Efeito dos reguladores de crescimento dicamba e picloram na embriogênese somática em Eucalyptus grandis

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito das auxinas dicamba e picloram na indução de embriogênese somática em embriões zigóticos maduros, cotilédones e hipocótilos de Eucalyptus grandis. Os calos foram induzidos em meio de cultura MS contendo dicamba (0,25; 0,5; 1,0; e 2,0 mg L-1) ou picloram (0,5; 1,5; 5,0; e 10,0 mg L-1). Nos tratamentos com 0,5 mg L-1 de dicamba ou 5,0 e 10,0 mg L-1 de picloram, em explantes cotiledonares, foram observadas estruturas semelhantes a embriões somáticos em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento. A análise histológica confirmou tratar-se de estruturas independentes, com um sistema vascular fechado, evidenciando se tratar de embriões somáticos.

Control of glyphosate resistant hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) with dicamba and 2,4-D

Auxyn type herbicides such as dicamba and 2,4-D are alternative herbicides that can be used to control glyphosate-resistant hairy fleabane. With the forthcoming possibility of releasing dicamba-resistant and 2,4-D-resistant crops, use of these growth regulator herbicides will likely be an alternative that can be applied to the control of glyphosate resistant hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis). The objective of this research was to model the efficacy, through dose-response curves, of glyphosate, 2,4-D, isolated dicamba and glyphosatedicamba combinations to control a brazilian hairy fleabane population resistant to glyphosate. The greenhouse dose-response studies were conducted as a completely randomized experimental design, and the rates used for dose response curve construction were 0, 120, 240, 480, 720 and 960 g a.i. ha-1 for 2,4-D, dicamba and the dicamba combination, with glyphosate at 540 g a.e. ha-1. The rates for glyphosate alone were 0, 180, 360, 540, 720 and 960 g a.e. ha-1. Herbicides were applied when the plants were in a vegetative stage with 10 to 12 leaves and height between 12 and 15 cm. Hairy fleabane had low sensitivity to glyphosate, with poor control even at the 960 g a.e. ha-1 rate. Dicamba and 2,4-D were effective in controlling the studied hairy fleabane. Hairy fleabane responds differently to 2,4-D and dicamba. The combination of glyphosate and dicamba was not antagonistic to hairy fleabane control, and glyphosate may cause an additive effect on the control, despite the population resistance.

Aplicación de los catalizadores ZnO-Fe?O? y ZnO-Fe? en la degradación fotocatalítica solar de dicamba y 2,4-D.

Tesis (Doctor en Ciencias con orientación en Química Analítica Ambiental) UANL, 2013.

Determination of 2,4-D and dicamba in food crops by MEKC

The determination of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and Dicamba (2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid) residues in sugar cane, rice and corn was performed by a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method using CO2/acetone as extraction mix and an SFE apparatus developed in our laboratory. The extracts were cleaned up after extraction by both liquid- liquid partition and a Florisil column. Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) coupled with ultraviolet on-column detection was used for the analysis of these pesticides. The detection limits were improved by the preparation of a special detection cell with an increased pathlength that gave detection limits of ca. 0.6 pg for 2,4-D and Dicamba. Our results demonstrated that capillary electrophoresis can be a powerful new analytical tool for pesticide residue analysis.

CONTROL OF GLYPHOSATE RESISTANT HAIRY FLEABANE (Conyza bonariensis) WITH DICAMBA AND 2,4-D

Auxyn type herbicides such as dicamba and 2,4-D are alternative herbicides that can be used to control glyphosate-resistant hairy fleabane. With the forthcoming possibility of releasing dicamba-resistant and 2,4-D-resistant crops, use of these growth regulator herbicides will likely be an alternative that can be applied to the control of glyphosate resistant hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis). The objective of this research was to model the efficacy, through dose-response curves, of glyphosate, 2,4-D, isolated dicamba and glyphosate-dicamba combinations to control a brazilian hairy fleabane population resistant to glyphosate. The greenhouse dose-response studies were conducted as a completely randomized experimental design, and the rates used for dose response curve construction were 0, 120, 240, 480, 720 and 960 ga.i. ha(-1) for 2,4-D, dicamba and the dicamba combination, with glyphosate at 540 g a. e. ha(-1). The rates for glyphosate alone were 0, 180, 360, 540, 720 and 960 g a. e. ha(-1). Herbicides were applied when the plants were in a vegetative stage with 10 to 12 leaves and height between 12 and 15 cm. Hairy fleabane had low sensitivity to glyphosate, with poor control even at the 960 g a. e. ha(-1) rate. Dicamba and 2,4-D were effective in controlling the studied hairy fleabane. Hairy fleabane responds differently to 2,4-D and dicamba. The combination of glyphosate and dicamba was not antagonistic to hairy fleabane control, and glyphosate may cause an additive effect on the control, despite the population resistance.

Control of glyphosate resistant hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) with dicamba and 2,4-D

Auxyn type herbicides such as dicamba and 2,4-D are alternative herbicides that can be used to control glyphosate-resistant hairy fleabane. With the forthcoming possibility of releasing dicamba-resistant and 2,4-D-resistant crops, use of these growth regulator herbicides will likely be an alternative that can be applied to the control of glyphosate resistant hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis). The objective of this research was to model the efficacy, through dose-response curves, of glyphosate, 2,4-D, isolated dicamba and glyphosatedicamba combinations to control a brazilian hairy fleabane population resistant to glyphosate. The greenhouse dose-response studies were conducted as a completely randomized experimental design, and the rates used for dose response curve construction were 0, 120, 240, 480, 720 and 960 g a.i. ha-1 for 2,4-D, dicamba and the dicamba combination, with glyphosate at 540 g a.e. ha-1. The rates for glyphosate alone were 0, 180, 360, 540, 720 and 960 g a.e. ha-1. Herbicides were applied when the plants were in a vegetative stage with 10 to 12 leaves and height between 12 and 15 cm. Hairy fleabane had low sensitivity to glyphosate, with poor control even at the 960 g a.e. ha-1 rate. Dicamba and 2,4-D were effective in controlling the studied hairy fleabane. Hairy fleabane responds differently to 2,4-D and dicamba. The combination of glyphosate and dicamba was not antagonistic to hairy fleabane control, and glyphosate may cause an additive effect on the control, despite the population resistance.

Controle de azevém (Lolium multiflorum L.), e gorga (Spergula arvensis L.) e seletividade de herbicidas as culturas de trigo, cevada e centeio

Foram realizados três experimentos a campo em 1980, no Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Trigo/EMBRAPA, Passo Fundo, RS, visando conhecer o comportamento dos herbicidas diclofop, dicamba, a associação 2,4 D com dicamba e a mistura diclofop + (2,4 D + dicamba), no controle de azevém (Lolium multiflorum L.) e gorga (Spergula arvensis L.). Ao mesmo tempo foi avaliada a seletividade que estes herbicidas apresentam às culturas de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.), cevada (Hordeum vulgare L.) e centeio (Secale cereale L.). Os resultados da avaliação visual de fitotoxicidade mostra ram que o dicamba causou o maior grau de injúria para as três culturas. Cevada mostrou ser a cultura mais sensível ao dicamba na fase inicial. Trigo, cevada e centeio foram tolerantes ao diclofop. A mistura diclofop + (2,4 D + dicamba) não controlou o azevém nas três culturas. Esta mistura apresentou ainda redução no controle de gorga, nas culturas de cevada e centeio. Dicamba ocasionou redução no rendimento de grãos das culturas, mostrando ser pouco seletivo na dose testada. Centeio sofreu uma redução no rendimento de grãos causada por diclofop, enquanto que a mistura diclofop + (2,4 D + dicamba) foi seletiva para todas as culturas.

Aplicação de herbicidas pós-emergentes via irrigação por aspersão: revisão

A herbigação (aplicação de herbicidas via irrigação) vem se expandindo no Brasil, embora os resultados de pesquisas de avaliação desta técnica sejam escassos e pouco conhecidos, principalmente quando ela é feita com herbicidas aplicados em condições de pósemergência (PÓS) das plantas daninhas. O objetivo desta revisão foi fazer um levantamento das principais publicações científicas disponíveis relacionadas à aplicação de herbicidas de PÓS via irrigação por aspersão. Na maioria dos estudos revisados foi utilizado um simulador de irrigação por aspersão, e as doses de herbicidas empregadas na herbigação foram as mesmas utilizadas na aplicação convencional (pulverização). As lâminas de água empregadas na herbigação variaram de 1 a 14 mm (10.000 a 140.000 L ha-1). Os herbicidas mais estudados por essa técnica e que foram eficazes no manejo de plantas daninhas são: bromoxynil, acifluorfen, fomesafen, lactofen e os herbicidas ariloxifenoxipropionatos. Os herbicidas atrazine, chlorsulfuron, dicamba, sethoxydim e triasulfuron participaram de pelo menos um estudo e apresentaram potencial de controle eficiente de plantas daninhas através da herbigação. Esses herbicidas têm pelos menos duas das seguintes características: baixa solubilidade em água, rápida absorção pela folhagem e absorção pelas raízes. A eficiência desses herbicidas não foi alterada ou foi pouco alterada pela variação de lâminas de água empregadas na herbigação. A mistura de óleo não-emulsificante com o herbicida antes da injeção na água de irrigação pode aumentar a deposição e retenção do produto na folhagem das plantas daninhas. Outros fatores que também podem afetar a eficiência desses herbicidas via água de irrigação são a qualidade da água e o horário de aplicação. Não foram eficazes na herbigação os herbicidas bentazon, glyphosate e paraquat. São herbicidas de alta solubilidade em água, sendo mais lentamente absorvidos pelos tecidos foliares e/ou não são absorvidos pelas raízes.

Histological changes in banana explants, cv. Nanicão (Musa spp., Group AAA), submitted to different auxins for induction of somatic embryogenesis

The present work analyzes the behavior of banana explants, cv. Nanicão (Musa spp. Group AAA) regarding somatic embryogenesis induction treatments with several auxins. Longitudinal segments of shoot meristematic apices of micropropagated banana plantlets cultivated and rooted in vitro were introduced in culture medium containing dicamba, picloram, 2,4-D or NAA in different concentrations. Explant samples were collected at 0, 7 and 10 days and prepared for light microscopy. Histological sections were used for comparison of the histological changes occurring after induction treatment with different auxins. Embryogenic response was observed only in treatments with picloram or dicamba, with distinct embryogenic regions observed at 14 and 21 days in culture, respectively. Histological sections of embryogenic regions of the explant at 26 days in culture revealed the formation of meristematic regions, structures with multiple root meristems, and somatic embryos at early globular stages. Embryo-like structures morphologically similar to Musa balbisiana zygotic embryos were sectioned and showed a lack of apical meristems and absence of procambial differentiation. These results indicate the induction of non-functional somatic embryos and the need for more studies on developmental aspects and maturation treatments for optimization of the process.

Growth Regulation and Other Secondary Effects of Herbicides

As all herbicides act on pathways or processes crucial to plants, in an inhibitory or stimulatory way, low doses of any herbicide might be used to beneficially modulate plant growth, development, or composition. Glyphosate, the most used herbicide in the world, is widely applied at low rates to ripen sugarcane. Low rates of glyphosate also can stimulate plant growth (this effect is called hormesis). When applied at recommended rates for weed control, glyphosate can inhibit rust diseases in glyphosate-resistant wheat and soybean. Fluridone blocks carotenoid biosynthesis by inhibition of phytoene desaturase and is effective in reducing the production of abscisic acid in drought-stressed plants. Among the acetolactate synthase inhibitors, sulfometuron-methyl is widely used to ripen sugarcane and imidazolinones can be used to suppress turf species growth. The application of protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors can trigger plant defenses against pathogens. Glufosinate, a glutamine syntherase inhibitor, is also known to improve the control of plant diseases. Auxin agonists (i.e., dicamba and 2,4-D) are effective, low-cost plant growth regulators. Currently, auxin agonists are still used in tissue cultures to induce somatic embryogenesis and to control fruit ripening, to reduce drop of fruits, to enlarge fruit size, or to extend the harvest period in citrus orchards. At low doses, triazine herbicides stimulate growth through beneficial effects on nitrogen metabolism and through auxin-like effects. Thus, sublethal doses of several herbicides have applications other than weed control.

Is Australia ready for triple gene herbicide stack technology?

Integration of multiple herbicide-resistant genes (trait stacking) into crop plants would allow over the top application of herbicides that are otherwise fatal to crops. The US has just approved Bollgard II® XtendFlex™ cotton which has dicamba, glyphosate and glufosinate resistance traits stacked. The pace of glyphosate resistance evolution is expected to be slowed by this technology. In addition, over the top application of two more herbicides may help to manage hard to kill weeds in cotton such as flax leaf fleabane and milk thistle. However, there are some issues that need to be considered prior to the adoption of this technology. Wherever herbicide tolerant technology is adopted, volunteer crops can emerge as a weed problem, as can herbicide resistant weeds. For cotton, seed movement is the most likely way for resistant traits to move around. Management of multiple stack volunteers may add additional complexity to volunteer management in cotton fields and along roadsides. This paper attempts to evaluate the pros and cons of trait stacking technology by analysing the available literature in other crop growing regions across the world. The efficacy of dicamba and glufosinate on common weeds of the Australian cotton system, herbicide resistance evolution, synergy and antagonisms due to herbicide mixtures, drift hazards and the evolution of herbicide resistance to glyphosate, glufosinate and dicamba were analysed based on the available literature.