Decreased recent thymus emigrant number in rheumatoid factor-negative polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Objectives To determine TCR excision circle (TREC) levels, a marker of recent thymic emigrants, in the peripheral lymphocyte pool of rheumatoid factor-negative (RF circle divide) polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) children. Materials and methods We studied TREC levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in 30 RF circle divide polyarticular JIA children with active disease and in 30 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Signal-joint TREC concentration was determined by real-time quantitative-PCR as the number of TREC copies/mu g PBMC DNA gauged by a standard curve with known number of TREC-containing plasmids. Results TREC levels in PBMC were significantly lower in JIA (4.90 +/- 3.86 x 10(4) TRECs/mu g DNA) as compared to controls (10.45 +/- 8.45 x 10(4) TRECs/mu g DNA, p=0.001). There was an inverse correlation between age and TREC levels in healthy children (r=-0.438, p=0.016) but not in JIA. No clinical association was observed between TREC levels and disease activity and use of oral steroids and methotrexate. Conclusions The finding of decreased PBMC TREC levels in RF circle divide polyarticular JIA children is consistent with a low proportion of recent thymus emigrants. This may interfere with the equilibrium between populations of polyclonal and naive T cells versus oligoclonal memory auto-reactive T cells and, therefore, may hinder the maintenance of immune tolerance in this disease.

Wealth constraints, skill prices or networks: what determines emigrant selection?

The productive characteristics of migrating individuals, emigrant selection, affect welfare. The empirical estimation of the degree of selection suffers from a lack of complete and nationally representative data. This paper uses a new and better dataset to address both issues: the ENET (Mexican Labor Survey), which identifies emigrants right before they leave and allows a direct comparison to non-migrants. This dataset presents a relevant dichotomy: it shows on average negative selection for Mexican emigrants to the United States for the period 2000-2004 together with positive selection in Mexican emigration out of rural Mexico to the United States in the same period. Three theories that could explain this dichotomy are tested. Whereas higher skill prices in Mexico than in the US are enough to explain negative selection in urban Mexico, its combination with network effects and wealth constraints is required to account for positive selection in rural Mexico.

New evidence on emigrant selection

This paper examines the extent to which Mexican emigrants to the United States are negatively selected, that is, have lower skills than individuals who remain in Mexico. Previous studies have been limited by the lack of nationally representative longitudinal data. This one uses a newly available household survey, which identifies emigrants before they leave and allows a direct comparison to non-migrants. I find that, on average, US bound Mexican emigrants from 2000 to 2004 earn a lower wage and have less schooling years than individuals who remain in Mexico, evidence of negative selection. This supports the original hypothesis of Borjas (AER, 1987) and argues against recent findings, notably those of Chiquiar and Hanson (JPE, 2005). The discrepancy with the latter is primarily due to an under-count of unskilled migrants in US sources and secondarily to the omission of unobservables in their methodology.

Kleiner Emigrant

Alice Stein-Landesmann

The farmer's and emigrant's hand-book : being a full and complete guide for the farmer and the emigrant [...] /

Mode of access: Internet.

Reminiscences of an emigrant Milesian. The Irish abroad and at home; at the court and in the camp; with souvenirs of "The Brigade."

Mode of access: Internet.

A practical guide for emigrants to North America, including the United States, Lower and Upper Canada, and Newfoundland; with full information respecting ... matters requisite for the emigrant to become acquainted with before embarking ...

Howes N54.

Adventures in Canada, being two months on the Tobique, New Brunswick. An emigrant's journal.

Mode of access: Internet.

The emigrantś vade-mecum; or, Guide to the "Price grant" in Venezuelan Guavana.

Preface signed: Margaret Amanda Pattison.

Emigrant life in Kansas.

Mode of access: Internet.

The emigrant trail,

Mode of access: Internet.

The Australian emigrant a rambling story, containing as much fact as fiction

Mode of access: Internet.

The emigrant ship /

Mode of access: Internet.

Emigrant : chasopysʹ ʹTovarystva sv. Rafailaʹ dli︠a︡ okhorony ruskykh emigrantiv z Halychyny i Bukovyny.

Editors: N. Budka, 1910-1912; Mykola Shchepani︠u︡k, 1913-1914. Cf. Ukraïnsʹki chasopysy Lʹvova (2002), vol. 2, p. 398.