Les musiques tziganes mises en scène : construction mémorielle et réappropriation de soi

Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte principalement sur la question de la réappropriation historique et musicale des Tziganes dans le docu-fiction Latcho Drom (1993) de Tony Gatlif. Dans un premier chapitre, il s’agit de comparer l’histoire écrite sur les Tziganes avec leur mise en image afin de déterminer comment le cinéaste apporte dans le langage audiovisuel de Latcho Drom un total renouveau dans le discours dominant. Dans cette perspective, l’appareil cinématographique se révèle être un médium de revendication et de réappropriation de l’être tzigane et de son histoire. Dans un deuxième chapitre, il est question de démontrer avec des études basées sur l’ethnomusicologie comment les musiques tziganes, sont rapidement assimilées au patrimoine culturel des sociétés européennes. Latcho Drom qui traduit avec justesse des expressions musicales très encrées de la vie de ces communautés, s’inscrit en contradiction avec la conception territorialiste de musicologues et ethnomusicologues qui refusent d’accorder à la musique tzigane légitimité et autonomie. Dans un troisième chapitre, il s’agit de déterminer comment le cinéaste cherche à faire entrer son spectateur dans un rapport de proximité avec les communautés de Latcho Drom afin de susciter en lui reconnaissance et empathie.

À sombra dos jequitibás: patrimônio ambiental e políticas públicas na criação e implantação do Parque Estadual de Vassununga – SP (1969-2005)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Negotiating conservation: the construction of meaningful spaces in a world heritage debate

According to one’s personal biography, social background and the resultant degree of affectedness, a person has certain ideas about the meaning of, in our example, a World Heritage Site (WHS), what he or she can expect from it and what his or her relation to it can and should be. The handling of potentially different meaningful spaces is decisive, when it comes to the negotiation of pathways towards the sustainable development of a WHS region. Due to the fact that – in a pluralistic world – multiple realities exist, they have to be taken seriously and adequately addressed. In this article we identified the ways the Jungfrau-Aletsch- WHS was constructed by exploring the visual and verbal representations of the WHS during the decision-making process (1998-2001). The results demonstrate that in the visual representations (images), the WHS was to a large extent presented as an unspoiled natural environment similar to a touristy promotion brochure. Such a ‘picture-book’-like portrait has no direct link to the population’s daily needs, their questions and anxieties about the consequences of a WHS label. By contrast, the verbal representations (articles, letters-to-the-editor, comments) were dominated by issues concerning the economic development of the region, fears of disappropriation, and different views on nature. Whereas visual and verbal representations to a large extent differ significantly, their combination might have contributed to the final decision of the majority of people concerned to support the application for inscription of the Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn region into the World Heritage list. The prominence of economic arguments and narratives about intergenerational responsibility in the verbal representations and their combination with the aesthetic appeal of the natural environment in the visual representations might have built a common meaningful space for one part of the population.