eIF5A interacts functionally with eEF2

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Acute hyperglycemia rapidly stimulates VEGF mRNA translation in the kidney. Role of angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2)

Angiotensin II (Ang II) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are important mediators of kidney injury in diabetes. Acute hyperglycemia increased synthesis of intrarenal Ang I and Ang II and resulted in activation of both Ang II receptors, AT1 and AT2, in the kidney. Losartan (specific AT1 antagonist) or PD123319 (specific AT2 antagonist) did not affect hyperglycemia but prevented activation of renal AT1 and AT2, respectively. In murine renal cortex, acute hyperglycemia increased VEGF protein but not mRNA content after 24 h, which suggested translational regulation. Blockade of AT2, but not AT1, prevented increase in VEGF synthesis by inhibiting translation of VEGF mRNA in renal cortex. Acute hyperglycemia increased VEGF expression in wild type but not in AT2 knockout mice. Binding of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K to VEGF mRNA, which stimulates its translation, was prevented by blockade of AT2, but not AT1. The Akt-mTOR-p70(S6K) signaling pathway, involved in the activation of mRNA translation, was activated in hyperglycemic kidneys and was blocked by the AT2 antagonist. Elongation phase is an important step of mRNA translation that is controlled by elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) and 2 (eEF2). Expression of eEF1A and activity of eEF2 was higher in kidney cortex from hyperglycemic mice and only the AT2 antagonist prevented these changes. To assess selectivity of translational control of VEGF expression, we measured expression of fibronectin (FN) and laminin beta 1 (lam beta 1): acute hyperglycemia increased FN expression at both protein and mRNA levels, indicating transcriptional control, and did not affect the expression of lam beta 1. To confirm results obtained with PD123319, we induced hyperglycemia in AT2 knockout mice and found that in the absence of AT2, translational control of VEGF expression by hyperglycemia was abolished. Our data show that acute hyperglycemia stimulates Ang II synthesis in murine kidney cortex, this leads to AT2 activation and stimulation of VEGF mRNA translation, via the Akt-mTOR-p70(S6K) signaling pathway. Our data show that exclusive translational control of protein expression in the kidney by acute hyperglycemia is not a general phenomenon, but do not prove that it is restricted to VEGF. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Characterization of the HIV protease inhibitor Nelfinavir cellular targets

The HIV protease inhibitors (HIV-PIs) are among the most potent antiviral drugs for the HIV infection. Treatment of patients with HIV-PIs has been linked with development of side effects including dyslipidemia, lipodystrophy syndrome and cardiovascular complications. Moreover, these drugs have shown anti-tumoral activity in non-infected patients but little is known about the involved molecular mechanism for these off-target effects. Here we propose that the HIV-PI Nelfinavir could block a cellular protease thus causing the observed phenotypes. We firstly focus our attention on a cellular protein, DDI2, showing sequence and structural conservation with the HIV protease. We applied cellular and in vitro approaches to produce a correctly folded recombinant protein in order to investigate the presence of a proteolytic activity. Despite the fact that we could identify two techniques that can be applied to produce a folded recombinant DDI2, no proteolytic activity has been identified in the present study. However, we could observe that decreasing the DDI2 levels recapitulated some phenotype observed in presence of HIV-PIs, including the phosphorylation of the protein translation regulators eIF2a and eEF2. As an alternative approach to identify cellular targets for HIV-PIs, we applied a proteomic screening called Slice-SILAC. We focused our attention on the defective maturation of Lamin A, a member of the nuclear lamina, induced by the block of the cellular protease Zmpste24. We demonstrated that Nelfinavir induced accumulation of Prelamin A and nuclear shape defects and in addition caused presence of cytosolic DNA, probably due to TREX1 downregulation. We showed that these phenotypes correlated with activation of the AIM2 inflammasome and IL-lß release. These findings suggest that DDI2 and Zmpste24 are direct or indirect cellular targets for the HIV-PIs and indicate a possible role for these proteins in promoting off-target effects and anti¬tumoral activity observed in HIV-PI treated patients. -- Les inhibiteurs de la protéase du VIH (IP-VIH) sont parmi les médicaments antiviraux les plus efficaces pour l'infection par le VIH. Le traitement des patients avec les IP-VIH cause des effets secondaires comprenant la dyslipidémie, le syndrome de lipodystrophie et les complications cardio-vasculaires. De plus, ces médicaments ont montré une activité anti-tumorale chez les patients non infectés, toutefois le mécanisme moléculaire impliqué dans ces effets hors-cible reste inconnu. Nous proposons que l'IP-VIH Nelfinavir puisse bloquer une protéase cellulaire provoquant les phénotypes observés. De ce fait, nous avons concentré notre attention sur une protéine cellulaire, DDI2, qui possède une séquence et une structure proche de celle de la protéase du VIH. Nous avons appliqué des approches cellulaire et in vitro pour produire une protéine recombinante correctement repliée afin d'étudier son activité protéolytique. Malgré le fait que nous avons pu identifier deux techniques qui peuvent être appliquées pour produire une protéine DDI2 recombinante correctement repliée, aucune activité protéolytique n'a été identifiée dans la présente étude. De plus, nous avons pu observer que la réduction de DDI2 récapitule les phénotypes observé avec le IP-VIH, y compris les phosphorylations de eIF2a et eEF2, impliquées dans la régulation de la traduction protéique. Une approche alternative, appelée Slice-SILAC, a été utilisée afin d'identifier de nouvelles cibles cellulaires du Nelfinavir. Nous avons concentré notre attention sur la maturation défectueuse de la Lamine A, un membre de la lamine nucléaire, induite par l'inhibition de la protéase cellulaire Zmpste24. Nous avons démontré que le Nelfinavir induit une accumulation de Prélamine A déformant la membrane nucléaire et la présence d'ADN cytosolique, probablement en raison de la régulation négative de TREX1. Nous avons montré que ces phénotypes causent l'activation de l'inflammasome AIM2 et la sécrétion d'IL-lß. Ces résultats suggèrent que DDI2 et Zmpste24 sont des cibles cellulaires pour les IP-VIH et indiquent un possible rôle pour ces protéines dans l'apparition d'effets secondaires ainsi que dans l'activité anti-tumorale observée chez les patients traités avec les IP-VIH.

eIF5A has a function in the elongation step of translation in yeast

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

eIF5A binds to translational machinery components and affects translation in yeast

The putative translation factor eIF5A is essential for cell viability and is highly conserved from archebacteria to mammals. Although this protein was originally identified as a translation initiation factor, subsequent experiments did not support a role for eIF5A in general translation. In this work, we demonstrate that eIF-5A interacts with structural components of the 80S ribosome, as well as with the translation elongation factor 2 (eEF2). Moreover, eIF5A is further shown to cofractionate with monosomes in a translation-dependent manner. Finally, eIF5A mutants show altered polysome profiles and are sensitive to translation inhibitors. Our results re-establish a function for eIF5A in translation and suggest a role for this factor in translation elongation instead of translation initiation. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Selection of endogenous genes for gene expression studies in Eucalyptus under biotic (Puccinia psidii) and abiotic (acibenzolar-S-methyl) stresses using RT-qPCR

Background: Rust caused by Puccinia psidii Winter has been limiting for the establishment of new Eucalyptus plantations, as well as for resprouting of susceptible genetic materials. Identifying host genes involved in defense responses is important to elucidate resistance mechanisms. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR is the most common method of mRNA quantitation for gene expression analysis. This method generally employs a reference gene as an internal control to normalize results. A good endogenous control transcript shows minimal variation due to experimental conditions. Findings. We analyzed the expression of 13 genes to identify transcripts with minimal variation in leaves of 60-day-old clonal seedlings of two Eucalyptus clones (rust-resistant and susceptible) subjected to biotic (P. psidii) and abiotic (acibenzolar-S-methyl, ASM) stresses. Conclusions. For tissue samples of clones that did not receive any stimulus, a combination of the eEF2 and EglDH genes was the best control for normalization. When pathogen-inoculated and uninoculated plant samples were compared, eEF2 and UBQ together were more appropriate as normalizers. In ASM-treated and untreated leaves of both clones, transcripts of the CYP and elF4B genes combined were the ones with minimal variation. Finally, when comparing expression in both clones for ASM-treated leaves, P. psidii-inoculated leaves, ASM-treated plus P. psidii-inoculated leaves, and their respective controls, the genes with the most stable expression were EgIDH and UBQ. The chitinase gene, which is highly expressed in studies on plant resistance to phytopathogens, was used to confirm variation in gene expression due to the treatments. © 2010 Laia et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Estudo do papel de eIF5A na síntese proteica

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudo da relação entre o fator de início de tradução de eucariotos 5A (eIF5A) e a etapa de elongação da tradução

O fator de início de tradução 5A (eukaryotic translation iniciation factor 5A, eIF5A) é altamente conservado entre arqueas a eucariotos, sendo que as proteínas eIF5A de Saccharomyces cerevisiae e de mamíferos são 63% idênticas. eIF5A sofre uma modificação pós-traducional única na célula, a hipusinação de um resíduo de lisina. Essa proteína já foi relacionada ao início da tradução, transporte nucleocitoplasmático, decaimento de mRNA e proliferação celular, mas a função crítica de eIF5A ainda não foi esclarecida. A depleção deste fator em S. cerevisiae leva a uma diminuição (30%) da taxa de síntese protéica, sugerindo que eIF5A seja um fator envolvido na tradução de um grupo específico de mensageiros. Dados do laboratório demonstram interação física entre eIF5A e proteínas ribossomais bem como com o fator de elongação 2 da tradução (eEF2). A interação com eEF2, sugere que eIF5A atua na etapa de elongação da tradução, ao invés do início da tradução, como proposto inicialmente. Com o objetivo de avaliar a relação de eIF5A com a etapa de elongação, foram realizadas análises de interações genéticas entre o gene codificador de eIF5A (TIF51A) e diversos genes codificadores de proteínas envolvidas na tradução. Através de análises de interações genéticas, foi observado que o mutante estável de eIF5A, tif51AK56A, apresenta um defeito de crescimento quando o mutante de eEF2, eft2H699K, está expresso em alto número de cópias, enquanto que o mutante tif51AQ22H/L93F não apresenta defeitos nesta condição. Foi observado também que o mutante tif51AQ22H/L93F apresenta um defeito de crescimento mais severo quando ocorre superexpressão de EFT2, gene codificador de eEF2. Foi observado ainda que não há complementação alélica entre os mutantes estáveis de eIF5A e que a reversibilidade do fenótipo de sensibilidade a temperatura... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

Estudo das interações de eIF5A com a maquinaria de tradução e com o complexo Ribosome Quality Control, utilizando modelo de Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Unique posttranslational modifications in eukaryotic translation factors and their roles in protozoan parasite viability and pathogenesis.

Protozoan parasites are one of the major causes of diseases worldwide. The vector transmitted parasites exhibit complex life cycles involving interactions between humans, protozoa, and arthropods. In order to adapt themselves to the changing microenvironments, they have to undergo complex morphological and metabolic changes. These changes can be brought about by expressing a new pool of proteins in the cell or by modifying the existing repertoire of proteins via posttranslational modifications (PTMs). PTMs involve covalent modification and processing of proteins thereby modulating their functions. Some of these changes may involve PTMs of parasite proteins to help the parasite survive within the host and the vector. Out of many PTMs known, three are unique since they occur only on single proteins: ethanolamine phosphoglycerol (EPG) glutamate, hypusine and diphthamide. These modifications occur on eukaryotic elongation factor 1A (eEF1A), eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) and eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2), respectively. Interestingly, the proteins carrying these unique modifications are all involved in the elongation steps of translation. Here we review these unique PTMs, which are well conserved in protozoan parasites, and discuss their roles in viability and pathogenesis of parasites. Characterization of these modifications and studying their roles in physiology as well as pathogenesis will provide new insights in parasite biology, which may also help in developing new therapeutic interventions.

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor activation and visual activity induce elongation factor-2 phosphorylation in amphibian tecta: A role for N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in controlling protein synthesis

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation has been implicated in forms of synaptic plasticity involving long-term changes in neuronal structure, function, or protein expression. Transcriptional alterations have been correlated with NMDAR-mediated synaptic plasticity, but the problem of rapidly targeting new proteins to particular synapses is unsolved. One potential solution is synapse-specific protein translation, which is suggested by dendritic localization of numerous transcripts and subsynaptic polyribosomes. We report here a mechanism by which NMDAR activation at synapses may control this protein synthetic machinery. In intact tadpole tecta, NMDAR activation leads to phosphorylation of a subset of proteins, one of which we now identify as the eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (eEF2). Phosphorylation of eEF2 halts protein synthesis and may prepare cells to translate a new set of mRNAs. We show that NMDAR activation-induced eEF2 phosphorylation is widespread in tadpole tecta. In contrast, in adult tecta, where synaptic plasticity is reduced, this phosphorylation is restricted to short dendritic regions that process binocular information. Biochemical and anatomical evidence shows that this NMDAR activation-induced eEF2 phosphorylation is localized to subsynaptic sites. Moreover, eEF2 phosphorylation is induced by visual stimulation, and NMDAR blockade before stimulation eliminates this effect. Thus, NMDAR activation, which is known to mediate synaptic changes in the developing frog, could produce local postsynaptic alterations in protein synthesis by inducing eEF2 phosphorylation.

Attenuation of depression of muscle protein synthesis induced by lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor, and angiotensin II by beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate

beta-Hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB; 50 microM) has been shown to attenuate the depression in protein synthesis in murine myotubes in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) with or without interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and angiotensin II (ANG II). The mechanism for the depression of protein synthesis by all three agents was the same and was attributed to activation of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) with the subsequent phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) on the alpha-subunit as well as increased phosphorylation of the elongation factor (eEF2). Myotubes expressing a catalytically inactive PKR variant, PKRDelta6, showed no depression of protein synthesis in response to either LPS or TNF-alpha, confirming the importance of PKR in this process. There was no effect of any of the agents on phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) or initiation factor 4E-binding protein (4E-BP1), and thus no change in the amount of eIF4E bound to 4E-BP1 or the concentration of the active eIF4E.eIF4G complex. HMB attenuated phosphorylation of eEF2, possibly by increasing phosphorylation of mTOR, and also attenuated phosphorylation of eIF2alpha by preventing activation of PKR. These results suggest that HMB may be effective in attenuating muscle atrophy in a range of catabolic conditions.

Investigation into the mechanisms responsible for muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia

Cachexia inducing tumours are known to produce a glycoprotein called proteolysis inducing factor (PIF), which induces skeletal muscle atrophy via increased protein degradation and decreased protein synthesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the signalling pathway by which PIF reduces protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and to determine the link, if any, to the ability to induce protein degradation. In murine myotubes PIF induced an increase in expression of the active form of the dsNRA dependent protein kinase (PKR), as well as the phosphorylated form of the translation initiator elF2a, possibly through the release of calcium, at the same concentration as that inhibiting protein synthesis. Inhibition of PKR reversed the inhibition of protein synthesis by PIF and also the induction of protein degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by a reduction in the nuclear migration of NK-?B. The expression of phosphorylated forms of PKR and elF2a was also increased in the muscle of cancer patients experiencing weight loss, and in gastrocnemius muscle of mice bearing the cachexia inducing MAC16 tumour, as well as in the tumour itself. Treatment of mice bearing the MAC16 tumour with a PKR inhibitor attenuated muscle atrophy and inhibited tumour growth, through the inactivation of PKR and the consequent reduction of nuclear accumulation of NF-?B. A decreased translational efficiency of the elF-4F complex of initiation factors through dephosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and an increase eEF2 phosphorylation was seen in response to PIF in vitro. The same pattern of events also occurred in gastrocnemius muscle of mice bearing the MAC16 tumour demonstrating weight loss, where a depression of mTOR and p70S6K activation was also observed as weight loss increased.

Effect of branched-chain amino acids on muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia

In the present study, the BCAAs (branched-chain amino acids) leucine and valine caused a significant suppression in the loss of body weight in mice bearing a cachexia-inducing tumour (MAC16), producing a significant increase in skeletal muscle wet weight, through an increase in protein synthesis and a decrease in degradation. Leucine attenuated the increased phosphorylation of PKR (double-stranded-RNA-dependent protein kinase) and eIF2α (eukaryotic initiation factor 2α) in skeletal muscle of mice bearing the MAC16 tumour, due to an increased expression of PP1 (protein phosphatase 1). Weight loss in mice bearing the MAC16 tumour was associated with an increased amount of eIF4E bound to its binding protein 4E-BP1 (eIF4E-binding protein 1), and a progressive decrease in the active eIF4G-eIF4E complex due to hypophosphorylation of 4E-BP1. This may be due to a reduction in the phosphorylation of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin), which may also be responsible for the decreased phosphorylation of p70S6k (70 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase). There was also a 5-fold increase in the phosphorylation of eEF2 (eukaryotic elongation factor 2), which would also decrease protein synthesis through a decrease in translation elongation. Treatment with leucine increased phosphorylation of mTOR and p70S6k, caused hyperphosphorylation of 4E-BP1, reduced the amount of 4E-BP1 associated with eIF4E and caused an increase in the eIF4G-eIF4E complex, together with a reduction in phosphorylation of eEF2. These changes would be expected to increase protein synthesis, whereas a reduction in the activation of PKR would be expected to attenuate the increased protein degradation. © The Authors.

‘Do you want to see my hornpipe?’: the traditional Irish dancing body at play in the work of Jean Butler and Colin Dunne’, in Anthony Shay and Barbara Sellers-Young (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Dance and Ethnicity, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016, pp.41-65.

This chapter considers the radical reimaginings of traditional Irish step dance in the recent works of Jean Butler and Colin Dunne, in which the Irish step-dancing body is separated from its historical roots in nationalism, from the exhibitionism required by the competitive form, and from the spectacularization of the commercialized theatrical format. In these works the traditional form undergoes a critical interrogation in which the dancers attempt to depart from the determinacy of the traditional technique, while acknowledging its formation of their corporealities; the Irish step-dance technique becomes a springboard for creative experimentation. To consider the importance of the creative potential revealed by these works, this chapter contextualizes them within the dance background from which they emerged, outlining the history of competitive step dancing in Ireland, the “modernization” of traditional Irish dance with the emergence of Riverdance (1994), and the experiments of Ireland’s national folk theater, Siamsa Tíre.