Atividade eletrocatalítica de eletrodos compostos por Pt, RuO2 e SnO2 para a eletrooxidação de formaldeído e ácido fórmico

A atividade eletrocatalítica para a oxidação de ácido fórmico e formaldeído em eletrodos binários de Pt e SnO2 e ternários de Pt, RuO2 e SnO2 em diferentes composições, foi investigada através das técnicas de voltametria cíclica e cronoamperometria. Os materiais foram preparados por decomposição térmica de precursores poliméricos na temperatura de 400°C. Os experimentos de voltametria cíclica mostraram que os eletrodos mistos proporcionaram uma diminuição de ~100 mV (ERH) no potencial de pico de oxidação das moléculas orgânicas em relação ao eletrodo contendo somente Pt e indicaram que a composição Pt0,6Ru0,2Sn0,2Oy possui maior densidade de corrente de oxidação em potenciais inferiores ao potencial de pico. Os experimentos de cronoamperometria confirmam a contribuição da adição de SnO2 e RuO2 para o aumento da atividade catalítica em menores valores de potencial.

Screening process for activity determination of conductive oxide electrodes for organic oxidation

A modified method for the calculation of the normalized faradaic charge (q fN) is proposed. The method involves the simulation of an oxidation process, by cyclic voltammetry, by employing potentials in the oxygen evolution reaction region. The method is applicable to organic species whose oxidation is not manifested by a defined oxidation peak at conductive oxide electrodes. The variation of q fN for electrodes of nominal composition Ti/RuX Sn1-X O2 (x = 0.3, 0.2 and 0.1), Ti/Ir0.3Ti0.7O2 and Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.7O2 in the presence of various concentrations of formaldehyde was analyzed. It was observed that electrodes containing SnO2 are the most active for formaldehyde oxidation. Subsequently, in order to test the validity of the proposed model, galvanostatic electrolyses (40 mA cm-2) of two different formaldehyde concentrations (0.10 and 0.01 mol dm-3) were performed. The results are in agreement with the proposed model and indicate that this new method can be used to determine the relative activity of conductive oxide electrodes. In agreement with previous studies, it can be concluded that not only the nature of the electrode material, but also the organic species in solution and its concentration are important factors to be considered in the oxidation of organic compounds.

Desenvolvimento de filmes finos de Bi3NbO7 pelo método dos precursores poliméricos em diferentes eletrodos óxidos

Technology always advances and thus the device miniaturization and improved performance, besides multifunctionality, they become extremely necessary. A wave of research on the area tends to grow in number and importance in today's market, it is necessary to search for new materials, new applicability of the existing ones and new processes for increasingly cheaper costs. Dielectric materials are considered a key element in this sector being the main electrical properties its high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss. The Polymeric Precursor Method appears as a good alternative because is a low cost, simple process with controlled stoichiometry. In this method, two steps were performed. In a first step, the precursor solution was decomposed into powders and in a second step the precursor solution was converted in thin films. In this work, was used the polymeric precursor methods to get thin films where they were heat treated and characterized by XRD, SEM and AFM. We have obtained Bi3NbO7 thin films with good homogeneity and uniform distribution of grains were noted. We observed that the best condition to obtain the tetragonal phase is annealing the film at high temperatures for a longer soaking time and with excess of bismuth. Several oxides electrodes were evaluated aiming to obtain textured dielectric thin films

Determinação de açucares em bagaço de palha de cana-de-açúcar por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção eletroquímica utilizando eletrodos de nanotubos modificados com óxidos metálicos

Pós-graduação em Química - IQ

Obtenção de óxidos a base de níquel e cobalto para reação de oxidação parcial do metano

Nickel-based catalysts supported on alumina have been widely used in various reactions to obtain synthesis gas or hydrogen. Usually, higher conversion levels are obtained by these catalysts, however, the deactivation by coke formation and sintering of metal particles are still problems to be solved. Several approaches have been employed in order to minimize these problems, among which stands out in recent years the use of additives such as oxides of alkali metals and rare earths. Similarly, the use of methodologies for the synthesis faster, easier, applicable on an industrial scale and to allow control of the microstructural characteristics of these catalysts, can together provide the solution to this problem. In this work, oxides with spinel type structure AB2O4, where A represents divalent cation and B represents trivalent cations are an important class of ceramic materials investigated worldwide in different fields of applications. The nickel cobaltite (NiCo2O4) was oxides of spinel type which has attracted considerable interest due to its applicability in several areas, such as chemical sensors, flat panel displays, optical limiters, electrode materials, pigments, electrocatalysis, electronic ceramics, among others. The catalyst precursor NiCo2O4 was prepared by a new chemical synthesis route using gelatine as directing agent. The polymer resin obtained was calcined at 350°C. The samples were calcined at different temperatures (550, 750 and 950°C) and characterized by X ray diffraction, measurements of specific surface area, temperature programmed reduction and scanning electron microscopy. The materials heat treated at 550 and 750°C were tested in the partial oxidation of methane. The set of techniques revealed, for solid preparations, the presence of the phase of spinel-type structure with the NiCo2O4 NixCo1-xO solid solution. This solid solution was identified by Rietveld refinement at all temperatures of heat treatment. The catalyst precursors calcined at 550 and 750°C showed conversion levels around 25 and 75%, respectively. The reason H2/CO was around 2 to the precursor treated at 750°C, proposed reason for the reaction of partial oxidation of methane, one can conclude that this material can be shown to produce synthesis gas suitable for use in the synthesis Fischer-Tropsch process

Materiais óxidos magnéticos nanoestruturados

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Filmes finos de ZnO como óxidos condutores transparentes aplicados à células solares

Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais - FC

Processo eletrolítico em efluente de refinaria de petróleo utilizando eletrodos de ti/tiruo2 e/ou fe/tiruo2

Consiste de uma modalidade de tratamento de efluentes líquidos de refinaria de petróleo que pode ser usado isoladamente ou preferencialmente e mais eficazmente de forma complementar e anterior ao tratamento biológico que utiliza-se de eletrodos óxidos do Ti/TiRuO~ 2~ E/OU Fe/TiRuO~ 2~ os quais atuam no processo de conversão ou combustão eletroquímica de substâncias persistentes ou tóxicas presentes nestes entes, particularmente fenol, amónia, nitrito e cloreto em outras substâncias mais degradáveis e menos tóxicas...

Obtenção de óxidos a base de níquel e cobalto para reação de oxidação parcial do metano

Nickel-based catalysts supported on alumina have been widely used in various reactions to obtain synthesis gas or hydrogen. Usually, higher conversion levels are obtained by these catalysts, however, the deactivation by coke formation and sintering of metal particles are still problems to be solved. Several approaches have been employed in order to minimize these problems, among which stands out in recent years the use of additives such as oxides of alkali metals and rare earths. Similarly, the use of methodologies for the synthesis faster, easier, applicable on an industrial scale and to allow control of the microstructural characteristics of these catalysts, can together provide the solution to this problem. In this work, oxides with spinel type structure AB2O4, where A represents divalent cation and B represents trivalent cations are an important class of ceramic materials investigated worldwide in different fields of applications. The nickel cobaltite (NiCo2O4) was oxides of spinel type which has attracted considerable interest due to its applicability in several areas, such as chemical sensors, flat panel displays, optical limiters, electrode materials, pigments, electrocatalysis, electronic ceramics, among others. The catalyst precursor NiCo2O4 was prepared by a new chemical synthesis route using gelatine as directing agent. The polymer resin obtained was calcined at 350°C. The samples were calcined at different temperatures (550, 750 and 950°C) and characterized by X ray diffraction, measurements of specific surface area, temperature programmed reduction and scanning electron microscopy. The materials heat treated at 550 and 750°C were tested in the partial oxidation of methane. The set of techniques revealed, for solid preparations, the presence of the phase of spinel-type structure with the NiCo2O4 NixCo1-xO solid solution. This solid solution was identified by Rietveld refinement at all temperatures of heat treatment. The catalyst precursors calcined at 550 and 750°C showed conversion levels around 25 and 75%, respectively. The reason H2/CO was around 2 to the precursor treated at 750°C, proposed reason for the reaction of partial oxidation of methane, one can conclude that this material can be shown to produce synthesis gas suitable for use in the synthesis Fischer-Tropsch process

Recentes avanços e novas perspectivas dos eletrodos íon-seletivos

This paper describes the recent progress in the development of polymeric membranes for ion-selective electrodes. The importance of knowing the mechanism of potential development in membranes for ion-selective electrodes to reach lower detection limits and improve selectivity are discussed. Recent advances and future trends of research on ion-selective electrodes are also reported.

Óxidos do tipo perovskita para reação de redução de no com CO

In this work, the perovskite-type oxides LaNiO3, LaMnO3, La0,7Sr0,3NiO3 and La0,7Sr0,3MnO3 were prepared by co-precipitation and tested in the NO reduction with CO at 400 and 500 ºC for 10 h. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, temperature programmed reduction with hydrogen, nitrogen adsorption and chemical analysis. The nonstoichiometric oxygen was quantified by temperature programmed reduction, and the catalytic tests showed that the La0,7Sr0,3MnO3 catalyst presented the higher performance for the reduction reaction of NO with CO. The partial substitution of lanthanum by strontium increased the NO conversion and the N2 yield.

Reaproveitamento de óxidos de manganês de pilhas descartadas para eletrocatálise da reação de redução de oxigênio em meio básico

The oxygen reduction reaction was studied in alkaline media using manganese oxides obtained from spent batteries as electrocatalysts. Three processes were used to recover manganese oxides from spent batteries. The particles obtained were in the range from 8 to 11 nm. The electrochemical experiments indicated a good electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen reduction using the different samples and showing approximately a direct transference of 4 electrons during the process. Even though all the processes were efficient, the best result was observed for the prepared sample using reactants of low cost.

Potencialidades do uso de ultrassom na determinação do pesticida carbaril empregando eletrodos de diamante

The potentiality of the use of ultrasound radiation in association with a boron-doped diamond electrode was evaluated on the voltammetric determination of the pesticide carbaryl. Improvements in the sensitivity, limit of detection and reproducibility of the measurements were observed due to both, the enhancement of mass transport and the cleaning of the electrode surface provided by ultrasound. Satisfactory recovery levels for carbaryl in pure water (96-98%) and pineapple juice (89-92%) for quiescent and sonovoltammetric methodologies were obtained. These methodologies can be alternative tools for the analyses of pesticides in fruit samples, mainly the insonated condition that improve the analytical performance and dispense intermediary cleanings of the electrode surface.

Eletrodos modificados por hidróxido de níquel: um estudo de revisão sobre suas propriedades estruturais e eletroquímicas visando suas aplicações em eletrocatálise, eletrocromismo e baterias secundárias

The present review paper describes the main features of nickel hydroxide modified electrodes covering its structural and electrochemical behavior and the newest advances promoted by nanostructured architectures. Important aspects such as synthetic procedures and characterization techniques such as X-Ray diffraction, Raman and Infrared spectroscopy, Electronic Microscopy and many others are detailed herein. The most important aspect concerning nickel hydroxide is related to its great versatility covering different fields in electrochemical-based devices such as batteries, electrocatalytic systems and electrochromic electrodes, the fundamental issues of these devices are also commented. Finally, some of the newest advances achieved in each field by the incorporation of nanomaterials will be shown.

Estudo anatômico da cóclea para confecção de instrumental para a cirurgia de implante coclear com 2 feixes de eletrodos em cócleas ossificadas

A ossificação da cóclea, decorrente principalmente de meningite, impede a inserção completa do implante coclear convencional. Os implantes com 2 feixes de eletrodos mais curtos do que o convencional foram desenvolvidos especialmente para cócleas ossificadas. Porém, durante essa cirurgia há um grande risco de lesão da artéria carótida interna (ACI). Portanto, a medida da profundidade das cocleostomias para inserir os dois feixes de eletrodos aumentaria a segurança desse procedimento. OBJETIVOS: 1) Obter as distâncias entre as cocleostomias e a ACI em ossos temporais de cadáver; 2) Confeccionar instrumento que possa ser usado na cirurgia de implante coclear com 2 feixes de eletrodos. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Experimental prospectivo. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Em 21 ossos de cadáveres foi realizada: 1) mastoidectomia cavidade aberta; 2) cocleostomias nos giros basal e médio da cóclea; 3) identificação da ACI; 4) medida da distância entre as cocleostomias e a artéria. RESULTADOS: A medida média ± desvio padrão obtida para o túnel superior foi 8,2 ± 1,1mm e para o túnel inferior foi 8,1± 1,3mm. A menor distância encontrada foi 6,5mm para o túnel superior e 6,0mm para o túnel inferior. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar dos parâmetros calculados concluímos que a melhor medida para ser considerada na confecção do instrumento cirúrgico serão as mínimas medidas obtidas em cada um dos giros cocleares, pois é a maneira mais segura para evitar a lesão da ACI, que pode ser fatal.