Potential ultrastructural changes in rat epididymal cell types induced by Boswellia papyrifera and Boswellia carterii incense

Boswellia papyrifera and Boswellia carterii, known as Arabian incense, diffuses smoke, contaminating the air, which adversely affects human health. Therefore, this study was designed to ascertain the effect of these plants on histopathological and ultrastructure changes in cauda epididymis of Albino rats. Animals were exposed to 4 g/kg body weight of B. papyrifera and B. carterii daily for 120 days along with suitable controls. Our study indicates a significant reduction in epithelial heights. Cells showed signs of degeneration. The ultrastructural study revealed that the cauda epididymis was affected, including its cell types. Furthermore, a decrease in the size of mitochondria, Golgi complex, and both ERs was observed. In all treated groups, plasma fructose decreased considerably, indicating the sign of reduced energy, vital for motility and other sperm functions. The results of this study suggest that these plants systematically affect cauda epididymal cell types and its lumen through its potential toxicity. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Academie des sciences.

Differentially Selective Chemosensor with Fluorescence Off-On Responses on Cu2+ and Zn2+ Ions in Aqueous Media and Applications in Pyrophosphate Sensing, Live Cell Imaging, and Cytotoxicity

A new benzoyl hydrazone based chemosensor R is synthesized by Schiff base condensation of 2,6-diformyl-4-methylphenol and phenyl carbohydrazide and acts as a highly selective fluorescence sensor for Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions in aqueous media. The reaction of R with CuCl2 or ZnCl2 forms the corresponding dimeric dicopper(II) Cu-2(R)(CH3O)-(NO3)](2)(CH3O)(2) (R-Cu2+) and dizinc(1) Zn-2(R)(2)](NO3)(2) (R-Zn2+) complexes, which are characterized, as R, by conventional techniques including single-crystal X-ray analysis. Electronic absorption and fluorescence titration studies of R with different metal cations in a CH3CN/0.02 M HEPES buffer medium (pH = 7.3) show a highly selective binding affinity only toward Cu(2+)and Zn2+ ions even in the presence of other commonly coexisting ions such as Ne+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, and Hg2+. Quantification of the fluorescence titration analysis shows that the chemosensor R can indicate the presence of Cu2+ and Zn2+ even at very low concentrations of 17.3 and 16.5 ppb, respectively. R-Zn2+ acts as a selective metal-based fluorescent sensor for inorganic pyrophosphate ion (PPi) even in the presence of other common anions such as F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, CH3COO-, CO32-, HCO3-, N-3(-), SO42-, PPi, AMP, ADP, and ATP in an aqueous medium. The propensity of R as a bioimaging fluorescent probe to detect Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions in human cervical HeLa cancer cell lines and their cytotoxicity against human cervical (HeLa), breast cancer (MCF7), and noncancer breast epithelial (MCF10a) cells have also been investigated. R-Cu2+ shows better cytotoxicity and sensitivity toward cancer cells over noncancer cells than R and R-Zn2+ under identical conditions, with the appearance of apoptotic bodies.

Phenyl carbohydrazone conjugated 2-oxoindoline as a new scaffold that augments the DNA and BSA binding affinity and anti-proliferative activity of a 1,10-phenanthroline based copper(II) complex

A new type of copper(II) complex, CuL(phen)(2)](NO3) (CuIP), where L ((E)-N'-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene) benzohydrazide) is a N donor ligand and phen is the N, N-donor heterocyclic 1,10-phenanthroline, has been synthesized. The phenyl carbohydrazone conjugated isatin-based ligand L and CuIP were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared, UV-Vis, H-1 and C-13 NMR and ESI-mass spectral data, as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The interaction of calf thymus DNA (CT DNA) with L and CuIP has been investigated by absorption, fluorescence and viscosity titration methods. The complex CuIP displays better binding affinity than the ligand L. The observed DNA binding constant (K-b = 4.15(+/- 0.18) x 10(5) M-1) and binding site size (s = 0.19), viscosity data together with molecular docking studies of CuIP suggest groove binding and/or a partial intercalative mode of binding to CT DNA. In addition, CuIP shows good binding propensity to the bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein, giving a K-BSA value of 1.25(+/- 0.24) x 10(6) M-1. In addition, the docking studies on DNA and human serum albumin (HSA) CuIP interactions are consistent with the consequence of binding experiments. The in vitro anti-proliferative study establishes the anticancer potency of the CuIP against the human cervical (HeLa) and breast (MCF7) cancer cells; noncancer breast epithelial (MCF10a) cells have also been investigated. CuIP shows better cytotoxicity and sensitivity towards cancer cells over noncancer ones than L under identical conditions, with the appearance of apoptotic bodies. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Aderência, invasão e persistência intracelular de estreptococos do grupo B em células epiteliais respiratórias A549

Estreptococos do grupo B (EGB) comumente colonizam adultos saudáveis, sem sintomas, mas sob certas circunstâncias possui a capacidade de invadir tecidos do hospedeiro, evadir da detecção imunológica e causar doenças invasivas graves. Por conseguinte, os EGB continuam sendo uma das principais causas de mortalidade neonatal, pneumonia, sepse e meningite. Contudo, a patogênese desta infecção ainda está pouco elucidada. O sorotipo V é freqüentemente associado à doença invasiva em mulheres adultas não gestantes e o segundo mais prevalente em mulheres grávidas. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a aderência, invasão e persistência intracelular de amostras pertencentes ao sorotipo V (88641-vagina/portador e 90186-sangue/paciente) usando as células epiteliais respiratórias A549. As amostras de EGB demonstraram capacidade de aderir e invadir as células epiteliais A549, mas somente a amostra 90186-sangue apresentou maior invasão quando comparada com a de vagina (P <0.001). Ambas as amostras demonstraram persistência intracelular sem replicação no interior das células A549. Apenas o isolado 90186-sangue sobreviveu dentro das células epiteliais até 24h de incubação (P <0,05). A fusão dos lisossomas das células epiteliais com vacúolos contendo bactérias foi observada em células A549 tratadas com Lyso Tracker Grenn DND-26 para todas as amostras testadas. Nossos dados indicam pela primeira vez que as amostras viáveis do sorotipo V permanecem dentro de vacúolos ácidos epiteliais. Curiosamente, a amostra 90186- sangue induziu vacuolização celular e a amostra 88641-vagina promoveu a morte celular após 7h de incubação. Finalmente, nossos resultados aumentam o nosso conhecimento sobre eventos celulares da fagocitose e da patogênese das doenças invasivas promovidas pelos EGB.

Papel de metaloproteases de Estreptococos do grupo B na interação,viabilidade celular e indução de apoptose e necrose em células endoteliais e epiteliais humanas

Estreptococos do grupo B (EGB) é a principal causa de sepse e meningite neonatal e tem sido recentemente reconhecido como patógeno responsável por infecções invasivas em adultos imunocomprometidos (idosos ou portadores de doenças crônicas). Os EGB produzem inúmeras enzimas extracelulares, várias das quais interagem com o sistema imune do hospedeiro e são importantes durante a interação EGB-hospedeiro, bem como para o desenvolvimento da doença. Estudos anteriores mostraram que metaloproteases estão envolvidas em várias vias metabólicas em diferentes tipos celulares. Por esta razão, nós decidimos investigar o possível envolvimento de metaloproteases de EGB durante a interação celular e apoptose/necrose induzida pelo micro-organismo em células endoteliais da veia umbilical humana (HUVEC) e da linhagem de epitélio respiratório (A549). Tratamento de EGB com inibidores de metaloproteases (EDTA, EGTA e FEN) não induziu alterações no crescimento bacteriano, mas promoveu alterações na expressão de proteínas de superfície, capacidade adesiva e perfil de sobrevivência intracelular do patógeno. O EGB e o sobrenadante do crescimento bacteriano (meio condicionado; MC) promoveram a morte das células HUVEC e A549. Contudo, o tratamento com inibidores de metaloproteases restauraram a viabilidade celular induzida pelos EGB e o MC, sugerindo que metaloproteases bacteriana estão envolvidas no rompimento da barreira celular, promovendo a disseminação bacteriana. Este trabalho descreve pela primeira vez apoptose e necrose induzidas pelo EGB e MC em HUVEC e células A549 após 24h de incubação, respectivamente. Nós também observamos redução da pró-caspase-3 após infecção das HUVEC com EGB e MC, sugerindo ativação da caspase-3. Além disso, o aumento da expressão da proteína pró-apoptótica Bax e diminuição dos níveis da proteína anti-apoptótica Bcl-2 em HUVEC, demonstram o envolvimento do mecanismo apoptótico mitocondrial (via intrínseca). A melhor compreensão das bases moleculares da patogênese do EGB contribui para identificar novas moléculas bacterianas e hospedeiras que podem representar novos alvos terapêuticos ou imunoprofiláticos contra a doença causada por esse patógeno neonatal.

DLK1 and DLK2 characterization in mouse salivary gland development

103 p.; 102 p.

Aderência, invasão e indução de apoptose por estreptococos do grupo B em células epiteliais respiratórias A549

Estreptococos do grupo B (EGB), principalmente sorotipo III são a principal causa de pneumonia neonatal, sepse e meningite. O potencial de virulência das amostras de EGB pode determinar a colonização ou a infecção do hospedeiro. Como o pulmão constitui uns dos primeiros órgãos durante o processo de invasão sistêmica por EGB, nós decidimos investigar os mecanismos de adesão e invasão de amostras do sorotipo III (90356-líquor e 80340-vagina) com linhagem de células epiteliais do pulmão humano (A549). Desta forma, o principal objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade de aderência e invasão de duas amostras de EGB sorotipo III com células de epiteliais pulmonares A549, a persistência bacteriana intracelular, a fusão com compartimentos acídicos, potencial citotóxico e indução de apoptose. As amostras mostraram capacidade de aderir e invadir o epitélio pulmonar A549, onde a amostra 90356-líquor isolada de paciente a que apresentou maior propriedade adesiva e invasiva que a amostra 80340-vagina (p<0,05). Ambas as cepas mostraram persistência intracelular sem replicação no interior do epitélio respiratório até 24h de incubação. Além disso, verificamos que os EGB são capazes de promover vacuolização celular permanecendo viáveis dentro de vacúolos acídicos, sugerindo a ocorrência de fusão lisossomo-fagossomo. A amostra 90356-líquor também mostrou maior citotoxidade quando comparada com a amostra 80340-vagina. A análise por citometria de fluxo demonstrou, pela primeira vez, que o EGB induz apoptose em epitélio respiratório, podendo representar um mecanismo importante para o desenvolvimento da lesão celular aguda e a patogênese bacteriana.

Frog albumin is expressed in skin and characterized as a novel potent trypsin inhibitor

A novel potent trypsin inhibitor was purified and characterized from frog Bombina maxima skin. A full-length cDNA encoding the protein was obtained from a cDNA library constructed from the skin. Sequence analysis established that the protein actually comprises three conserved albumin domains. B. maxima serum albumin was subsequently purified, and its coding cDNA was further obtained by PCR-based cloning from the frog liver. Only two amino acid variations were found in the albumin sequences from the skin and the serum. However, the skin protein is distinct from the serum protein by binding of a haem b (0.95 mol/mol protein). Different from bovine serum albumin, B. maxima albumin potently inhibited trypsin. It bound tightly with trypsin in a 1: 1 molar ratio. The equilibrium dissociation constants (K-D) obtained for the skin and the serum proteins were 1.92 x 10(-9) M and 1.55 x 10(-9) M, respectively. B. maxima albumin formed a noncovalent complex with trypsin through an exposed loop formed by a disulfide bond (Cys(53)-Cys(62)), which comprises the scissile bond Arg(58)(P-1)-His(59)(P-1'). No inhibitory effects on thrombin, chymotrypsin, elastase, and subtilisin were observed under the assay conditions. Immunohistochemical study showed that B. maxima albumin is widely distributed around the membranes of epithelial layer cells and within the stratum spongiosum of dermis in the skin, suggesting that it plays important roles in skin physiological functions, such as water economy, metabolite exchange, and osmoregulation.

Establishment of a Chinese sturgeon Acipenser sinensis tail-fin cell line and its susceptibility to frog iridovirus

Chinese sturgeon Acipenser sinensis, a cartilaginous ganoid, is a 'living fossil' on a deeply isolated evolutionary branch. A cell line was established from Chinese sturgeon tail-fin tissue (CSTF) . These epithelial CSTF cells grew well in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium at 25 degrees C. Karyotypic analysis revealed a normal diploid karyotype with 2n = 264 and large numbers of punctate chromosomes. A strain of frog iridoviruses [Rana grylio virus (RGV)] was used to test the susceptibility of this cell line to infection. Infection was confirmed by cytopathic effect, immunofluorescence and electron-microscope observations, which detected the viral antigens or particles in the cytoplasm of RGV-infected cells. Molecular analysis further suggested that c. 550 bp DNA fragment could be cloned from the RGV-infected CSTF cells' DNA with major capsid protein gene polymerase chain reaction primers. Furthermore, after transfection with pEGFP vector DNA, the CSTF cell line produced significant fluorescent signals indicating its utility in exogenous studies.

猕猴多潜能成体肝前体细胞及猕猴ES 定向分化为胆管上皮细胞的研究

为解决供体器官的不足，以细胞移植为基础的替代疗法已成为治疗不可逆肝 脏疾病新的希望。 肝前体（干）细胞（Hepatic progenitor cellS，HPCs）和 胚胎干细胞（embryoic stem cells, ES）由于其特殊的细胞特性已成为细胞替 代治疗理想的种源细胞。 然而一方面包括人在内的灵长类动物的正常成体肝来 源的HPCs 的分离依然是很困难的；另一方面，ES 细胞来源的肝细胞和胆管细胞 的生成效率依旧很低。因此有必要建立稳定的高效的灵长类动物HPCs 细胞分离 培养体系及ES 细胞的肝细胞或胆管细胞分化体系以满足供体细胞的不足；这种 体系的建立还有利于研究肝细胞生物学如分化机制、自我更新机制等方面的重要 基础问题。 本研究以猕猴为实验模型，研究了正常成体肝来源的猕猴HPCs 分离、纯化 的条件，系统地鉴定了猕猴HPCs 的细胞特性和体内、外分化潜能，并评价了体 内移植效果。 同时以rES 为材料，建立了rES 高效分化为限定性内胚层 （definitive endoderm cells, DE）和胆管上皮细胞的分化体系。主要实验结 果包括：1）： FBS、EGF、HGF 及rat tail collagen (鼠尾胶原)是分离培养正 常成体猕猴来源的肝上皮前体细胞(rhesus monkey liver epithelial progenitor cells, mLEPCs)所必需的，mLEPCs 在此培养体系中至少可以扩增20 代或5 个月以上，并仍然保持原有的细胞特性；mLEPCs 呈现典型的上皮细胞形 态，并表达HPCs 细胞特有的表达模式即同时表达肝细胞和胆管细胞相关基因 （ALB，APOH，CX43，IB4）或蛋白（CK7，CK8，CK18）；在适宜的分化体系下， mLEPCs 可分化为功能性的肝细胞，形成具有胆管上皮细胞的胆管样结构，并能 转分化形成肌肉样细胞、肌样成纤维细胞及少突样细胞；移植入肝损伤的免疫抑 制的小鼠体内后，mLEPCs 能参与受体肝组织的再生，并能分化成ALB 阳性的肝 细胞；体内定位发现mLEPCs 与胆管区的细胞有相似的免疫原性，提示mLEPCs 可能来源于胆管区。2）：rES 在高浓度的acitvin A（100ng/ml）和低浓度的血 清(1%)单层诱导体系下可定向分化得到高比率的限定性内胚层细胞（definitive endoderm cells，DE 细胞）(约80%)； 高比率的DE 细胞的得到还与rES 细胞的接种密度相关；BMP4 和FGF1 可诱导DE 细胞高效向胆管上皮细胞分化（约90%）， 但并不能得到肝细胞；而Notch 信号通路可维持DE 细胞的存活，并决定着DE 细胞向胆管细胞分化，在Notch 信号通路失活的情形下，即使存在BMP4 和FGF1 都不能促使DE 细胞向胆管细胞分化。 本实验首次成功建立了正常猕猴成体肝HPCs 分离培养体系，证实了分离得 到的猕猴肝上皮前体细胞不但具有正常HPCs 的增殖活力和参与受体肝组织的再 生能力，而且还具有三个胚层的分化潜能，这一结果将为以HPCs 为基础的细胞 替代治疗人类肝脏疾病的实现提供了可能，并首次证明了HPCs 也可以像某些少 数成体干细胞一样具有三个胚层得分化潜能。 此外，本研究建立了rES 高效定 向分化为DE 细胞和胆管细胞的分化体系，这一方法的建立将促进灵长类动物的 DE 细胞的发育机制研究，同时也可为高比率的内胚层功能细胞（如胰岛细胞、 肝细胞、肺细胞）的获得提供丰富的种源细胞和平台。

Age-dependent accumulation of lipofuscin in perivascular and subretinal microglia in experimental mice

Fundus autofluorescence (AF) imaging by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy has been widely used by ophthalmologists in the diagnosis/monitoring of various retinal disorders. It is believed that fundus AF is derived from lipofuscin in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells; however, direct clinicopathological correlation has not been possible in humans. We examined fundus AF by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and confocal microscopy in normal C57BL/6 mice of different ages. Increasingly strong AF signals were observed with age in the neuroretina and subretinal/RPE layer by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Unlike fundus AF detected in normal human subjects, mouse fundus AF appeared as discrete foci distributed throughout the retina. Most of the AF signals in the neuroretina were distributed around retinal vessels. Confocal microscopy of retinal and choroid/RPE flat mounts demonstrated that most of the AF signals were derived from Iba-1+ perivascular and subretinal microglia. An age-dependent accumulation of Iba-1+ microglia at the subretinal space was observed. Lipofuscin granules were detected in large numbers in subretinal microglia by electron microscopy. The number of AF+ microglia and the amount of AF granules/cell increased with age. AF granules/lipofuscin were also observed in RPE cells in mice older than 12 months, but the number of AF+ RPE cells was very low (1.48 mm-2 and 5.02 mm-2 for 12 and 24 months, respectively) compared to the number of AF+ microglial cells (20.63 mm-2 and 76.36 mm-2 for 6 and 24 months, respectively). The fluorescence emission fingerprints of AF granules in subretinal microglia were the same as those in RPE cells. Our observation suggests that perivascular and subretinal microglia are the main cells producing lipofuscin in normal aged mouse retina and are responsible for in vivo fundus AF. Microglia may play an important role in retinal aging and age-related retinal diseases.

Lack of Oxygen Deactivates Mitochondrial Complex I IMPLICATIONS FOR ISCHEMIC INJURY?

For S-nitrosothiols and peroxynitrite to interfere with the activity of mitochondrial complex I, prior transition of the enzyme from its active (A) to its deactive, dormant (D) state is necessary. We now demonstrate accumulation of the D-form of complex I in human epithelial kidney cells after prolonged hypoxia. Upon reoxygenation after hypoxia there was an initial delay in the return of the respiration rate to normal. This was due to the accumulation of the D-form and its slow, substrate-dependent reconversion to the A-form. Reconversion to the A-form could be prevented by prolonged incubation with endogenously generated NO. We propose that the hypoxic transition from the A-form to the D-form of complex I may be protective, because it would act to reduce the electron burst and the formation of free radicals during reoxygenation. However, this may become an early pathophysiological event when NO-dependent formation of S-nitrosothiols or peroxynitrite structurally modifies complex I in its D-form and impedes its return to the active state. These observations provide a mechanism to account for the severe cell injury that follows hypoxia and reoxygenation when accompanied by NO generation.

Retinal and choroidal responses to panretinal photocoagulation: an ultrastructural perspective

BACKGROUND: There have been few histological or ultrastructural studies of the outer retina and choriocapillaris following panretinal photocoagulation therapy. This investigation examines the long-term morphological effects of panretinal photocoagulation in two patients with type II diabetes who had received laser treatment more than 6 months prior to death.

METHODS: Regions of retina and choroid from each patient were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, dissected out and examined using light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy.

RESULTS: After removing the neural retina, scanning electron microscopy of non-photocoagulated areas of the eye cups revealed normal cobblestone-like retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Regions with laser scars showed little RPE infiltration into the scar area, although large rounded cells often appeared in isolation within these areas. Sections of the retina and choroid in burn regions showed a complete absence of the outer nuclear layer and photoreceptor cells, with the inner retinal layers lying in close apposition to Bruch's membrane. Non-photocoagulated regions of the retina and choroid appeared normal in terms of both cell number and cell distribution. The RPE layer was absent within burn scars but many RPE-like cells appeared markedly hypertrophic at the edges of these regions. Bruch's membrane always remained intact, although the underlying choriocapillaris was clearly disrupted at the point of photocoagulation burns, appearing largely fibrosed and non-perfused. Occasional choroidal capillaries occurring in this region were typically small in profile and had plump non-fenestrated endothelium.

CONCLUSIONS: This study outlines retinal and choroidal cell responses to panretinal photocoagulation in diabetic patients and demonstrates an apparent reduction in the capacity of these tissues to repair laser damage.

Late ultrastructural changes in the retina of the rat following low-dose X-irradiation

This study describes ultrastructural changes in the pigmented hooded Lister rat retina, 3-12 months following X-irradiation with single doses of between 200 and 2000 cGy. The extreme radiosensitivity of the photoreceptor cells was underlined by the continued manifestation of fine structural changes and cell death up to 6 months post-radiation in animals receiving doses above 500 cGy. The retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells were more radioresistant than photoreceptors and RPE cell loss was only observed at doses of more than 1500 cGy. One year after irradiation with 1500 cGy the retinal vasculature showed capillary occlusion with some evidence of recanalisation. Telangiectasia was observed in the large retinal veins. Although the inner retinal neurones and glial cells showed no evidence of direct radiation damage, the nerve fibre layer adjacent to occluded retinal vessels demonstrated ultrastructural evidence of ischaemic neuropathy and retinal oedema. At doses above 1500 cGy the choriocapillaris showed platelet aggregation and capillary loss.

Early ultrastructural changes after low-dose X-irradiation in the retina of the rat

In this study Lister rats were given doses of X-rays ranging from 200-2,000 Rads to the retina of one eye, sacrificed at various time intervals between one hour and one month later and the irradiated eye processed for electron microscopy. The rod photoreceptor cells were by far the most radiosensitive cells in the retina, their outer segments showing distinctive membrane damage at one hour after 200 Rads of X-rays. Photoreceptor cell death was not seen at doses less than 1,000 Rads in the time period of the experiment. The retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells showed damage in the form of mitochondrial swelling but only in doses over 500 Rads. Retinal pigment epithelial cell loss did not occur under 2,000 Rads. The inner retinal neurones, glial elements and the retinal vasculature did not show any ill effects in the time period of this study.