Design Aspects of Megawatt-Range Direct-Driven Permanent MagnetWind Generators

Direct-driven permanent magnet synchronous generator is one of the most promising topologies for megawatt-range wind power applications. The rotational speed of the direct-driven generator is very low compared with the traditional electrical machines. The low rotational speed requires high torque to produce megawatt-range power. The special features of the direct-driven generators caused by the low speed and high torque are discussed in this doctoral thesis. Low speed and high torque set high demands on the torque quality. The cogging torque and the load torque ripple must be as low as possible to prevent mechanical failures. In this doctoral thesis, various methods to improve the torque quality are compared with each other. The rotor surface shaping, magnet skew, magnet shaping, and the asymmetrical placement of magnets and stator slots are studied not only by means of torque quality, but also the effects on the electromagnetic performance and manufacturability of the machine are discussed. The heat transfer of the direct-driven generator must be designed to handle the copper losses of the stator winding carrying high current density and to keep the temperature of the magnets low enough. The cooling system of the direct-driven generator applying the doubly radial air cooling with numerous radial cooling ducts was modeled with a lumped-parameter-based thermal network. The performance of the cooling system was discussed during the steady and transient states. The effect of the number and width of radial cooling ducts was explored. The large number of radial cooling ducts drastically increases the impact of the stack end area effects, because the stator stack consists of numerous substacks. The effects of the radial cooling ducts on the effective axial length of the machine were studied by analyzing the crosssection of the machine in the axial direction. The method to compensate the magnet end area leakage was considered. The effect of the cooling ducts and the stack end area effects on the no-load voltages and inductances of the machine were explored by using numerical analysis tools based on the three-dimensional finite element method. The electrical efficiency of the permanent magnet machine with different control methods was estimated analytically over the whole speed and torque range. The electrical efficiencies achieved with the most common control methods were compared with each other. The stator voltage increase caused by the armature reaction was analyzed. The effect of inductance saturation as a function of load current was implemented to the analytical efficiency calculation.

Direct-Driven Interior Magnet Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors for a Full Electric Sports Car

The design process of direct-driven permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) for a full electric 4 ´ 4 sports car is presented. The rotor structure of the machine consists of two permanent magnet layers embedded inside the rotor laminations thus resulting in some inverse saliency, where the q-axis inductance is larger than the d-axis one. An integer slot stator winding was selected to fully take advantage of the additional reluctance torque. The performance characteristics of the designed PMSMs were calculated by applying a twodimensional finite element method. Cross-saturation between the d- and q-axes was taken into account in the calculation of the synchronous inductances. The calculation results are validated by measurements.

Design and Drive-Cycle Based Analysis of Direct-Driven Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine for a Small Urban Use Electric Vehicle

A direct-driven permanent magnet synchronous machine for a small urban use electric vehicle is presented. The measured performance of the machine at the test bench as well as the performance over the modified New European Drive Cycle will be given. The effect of optimal current components, maximizing the efficiency and taking into account the iron loss, is compared with the simple id=0 – control. The machine currents and losses during the drive cycle are calculated and compared with each other.

Literature review on permanent magnet generators design and dynamic behavior

This paper is a literature review which describes the construction of state of the art of permanent magnet generators and motors constructing and discusses the current and possible application of these machines in industry. Permanent magnet machines are a well-know class of rotating and linear electric machines used for many years in industrial applications. A particular interest for permanent magnet generators is connected with wind mills, which seem to be becoming increasingly popular nowadays. Geared and direct-driven permanent magnet generators are described. A classification of direct-driven permanent magnet generators is given. Design aspects of permanent magnet generators are presented. Permanent magnet generators for wind turbines designs are highlighted. Dynamics and vibration problems of permanent magnet generators covered in literature are presented. The application of the Finite Element Method for mechanical problems solution in the field of permanent magnet generators is discussed.

Tuulivoimageneraattorin konseptisuunnittelu

Tämä diplomityö käsittelee tuulivoimageneraattorin konseptisuunnittelua. Työssä käydään läpi tuulivoimateollisuuden, -markkinoiden ja -turbiinien historiaa, nykyhetkeä ja tulevaisuuden ennusteita. Tuulivoimaturbiineista esitellään yleisimmät tyypit ja teknologiat, joita vertaillaan keskenään. Lisäksi selvitetään tarkemmin suoravetoisten tuuliturbiinigeneraattoreiden teknologiaa ja teknisiä rakenteita joita myös vertaillaan keskenään. Työn pääasiallisena tarkoituksena on luoda selkeä konseptisuunnitteluprojektin toimintamalli, jota noudattamalla projekti voidaan hoitaa johdonmukaisesti läpi. Lopuksi työssä vielä käydään läpi suoravetoisen kestomagneettigeneraattorin todellinen konseptisuunnitteluprojekti, jossa ei ole ollut käytössä selkeää toimintamallia.

Power cycling lifetime estimation of IGBT power modules based on chip temperature modeling

In this doctoral thesis, methods to estimate the expected power cycling life of power semiconductor modules based on chip temperature modeling are developed. Frequency converters operate under dynamic loads in most electric drives. The varying loads cause thermal expansion and contraction, which stresses the internal boundaries between the material layers in the power module. Eventually, the stress wears out the semiconductor modules. The wear-out cannot be detected by traditional temperature or current measurements inside the frequency converter. Therefore, it is important to develop a method to predict the end of the converter lifetime. The thesis concentrates on power-cycling-related failures of insulated gate bipolar transistors. Two types of power modules are discussed: a direct bonded copper (DBC) sandwich structure with and without a baseplate. Most common failure mechanisms are reviewed, and methods to improve the power cycling lifetime of the power modules are presented. Power cycling curves are determined for a module with a lead-free solder by accelerated power cycling tests. A lifetime model is selected and the parameters are updated based on the power cycling test results. According to the measurements, the factor of improvement in the power cycling lifetime of modern IGBT power modules is greater than 10 during the last decade. Also, it is noticed that a 10 C increase in the chip temperature cycle amplitude decreases the lifetime by 40%. A thermal model for the chip temperature estimation is developed. The model is based on power loss estimation of the chip from the output current of the frequency converter. The model is verified with a purpose-built test equipment, which allows simultaneous measurement and simulation of the chip temperature with an arbitrary load waveform. The measurement system is shown to be convenient for studying the thermal behavior of the chip. It is found that the thermal model has a 5 C accuracy in the temperature estimation. The temperature cycles that the power semiconductor chip has experienced are counted by the rainflow algorithm. The counted cycles are compared with the experimentally verified power cycling curves to estimate the life consumption based on the mission profile of the drive. The methods are validated by the lifetime estimation of a power module in a direct-driven wind turbine. The estimated lifetime of the IGBT power module in a direct-driven wind turbine is 15 000 years, if the turbine is located in south-eastern Finland.

Direct in situ observation of the electron-driven synthesis of Ag filaments on α-Ag2 WO4 crystals

In this letter, we report, for the first time, the real-time in situ nucleation and growth of Ag filaments on α-Ag2 WO4 crystals driven by an accelerated electron beam from an electronic microscope under high vacuum. We employed several techniques to characterise the material in depth. By using these techniques combined with first-principles modelling based on density functional theory, a mechanism for the Ag filament formation followed by a subsequent growth process from the nano-to micro-scale was proposed. In general, we have shown that an accelerated electron beam from an electronic microscope under high vacuum enables in situ visualisation of Ag filaments with subnanometer resolution and offers great potential for addressing many fundamental issues in materials science, chemistry, physics and other fields of science.

A direct electrode-driven P450 cycle for biocatalysis

The large potential of redox enzymes to carry out formation of high value organic compounds motivates the search for innovative strategies to regenerate the cofactors needed by their biocatalytic cycles. Here, we describe a bioreactor where the reducing power to the cycle is supplied directly to purified cytochrome CYP101 (P450cam; EC 1.14.15.1) through its natural redox partner (putidaredoxin) using an antimony-doped tin oxide working electrode. Required oxygen was produced at a Pt counter electrode by water electrolysis. A continuous catalytic cycle was sustained for more than 5 h and 2,600 enzyme turnovers. The maximum product formation rate was 36 nmol of 5-exo-hydroxycamphor/nmol of CYP101 per min.

Unit, intermediate (field) (direct and general support) and depot maintenance repair parts and special tools list : generator set, aviation, gas turbine engine driven, integral trailer mounted, 10KW, 28 volts : DoD model MEP 362A, class precise, mode DC, NSN 6115-01-161-3992.

Includes index.

Operator, organizational, direct support, and general support maintenance manual : printing press, offset, web-fed, motor driven, 208V, 60 hertz, Hess and Barker model 3CX, FSN 3610-617-7566.

Includes index.

Direct and general support and depot maintenance repair parts and special tools lists : air conditioner, floor mounted, air cooled, electric motor driven, AC, 3 phase, 400 cycle, 38,000 Btu hr, 416 volt (Keco model F-0038), FSN 4120-066-8771 ....

"April 1969."

Organizational, direct support and general support maintenance repair parts and special tools list (including depot maintenance repair parts and special tools) for air compressor, reciprocating, gasoline engine driven, 15 cfm, 175 psi, NSN 4310-01-164-5544.

Includes index.

Operator's, organizational, direct support, and general support maintenance manual : pumping assembly, diesel engine driven, wheel mtd, 350 gpm, 275 ft. head, model 13220E1070 (97403) (fuel use only), NSN 4320-01-092-3551 ....

"15 August 1984."

Intermediate (field) (direct and general support) and depot level maintenance manual : generator set, diesel engine driven, tactical skid mtd. 15 kw, 3 phase, 4 wire, 120/208 and 240/416 volts : DoD model MEP-004A ... 6115-00-463-9094.

"January 1975."

Operator's, organizational, and direct support maintenance manual : tank and pump unit, liquid dispensing, for truck mounting, mil design tank and pump units : gasoline engine driven model (97403) 13217E7100, NSN 4930-00-426-9960 : electric motor driven model (97403) 13217E7130, NSN 4930-01-130-7281.

"17 July 1984."