7 resultados para encopresis


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Dar una impresión de los problemas que plantean la enuresis y la encopresis sobre todo en el aspecto psicológico. Tanto la enuresis, como la encopresis entran, sin duda, en el amplísimo capítulo de las afecciones psicosomáticas. Ambos síntomas, no obedecen a un sólo mecanismo. La alteración común de las dos enfermedades, es la falta de control en la micción, en el caso de la enuresis, y de la defecación, en el caso de la encopresis, lo que no indica que su etiopatogenia sea siempre la misma, en cada caso. Para obtener un buen pronóstico, es necesaria la colaboración incondicional de los padres, su paciencia y su comprensión, para que el niño no vea más problemas del que hay, tome conciencia de él, sea correctamente informado y se sienta apoyado por las personas que le rodean y, que al fin y al cabo, es lo más importante para él. Son síntomas que van acompañadas de otras afecciones lo que hace que en muchas ocasiones se vea impedido u obscurecido, su diagnóstico. Su etiología y tratamiento, bien pueden describirse como un área clásica de conflicto entre las aproximaciones psicodinámicas y conductistas. Cada tendencia lo explica desde su punto de vista, bien como un conflicto en la personalidad del niño, con un problema subyacente o bien, como un transtorno conductual del comportamiento que hay que modificar. Cada uno propone un tratamiento y unos métodos diferentes, si bien es verdad que hasta la fecha, en referencia a los parámetros tiempo y eficacia, el tratamiento conductista, va obteniendo más éxitos palpables. Lo que sí está claro, es la casi total ineficacia de la terapéutica con medicamentos o simplemente física. Las drogas y los fármacos, en algunos casos, pueden ayudar para controlar algunos otros aspectos que conlleve la enfermedad, pero nunca se debe utilizar con una medida terapéutica exclusiva. La actitud de los padres hacia el niño y hacia su problema, en algunas ocasiones, no es la correcta, bien por falta de información, por una sobreprotección o simplemente por despreocupación, repercutiendo, en gran medida, en el éxito o fracaso, del tratamiento. Una buena educación del control de los esfínteres, acompañada de un buen clima familiar y afectivo, serían el mejor planteamiento para la solución del problema, teniendo en cuenta, claro está, la eliminación de todo trastorno, o lesión orgánica, premisa necesaria para hablar de enuresis y de encopresis.

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One hundred and seven children with faecal incontinence were evaluated and managed over a 3 year period by a multidisciplinary team. After initial clinical assessment, evaluation of defaecatory mechanisms (using a balloon model) and assessment of personal-social development and self-concept were undertaken. Management was based on initial bowel evacuation, short-term laxatives, and habit training involving systematic use of positive reinforcement; 69 children received biofeedback conditioning. Idiopathic megacolon with constipation and soiling was the most common finding (98 cases). Other diagnoses included previously undiagnosed neurogenic bowel (three cases), post-surgical anal anomalies (four cases), and psychogenic encopresis (two cases). Idiopathic megacolon was characterized by decreased rectal sensation, increased threshold for external sphincter relaxation and an inability to evacuate. Faecal incontinence was associated with an undesirably low social self-concept (70% of the 40 evaluated), but was not related to a delay in development (mean general developmental quotient = 105 ± 8, for the 35 tested). Family psychopathology warranting referral for family therapy was found in 14 children (13%). The management programme yielded a short-term (3 months) cure rate of 68% and a long-term (12 months) cure rate of 90%, with 10% having continued soiling which varied from occasional to several incidents/week. No significant improvement in self-concept was observed overall, although marked improvements were observed in some children. We conclude that disordered defaecatory dynamics are a major determinant of faecal incontinence in children. Undesirably low social self-concepts but normal developmental ability accompany this condition. Management is facilitated by a multidisciplinary approach, acknowledging the role of both behavioural and physiological components of the problem. This approach is effective in eradicating soiling in the majority of cases, comparing favourably with other published data.

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Profundizar en el mundo del niño, especialmente en las relaciones afectivas que lo unen con los que lo rodean. La mayor parte de las manifestaciones psicopatológicas de 0 a 5 años son debidas a la carencia afectiva, a la mala relación entre hijo e madre. Los conflictos del lactante giran en torno a la esfera oroalimenticia durante el primer año al tercer año la ansiedad, manifestaciones neuroticas, fobias, terror nocturno, asma, dolores abdominales, colitis ulcerosa y cefaleas de tres a cinco, enuresis, encopresis, transtornos psicóticos.

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Objective: Autism spectrum disorders are now recognized to occur in up to 1% of the population and to be a major public health concern because of their early onset, lifelong persistence, and high levels of associated impairment. Little is known about the associated psychiatric disorders that may contribute to impairment. We identify the rates and type of psychiatric comorbidity associated with ASDs and explore the associations with variables identified as risk factors for child psychiatric disorders. Method: A subgroup of 112 ten- to 14-year old children from a population-derived cohort was assessed for other child psychiatric disorders (3 months' prevalence) through parent interview using the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment. DSM-IV diagnoses for childhood anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, oppositional defiant and conduct disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, tic disorders, trichotillomania, enuresis, and encopresis were identified. Results: Seventy percent of participants had at least one comorbid disorder and 41% had two or more. The most common diagnoses were social anxiety disorder (29.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI)] 13.2-45.1), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (28.2%, 95% CI 13.3-43.0), and oppositional defiant disorder (28.1%, 95% CI 13.9-42.2). Of those with attention/deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 84% received a second comorbid diagnosis. There were few associations between putative risk factors and psychiatric disorder. Conclusions: Psychiatric disorders are common and frequently multiple in children with autism spectrum disorders. They may provide targets for intervention and should be routinely evaluated in the clinical assessment of this group.

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A incontinência fecal, também conhecida como encoprese, é um transtorno de evacuação que acarreta prejuízos ao desenvolvimento psicossocial e orgânico da criança e do adolescente, e que demanda atenção e cuidado de pais e profissionais de saúde. No amplo contexto de tratamento da encoprese, a psicoterapia constitui importante recurso, sendo a terapia comportamental apontada como uma das modalidades mais promissoras e eficazes para o tratamento dessa dificuldade de eliminação. Este artigo apresenta o estudo dos efeitos do manejo comportamental de quadro de incontinência fecal em um adolescente de 14 anos, atendido em clínica-escola de Psicologia do interior do Estado de São Paulo durante 14 meses. A partir do referencial teórico da análise do comportamento, foi desenvolvido, em contexto psicoterápico, um conjunto de estratégias comportamentais com o cliente, bem como orientações aos pais, visando à gradativa extinção encoprética. No decorrer desse processo, o cliente apresentou significativas aquisições comportamentais de uso regular do banheiro e adequado controle esfincteriano, monitoradas semanalmente, que possibilitaram a plena extinção das ocorrências de sujidade, sendo avaliado o efeito em follow-up realizado três meses após o encerramento dessa intervenção.

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Objective: To assess the practice of children's toilet training through interviews with parents and caretakers. Methods: A cross-sectional study of healthy children using a questionnaire applied to parents or caretakers of 100 consecutive children aged 3 to 6 years old. Results: 97% of the children were home-trained by their mothers and 92% of them used their intuition, previous experience with an older child and grandmothers' experience. Bowel and bladder toilet training started simultaneously in 84% of the cases, whereas 41% of the children mastered stool control earlier. Mothers with lower educational level and of social classes C, D and E initiated the training earlier and one of the related reasons was the cost of disposable diapers. Age in initiation or duration of toilet training was similar for boys and girls. Children presented most of the readiness symptoms for toilet training and only a small number of them used a seat reducer or a foot support. There was no increase in constipation prevalence after toilet training and there was no encopresis. Conclusions: Mothers were responsible for bowel toilet training and initiated it with no specialized help. In C-D-E social classes, the cost of diapers was determinant to initiate bowel toilet training.

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Studies have shown that encopresis, related to bowel control disorder, can bring significant impact for the individual life, such as low self-esteem and deficits in social interaction. Despite the significant impairment recognized that this disorder can have on child development, the scientific literature has given little attention to the theme, with a low number of publications on the subject. Thus, this paper investigated Brazilian publications in psychology related to encopresis between 1994 and 2013 in data base Lilacs and Scielo. 231 articles were found and were selected those that reported only intervention in encopresis. There were five articles and four published by the same journal and described behavioral interventions, and one author wrote three. The other one was psychoanalytic. The surveys were conducted with children and adolescents and behavioral interventions have been successful with remission of encopresis symptoms. The data affirm the deficiency in publications in the area and possibly limited number of psychologists investigating the issue, which is of significant importance.