, prevaleciendo a??n la idea general de identificaci??n masculina con este deporte. 3) El entorno social no es el m??s propicio para el desarrollo del f??tbol femenino, pues este deporte no se considera todav??a como femenino. 4) Existen dificultades en los entrenamientos y un anormal desarrollo de la actividad, ya que no cuentan con las instalaciones adecuadas en la mayor??a de los casos. 5) El inter??s del p??blico y del aficionado al f??tbol en general es m??s bien inexistente en lo que respecta al f??tbol femenino. 6) La falta de recursos econ??micos es uno de los problemas m??s importantes que condicionan el desarrollo de esta disciplina deportiva. 7) Se da cierto rechazo, sobre todo en los padres, con ni??as en edades tempranas, para su inclusi??n en equipos de f??tbol femenino. 8) No parece que las mujeres futbolistas presenten estigmatizaciones, sino m??s bien preocupaciones con respecto a su actividad. El segundo estudio arroja los siguientes resultados: 1) Los niveles de orientaci??n al ego y a la materia son similares entre mujeres y varones. 2) En cuanto a la relaci??n de la motivaci??n intr??nseca en funci??n del g??nero, las mujeres presentan valores m??s altos en la competencia y en el esfuerzo. 3) Se confirma la correlaci??n de la orientaci??n de meta con la motivaci??n intr??nseca. 4) Los varones presentan mayores niveles de autoconcepto personal en relaci??n a la dimensi??n emocional y sobre todo a la dimensi??n f??sica. 5) La orientaci??n al ego se corresponde con niveles m??s altos de autoconcepto f??sico tanto en varones como en mujeres. 6) Se confirma que la orientaci??n a la tarea tiene una relaci??n positiva con el esfuerzo percibido y la diversi??n, y una relaci??n negativa con el aburrimiento y la ansiedad en las sesiones de entrenamiento. A trav??s del primer estudio se ha comprobado que algunos de los sistemas de exclusi??n aplicados a comienzos del siglo XX, para justificar que las mujeres no realizaran pr??cticas deportivas, siguen hoy en d??a vigentes. En esta pr??ctica deportiva se dan aspectos sociol??gicos y psicol??gicos resistentes al cambio que son dif??ciles de modificar. Estos aspectos, arraigados en nuestra sociedad, son producto de dos estereotipos resistentes al cambio cultural como son la masculinidad y la feminidad. A trav??s del segundo estudio se llega, entre otras, a la conclusi??n de que los niveles de orientaci??n al ego y a la tarea son similares entre hombres y mujeres siendo el g??nero masculino quien tiene mayor preocupaci??n por ganar y demostrar su capacidad. Adem??s la mujeres encuentran m??s presi??n que los varones debido a los modelos sociales existentes, por lo que tienen m??s dificultad para una alta autoestima. Los varones presentan valores m??s altos en varias dimensiones del autoconcepto con relaci??n a las mujeres, como son la dimensi??n emocional, social y f??sica.

An ethnomedicinal survey of a Tashelhit-speaking community in the High Atlas, Morocco

Traditional knowledge about medicinal plants from a poorly studied region, the High Atlas in Morocco, is reported here for the first time; this permits consideration of efficacy and safety of current practices whilst highlighting species previously not known to have traditional medicinal use. Our study aims to document local medicinal plant knowledge among Tashelhit speaking communities through ethnobotanical survey, identifying preferred species and new medicinal plant citations and illuminating the relationship between emic and etic ailment classifications. Ethnobotanical data were collected using standard methods and with prior informed consent obtained before all interactions, data were characterized using descriptive indices and medicinal plants and healing strategies relevant to local livelihoods were identified. 151 vernacular names corresponding to 159 botanical species were found to be used to treat 36 folk ailments grouped in 14 biomedical use categories. Thirty-five (22%) are new medicinal plant records in Morocco, and 26 described as used for the first time anywhere. Fidelity levels (FL) revealed low specificity in plant use, particularly for the most commonly reported plants. Most plants are used in mixtures. Plant use is driven by local concepts of disease, including “hot” and “cold” classification and beliefs in supernatural forces. Local medicinal plant knowledge is rich in the High Atlas, where local populations still rely on medicinal plants for healthcare. We found experimental evidence of safe and effective use of medicinal plants in the High Atlas; but we highlight the use of eight poisonous species.

Don't call me a Kaffir : Genreanalys och klassificering av kwaito

Genom en strukturerad genreanalys, enkätundersökning samt intervju med en DJ aktiv inom kwaito så tacklar denna uppsats uppgiften att klassificera kwaito som genre. Genom analysen så erhålls de strukturella särdrag som kan ses inom genren och detta testas mot enkätundersökningen som behandlar den allmänna uppfattningen om genren. Enkätundersökningen är i sig uppdelad i två segment vars indelning baseras på kulturella skillnader och den här uppsatsen vill belysa de båda antropologiska perspektiven etic och emic i form av en Sydafrikansk- och en icke-Sydafrikansk undersökningsgrupp. Syftet med undersökningen i den här uppsatsen är att öka förståelsen för kwaito som genre och på så vis öka förståelsen för klassificeringen av genrer. Men även huruvida detta återspeglas i enkätundersökningen. Särdragen presenteras i analysen och har anknytning till nutida forskningen. Det visar sig att perspektiven etic och emic har relevans på grund av de kulturellt bundna skillnaderna av uppfattning om genren. Den Sydafrikanska undersökningsgruppen ser tydligare kopplingar till de sociala och ideologiska aspekterna, och även house-musiken, av genren än vad den icke-Sydafrikanska.

Revelando o processo de recriação do banho no leito no cenário da terapia intensiva: produto da sustentabilidade da enfermagem em incorporar o conhecimento êmico a sua práxis

Pós-graduação em Enfermagem (mestrado profissional) - FMB

A formação cultural dos jovens do MST: a experiência do assentamento Mário Lago, em Ribeirão Preto-SP

Pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais - FCLAR

Literacy Research: Issues of Authority, Ownership, and Representation

With the “social turn” of language in the past decade within English studies, ethnographic and teacher research methods increasingly have acquired legitimacy as a means of studying student literacy. And with this legitimacy, graduate students specializing in literacy and composition studies increasingly are being encouraged to use ethnographic and teacher research methods to study student literacy within classrooms. Yet few of the narratives produced from these studies discuss the problems that frequently arise when participant observers enter the classroom. Recently, some researchers have begun to interrogate the extent to which ethnographic and teacher research methods are able to construct and disseminate knowledge in empowering ways (Anderson & Irvine, 1993; Bishop, 1993; Fine, 1994; Fleischer. 1994; McLaren, 1992). While ethnographic and teacher research methods have oftentimes been touted as being more democratic and nonhierarchical than quantitative methods—-which oftentimes erase individuals lived experiences with numbers and statistical formulas—-researchers are just beginning to probe the ways that ethnographic and teacher research models can also be silencing, unreflective, and oppressive. Those who have begun to question the ethics of conducting, writing about, and disseminating knowledge in education have coined the term “critical” research, a rather vague and loose term that proposes a position of reflexivity and self-critique for all research methods, not just ethnography or teacher research. Drawing upon theories of feminist consciousness-raising, liberatory praxis, and community-action research, theories of critical research aim to involve researchers and participants in a highly participatory framework for constructing knowledge, an inquiry that seeks to question, disrupt, or intervene in the conditions under study for some socially transformative end. While critical research methods are always contingent upon the context being studied, in general they are undergirded by principles of non-hierarchical relations, participatory collaboration, problem-posing, dialogic inquiry, and multiple and multi-voiced interpretations. In distinguishing between critical and traditional ethnographic processes, for instance, Peter McLaren says that critical ethnography asks questions such as “[u]nder what conditions and to what ends do we. as educational researchers, enter into relations of cooperation. mutuality, and reciprocity with those who we research?” (p. 78) and “what social effects do you want your evaluations and understandings to have?” (p. 83). In»the same vein, Michelle Fine suggests that critical researchers must move beyond notions of the etic/emic dichotomy of researcher positionality in order to “probe how we are in relation with the contexts we study and with our informants, understanding that we are all multiple in those relations” (p. 72). Researchers in composition and literacy stud¬ies who endorse critical research methods, then, aim to enact some sort of positive transformative change in keeping with the needs and interests of the participants with whom they work.