Suomen energiajärjestelmä

Suomen energialähteiden käyttö on pysynyt likimain samana viime vuosikymmenen aikana. Uusiutuvien energialähteiden käyttö (tuulivoima, aurinkovoima, biopolttoaineet) on lisääntynyt ja fossiilisten energialähteiden käyttö vähentynyt. Energian kokonaiskulutus ja lämmönkulutus on vuosikymmenen aikana laskenut hieman ja sähkönkulutus on lisääntynyt lisääntyvän infrastruktuurin myötä. Suomen kantaverkko ei ole vuosikymmenen aikana kokenut suuria muutoksia. Suomi kuuluu osana pohjoismaiden yhteisiä sähkömarkkinoita, joissa vallitsee vapaa kilpailu. Suomen energiajärjestelmän sähköntuotto on tällä hetkellä varsin tuontipainotteinen ja Suomi ei ole pystynyt vuosikymmenen aikana vastaamaan sähkön kysyntään, mikä tarkoittaa sähkön tuonnin lisääntymistä. Lämmöntuotanto ja -kulutus ovat pysyneet vuosikymmenen aikana likimain ennallaan. Lähitulevaisuudessa Suomen energiaomavaraisuus nousee ja Suomi voi jopa vuonna 2050 olla jo sähkön nettoviejä ja myös energiajärjestelmän aiheuttamat kokonaispäästöjä alenevat radikaalisti. Liikenne sähköistyy ja älykkäät sähköverkot tekevät tuloaan. Tässä työssä tutustutaan Suomen nykyiseen energiajärjestelmään, tehdään katsaus tulevaisuuteen ja vertaillaan Suomen energiajärjestelmää kansainvälisesti.

Impact of the Decarbonisation of the Energy System on Employment in Europe. CEPS Special Report No. 82, February 2014

This paper presents a methodology for calculating the potential impact of the new socio-ecological transition away from fossil fuels on employment in EU energy supply. The methodology is based on “employment factors” (i.e. labour intensities) of different energy technologies. These employment factors are applied to changing energy mixes as projected by the decarbonisation scenarios of the European Commission’s Energy Roadmap 2050. In particular, we analyse quantitative (number of jobs) and qualitative (qualification levels) impacts on employment in extraction and processing of primary (fossil) fuels and in the power sector for the years 2020, 2030 and 2050. The results show that the energy sector will provide not only more jobs as the new socio-ecological transition unfolds, but also jobs requiring higher-level qualifications when compared with the current energy sector.

Perfil logístico de la cadena de hidrocarburos en Colombia Parte I

El presente estudio analiza las diferentes variables que inciden en el sector petrolero para la adecuada identificación de los alcances, desventajas y oportunidades para el establecimiento de un proyecto de representación exclusiva en el mismo. Dentro de las variables a saber se destacan el transporte y la distribución, el análisis sectorial, que pasa por la cadena de producción, actividad actual y proyecciones, para llegar a la descripción de los requisitos de una adecuada cadena de suministro. Por último, se concluyen con algunas estrategias y recomendaciones que permitan el posicionamiento y éxito del proyecto, resaltando los variables tiempo y producción como las primordiales para cualquier representación exclusiva en el sector, incluso sobre el precio.

Perfil Logístico del Sector Hidrocarburos en Colombia – Parte 2

El perfil logístico del sector hidrocarburos parte de una caracterización mundial y nacional del mismo en el que se resalta la posición del país respecto a la región en cuanto a la participación en consumo y producción de petróleo, además de contar con un análisis del comportamiento de los principales indicadores como lo son los históricos del precio del barril de petróleo, producción diaria, participación en el PIB, Inversión Extranjera Directa o IED y Balanza Comercial. Luego se presentan las principales problemáticas del sector en cuanto a medio ambiente, infraestructura, conflicto armado, disminución de reservas, alternativas energéticas, etc., que presentan un obstáculo para el desarrollo y competitividad del sector. A continuación se encuentra la información asociada con la cadena de suministro de los hidrocarburos, se caracteriza el producto y se trata eslabón por eslabón comenzando por los proveedores, pasando por producción, almacenamiento, distribución, transporte clientes, logística inversa y finalizando con un mapa de agregación de valor o VSM por sus siglas en inglés. A partir de esto se analiza el estado de productividad y competitividad del sector; se dan a conocer las principales asociaciones y agremiaciones del mismo, se realiza un análisis especial a la situación de fletes y transporte. Todo con el fin de dar a conocer una fotografía del estado actual de los hidrocarburos en Colombia.

Subsea DC Collection Grid with High Power Security for Offshore Renewables

This work was supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [grant number EP/K006428/1]; and the European Regional Development Fund [grant number LUPS/ERDF/2010/4/1/0164].

The European Union Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia: The Limitations of the Opening towards the East

This article intends to study the evolution of the European Union foreign policy in the Southern Caucasus and Central Area throughout the Post-Cold War era. The aim is to analyze Brussels’ fundamental interests and limitations in the area, the strategies it has implemented in the last few years, and the extent to which the EU has been able to undermine the regional hegemons’ traditional supremacy. As will be highlighted, the Community’s chronic weaknesses, the local determination to preserve sovereignty and an increasing international geopolitical competition undermine any European aspiration to become a pre-eminent actor at the heart of the Eurasian continent in the near future.

Climate change impacts on portuguese energy system in 2050

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente, perfil Gestão e Sistemas Ambientais

IEA EBC Annex56 vision for cost effective energy and carbon emissions optimization in building renovation

Building sector has become an important target for carbon emissions reduction, energy consumption and resources depletion. Due to low rates of replacement of the existing buildings, their low energy performances are a major concern. Most of the current regulations are focused on new buildings and do not account with the several technical, functional and economic constraints that have to be faced in the renovation of existing buildings. Thus, a new methodology is proposed to be used in the decision making process for energy related building renovation, allowing finding a cost-effective balance between energy consumption, carbon emissions and overall added value.

The Potential Evolution of the European Energy System to 2020 and 2050. CEPS Working Document No. 392, 26 March 2014

This paper assesses the impact of decarbonisation of the energy sector on employment in Europe. Setting the stage for such an assessment, the paper provides an analysis of possible pathways to decarbonise Europe’s energy system, taking into account EU greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets for 2020 and 2050. It pays particular attention to various low-carbon technologies that could be deployed in different regions of the EU. It concludes that efficiency and renewables play a major role in any decarbonisation scenario and that the power sector is the main enabler for the transition to a low-carbon economy in Europe, despite rising electricity demand. The extent of the decline in the share of fossil fuels will largely depend on the existence of carbon capture and storage (CCS), which remains a major source of uncertainty.

Energy Transition by 2050: A Multifaceted Challenge for Europe. European Policy Brief No. 8, May 2012

This paper serves as a background for the International High Level Energy Conference organised by Egmont - Royal Institute for International Relations - and the Development Group in Brussels on 10th May 2012

Vision 2020 National Parks Restoration Act : hearing before the Subcommittee on National Parks, Historic Preservation, and Recreation of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, second session, on S. 624 ... S. 1693.

"May 7 and 14, 1998"--Pt. 2.

The Riesz transform and simultaneous representations of phase, energy and orientation in spatial vision

To represent the local orientation and energy of a 1-D image signal, many models of early visual processing employ bandpass quadrature filters, formed by combining the original signal with its Hilbert transform. However, representations capable of estimating an image signal's 2-D phase have been largely ignored. Here, we consider 2-D phase representations using a method based upon the Riesz transform. For spatial images there exist two Riesz transformed signals and one original signal from which orientation, phase and energy may be represented as a vector in 3-D signal space. We show that these image properties may be represented by a Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of the higher-order derivatives of the original and the Riesz transformed signals. We further show that the expected responses of even and odd symmetric filters from the Riesz transform may be represented by a single signal autocorrelation function, which is beneficial in simplifying Bayesian computations for spatial orientation. Importantly, the Riesz transform allows one to weight linearly across orientation using both symmetric and asymmetric filters to account for some perceptual phase distortions observed in image signals - notably one's perception of edge structure within plaid patterns whose component gratings are either equal or unequal in contrast. Finally, exploiting the benefits that arise from the Riesz definition of local energy as a scalar quantity, we demonstrate the utility of Riesz signal representations in estimating the spatial orientation of second-order image signals. We conclude that the Riesz transform may be employed as a general tool for 2-D visual pattern recognition by its virtue of representing phase, orientation and energy as orthogonal signal quantities.

Eigen-Adaptation and Distributed Representation of 2-D Phase, Energy, Scale and Orientation in Spatial Vision

Distributed representations (DR) of cortical channels are pervasive in models of spatio-temporal vision. A central idea that underpins current innovations of DR stems from the extension of 1-D phase into 2-D images. Neurophysiological evidence, however, provides tenuous support for a quadrature representation in the visual cortex, since even phase visual units are associated with broader orientation tuning than odd phase visual units (J.Neurophys.,88,455–463, 2002). We demonstrate that the application of the steering theorems to a 2-D definition of phase afforded by the Riesz Transform (IEEE Trans. Sig. Proc., 49, 3136–3144), to include a Scale Transform, allows one to smoothly interpolate across 2-D phase and pass from circularly symmetric to orientation tuned visual units, and from more narrowly tuned odd symmetric units to even ones. Steering across 2-D phase and scale can be orthogonalized via a linearizing transformation. Using the tiltafter effect as an example, we argue that effects of visual adaptation can be better explained by via an orthogonal rather than channel specific representation of visual units. This is because of the ability to explicitly account for isotropic and cross-orientation adaptation effect from the orthogonal representation from which both direct and indirect tilt after-effects can be explained.