Effects of fish density distribution and effort distribution on catchability

The effects of fish density distribution and effort distribution on the overall catchability coefficient are examined. Emphasis is also on how aggregation and effort distribution interact to affect overall catch rate [catch per unit effort (cpue)]. In particular, it is proposed to evaluate three indices, the catchability index, the knowledge parameter, and the aggregation index, to describe the effectiveness of targeting and the effects on overall catchability in the stock area. Analytical expressions are provided so that these indices can easily be calculated. The average of the cpue calculated from small units where fishing is random is a better index for measuring the stock abundance. The overall cpue, the ratio of lumped catch and effort, together with the average cpue, can be used to assess the effectiveness of targeting. The proposed methods are applied to the commercial catch and effort data from the Australian northern prawn fishery. The indices are obtained assuming a power law for the effort distribution as an approximation of targeting during the fishing operation. Targeting increased catchability in some areas by 10%, which may have important implications on management advice.

An efficient codification to solve distribution network reconfiguration for loss reduction problem

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Die deutsche Fischerei auf den "ozeanischen" Rotbarsch (Sebastes mentella) von 1995 bis 1998

Recently, the German redfish fishery displayed a pronounced seasonal pattern in geographic effort distribution and depth. The second and third quarters were the main season when 80 % of the effort was exerted. During the second quarter, the fleet activities were concentrated in international waters close to the Icelandic Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), fishing at depths exceeding 600 m. In contrast, the catches in the third quarter were taken mainly inside the Greenland EEZ at depths around 300 m. From 1995 to 1998, the annual effort ranged from 14 000 to 18 000 trawling hours, without a trend. This effort yielded about 18 000 to 21 000 t (international catch > 100 000 t) annually. Since 1996, the catch rate (CPUE) decreased during the main season. The decrease in CPUE should be interpreted as the first reaction of the stock to increased exploitation. The fish size also varied seasonally and peaked during the second quarter at depths exceeding 600 m. Here, males were bigger than females and both sexes were equally frequent. The increase of fish size with increasing depth did not contribute to the hypothesis of two separate pelagic redfish stocks above and below 500 m. In contrast, the close relation between fish size and depth point to the so-called “deeper-bigger phenomenon” which was found in numerous fish stocks. Very few redfish in the catches were immature.

Perception d’effort et de mise en charge et asymétrie motrice lors du passage assis à debout chez le sujet hémiparétique

L’asymétrie de mise en charge (MEC) lors du passage assis à debout (PAD) chez les personnes hémiparétiques est une observation clinique connue mais peu expliquée. Ce projet visait donc le développement de connaissances sur les facteurs explicatifs de l’asymétrie de MEC chez cette clientèle en s’intéressant plus spécifiquement au lien entre la distribution des efforts aux genoux lors du PAD et l’asymétrie de MEC observée ainsi qu’à la perception de ces deux éléments lors de cette tâche. Ainsi, les objectifs généraux étaient de : 1) déterminer si l’exécution spontanée asymétrique du PAD des sujets hémiparétiques est expliquée par une distribution des efforts symétriques aux genoux en quantifiant ces efforts par le Taux d’utilisation musculaire électromyographique (TUMEMG) et, 2) déterminer si les individus hémiparétiques sont conscients des stratégies motrices qu’ils utilisent en évaluant leurs perceptions de MEC et d’efforts aux genoux durant le PAD. La première étude a évalué la capacité des personnes hémiparétiques à percevoir leur distribution de MEC aux membres inférieurs lors du PAD. Par rapport aux participants sains, leur distribution de MEC fut davantage asymétrique et leurs erreurs de perception plus élevées. La deuxième étude a quantifié la distribution des efforts aux genoux chez les sujets sains et hémiparétiques lors du PAD spontané. Les deux groupes ont montré une association entre leur distribution de MEC et leur distribution d’effort. Toutefois, la relation était plus faible chez les patients. Le classement des participants hémiparétiques en sous-groupes selon leur degré d’asymétrie de force maximale des extenseurs des genoux (faible, modéré, sévère) a révélé une similarité des efforts aux genoux parétique et non parétique chez le groupe ayant une atteinte sévère. La troisième étude a déterminé si la perception de la distribution des efforts aux genoux des sujets hémiparétiques était reliée à leur distribution réelle d’effort mesurée lors de PAD exécutés dans différentes positions de pieds. En plus d’être incapables de percevoir les changements de distribution d’effort induits par les différentes positions de pieds, leurs erreurs de perception d’effort furent plus élevées que celles de MEC. Par le biais du test fonctionnel assis-debout de cinq répétitions, la dernière étude a déterminé l’influence du nombre de répétitions du PAD sur les distributions de MEC et d’efforts aux genoux chez les sujets sains et hémiparétiques. Contrairement aux contrôles, les distributions des sujets hémiparétiques furent plus asymétriques à la première répétition du test fonctionnel que lors de l’exécution spontanée unique du PAD. En somme, les résultats de cette thèse ont démontré que la distribution des efforts aux genoux doit être considérée parmi les facteurs explicatifs de l’asymétrie de MEC des individus hémiparétiques lors du PAD et qu’il y a un besoin de mieux documenter la perception des personnes hémiparétiques lorsqu’elles exécutent des tâches fonctionnelles.

Orientation de l’effort des tests unitaires dans les systèmes orientés objet : une approche basée sur les métriques logicielles

Les logiciels actuels sont de grandes tailles, complexes et critiques. Le besoin de qualité exige beaucoup de tests, ce qui consomme de grandes quantités de ressources durant le développement et la maintenance de ces systèmes. Différentes techniques permettent de réduire les coûts liés aux activités de test. Notre travail s’inscrit dans ce cadre, est a pour objectif d’orienter l’effort de test vers les composants logiciels les plus à risque à l’aide de certains attributs du code source. À travers plusieurs démarches empiriques menées sur de grands logiciels open source, développés avec la technologie orientée objet, nous avons identifié et étudié les métriques qui caractérisent l’effort de test unitaire sous certains angles. Nous avons aussi étudié les liens entre cet effort de test et les métriques des classes logicielles en incluant les indicateurs de qualité. Les indicateurs de qualité sont une métrique synthétique, que nous avons introduite dans nos travaux antérieurs, qui capture le flux de contrôle ainsi que différentes caractéristiques du logiciel. Nous avons exploré plusieurs techniques permettant d’orienter l’effort de test vers des composants à risque à partir de ces attributs de code source, en utilisant des algorithmes d’apprentissage automatique. En regroupant les métriques logicielles en familles, nous avons proposé une approche basée sur l’analyse du risque des classes logicielles. Les résultats que nous avons obtenus montrent les liens entre l’effort de test unitaire et les attributs de code source incluant les indicateurs de qualité, et suggèrent la possibilité d’orienter l’effort de test à l’aide des métriques.

Distribution of fishing effort and resulting tuna catches from the Eastern Tropical Pacific by quarters of the year, 1951-1958

ENGLISH: This is a data report based on information collected from the logbooks of baitboats and purse-seiners engaged in the fishery for yellowfin (Neothunnus macropterus) and skipjack (Katsulvonus pelamis) tuna in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean from 1951 through 1958. The detailed analysis of these data appears in other research bulletins, some already published and others in preparation. SPANISH: Este es un informe basado en los datos contenidos en la información recogida de los registros de bitácora de los barcos de carnada y rederos que se dedicaron a la pesca de atún aleta amarilla (Neothunnus macropterus) y barrilete (Katsuwonus pelamis) en el Océano Pacífico Oriental Tropical de 1951 a 1958. El análisis detallado de estos datos aparece en otros boletines de investigación, algunos de los cuales ya han sido publicados y otros están en preparación.

Distribution of catch-per-unit-of-effort and fishing effort for tuna in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean by months of the year 1951-1960

ENGLISH: Comparison of physical and biological environmental factors affecting the aggregation of tunas with the success of fishing by the commercial fleets, requires that catch and effort data be examined in greater detail than has been presented in these publications. Consequently, the United States Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, San Diego, to serve the needs of its program of research on causes of variations in tuna abundance, made arrangements with the Tuna Commission to summarize these catch and effort data by month, by one-degree area, by fishing vessel size-class, for the years 1951-1960 for bait boats and 1953-1960 for purse-seiners. The present paper describes the techniques employed in summarizing these data by automatic data processing methods. It also presents the catch and effort information by months, by five-degree areas and certain combinations of five-degree areas for use by fishermen, industry personnel, and research agencies. Because of space limitations and other considerations, the one-degree tabulations are not included but are available at the Tuna Commission and Bureau laboratories. SPANISH: La comparación de los factores ambientales físicos y biológicos que afectan la agrupación del atún, con el éxito obtenido en la pesca por las flotas comerciales, requiere que los datos sobre la captura y el esfuerzo sean examinados con mayor detalle de lo que han sido presentados en estas publicaciones. En consecuencia, el Laboratorio Biológico del Buró de Pesquerías Comerciales de los Estados Unidos, situado en San Diego, a fin de llenar los requisitos de su programa de investigación sobre las causas de las variaciones en la abundancia del atún, hizo arreglos con la Comisión del Atún para sumarizar esos datos sobre la captura y el esfuerzo por meses, por áreas de un grado, por clases de tamaño de las embarcaciones de pesca durante los años 1951-1960 en lo que concierne a los barcos de carnada y durante el período 1953-1960 en lo que respecta a los barcos rederos. El presente trabajo describe la técnica empleada en la sumarización de dichos datos mediante métodos automáticos de manejo de datos. También se da aquí la información sobre la captura y el esfuerzo por meses, por áreas de cinco grados y ciertas combinaciones de áreas de cinco grados para el uso de los pescadores, del personal de la industria y de las oficinas de investigación. Por falta de espacio y otras razones, las tabulaciones de las áreas de un grado no han sido incluídos en este trabajo, pero están a la disposición de quien tenga interés en los laboratorios de la Comisión del Atún y del Buró.

Distribution of fishing effort and resulting tuna catches from the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean, by quarters of the year, 1959-1962

ENGLISH: This report is a sequel to one previously published by the Commission (Alverson, 1960) which covered the years 1951 through 1958. It is based entirely on information collected from the logbooks of purse-seiners and baitboats engaged in the fishery for yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) tuna in the Eastern Pacific from 1959 through 1962. SPANISH: Este informe es una secuela de uno publicado previamente por la Comisión (Alverson, 1960) que cubrió los años de 1951 a 1958. Se basa enteramente en la información recoleetada ,de los diarios de pesca de los barcos rederos y de carnada, que se ocupande la pesquería del atún aleta amarilla (Thunnus albacares) y del barrilete (Katsuwonus pelamis) en el Pacífico Oriental, desde 1959 a 1962.

Beluga, Delphinapterus leucas, Distribution and Survey Effort in the Gulf of Alaska

Beluga, Delphinapterus leucas, distribution in the Gulf of Alaska and adjacent inside waters was examined through a review of surveys conducted as far back as 1936. Although beluga sightings have occurred on almost every marine mammal survey in northern Cook Inlet (over 20 surveys reported here), beluga sightings have been rare outside the inlet in the Gulf of Alaska. More than 150,000 km of dedicated survey effort in the Gulf of Alaska resulted in sightings of over 23,000 individual cetaceans, of which only 4 beluga sightings (5 individuals) occurred. In addition, nearly 100,000 individual cetaceans were reported in the Platforms of Opportunity database; yet, of these, only 5 sightings (39 individuals) were belugas. Furthermore, approximately 19 beluga sightings (>260 individuals), possibly including resightings, have been reported without information on effort or other cetacean sightings. Of the 28 sightings of belugas outside of Cook Inlet, 9 were near Kodiak Island, 10 were in or near Prince William Sound, 8 were in Yakutat Bay, and 1 anomalous sighting was well south of the Gulf. These sightings support archaeological and commercial harvest evidence indicating the only persistent group of belugas in the Gulf of Alaska occurs in Cook Inlet.

Ceylon's tuna longline fishing effort and catch distribution in the Indian Ocean, 1967-70

The present report was prepared to evaluate the performance of two fishing vessels, study trends in fishing condition, the status of the stocks exploited and also to contribute basic information required by the Indian Ocean Fisheries Commission for management of the tuna resources.

TNF and TNF receptor expression and insulin sensitivity in human omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue--influence of BMI and adipose distribution

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha is implicated in the relationship between obesity and insulin resistance/ type 2 diabetes. In an effort to understand this association better we (i) profiled gene expression patterns of TNF, TNFR1 and TNFR2 and (ii) investigated the effects of TNF on glucose uptake in isolated adipocytes and adipose tissue explants from omental and subcutaneous depots from lean, overweight and obese individuals. TNF expression correlated with expression of TNFR2, but not TNFR1, and TNF and TNFR2 expression increased in obesity. TNFR1 expression was higher in omental than in subcutaneous adipocytes. Expression levels of TNF or either receptor did not differ between adipocytes from individuals with central and peripheral obesity. TNF only suppressed glucose uptake in insulin-stimulated subcutaneous tissue and this suppression was only observed in tissue from lean subjects. These data support a relationship between the TNF system and body mass index (BMI), but not fat distribution, and suggest depot specificity of the TNF effect on glucose uptake. Furthermore, adipose tissue from obese subjects already appears insulin 'resistant' and this may be a result of the increased TNF levels.

Education paths for documentary distribution: DAF, ATOM and the study guides that bind them

An expanding education market targeted through ‘bridging material’ enabling cineliteracies has the potential to offer Australian producers with increased distribution opportunities, educators with targeted teaching aids and students with enhanced learning outcomes. For Australian documentary producers, the key to unlocking the potential of the education sector is engaging with its curriculum-based requirements at the earliest stages of pre-production. Two key mechanisms can lead to effective educational engagement; the established area of study guides produced in association with the Australian Teachers of Media (ATOM) and the emerging area of philanthropic funding coordinated by the Documentary Australia Foundation (DAF). DAF has acted as a key financial and cultural philanthropic bridge between individuals, foundations, corporations and the Australian documentary sector for over 14 years. DAF does not make or commission films but through management and receipt of grants and donations provides ‘expertise, information, guidance and resources to help each sector work together to achieve their goals’. The DAF application process also requires film-makers to detail their ‘Education and Outreach Strategy’ for each film with 582 films registered and 39 completed as of June 2014. These education strategies that can range from detailed to cursory efforts offer valuable insights into the Australian documentary sector's historical and current expectations of education as a receptive and dynamic audience for quality factual content. A recurring film-maker education strategy found in the DAF data is an engagement with ATOM to create a study guide for their film. This study guide then acts as a ‘bridging material’ between content and education audience. The frequency of this effort suggests these study guides enable greater educator engagement with content and increased interest and distribution of the film to educators. The paper Education paths for documentary distribution: DAF, ATOM and the study guides that bind them will address issues arising out of the changing needs of the education sector and the impact targeting ‘cineliteracy’ outcomes may have for Australian documentary distribution.