Reproducing successful rituals in bad times : exploring interactions of a new science teacher

Teaching is emotional work. This is especially the case in the first years of teaching when new teachers are particularly vulnerable. By understanding changes in teacher emotions in the early years of teaching we hope to identify strategies that might ultimately reduce teacher attrition. As part of a larger study of the transition of new teachers to the profession, this ethnographic case study explores how a new science teacher produced and reproduced positive emotional interaction rituals with her students in her first year of teaching. We show how dialogical interactions were positive and satisfying experiences for the teacher, and how they were reproduced successfully in different contexts. We also illustrate how both teacher and students used humor to create a structure for dialogical interactions. During these successful interactions the students used shared resources to satisfy their teacher that they were engaging in the relevant science content. The implications of what we have learned for the professional development of new teachers are discussed in relation to an expanded understanding of teacher emotions.

Learning in the third space : a sociocultural perspective on learning with analogies

Research on analogies in science education has focussed on student interpretation of teacher and textbook analogies, psychological aspects of learning with analogies and structured approaches for teaching with analogies. Few studies have investigated how analogies might be pivotal in students’ growing participation in chemical discourse. To study analogies in this way requires a sociocultural perspective on learning that focuses on ways in which language, signs, symbols and practices mediate participation in chemical discourse. This study reports research findings from a teacher-research study of two analogy-writing activities in a chemistry class. The study began with a theoretical model, Third Space, which informed analyses and interpretation of data. Third Space was operationalized into two sub-constructs called Dialogical Interactions and Hybrid Discourses. The aims of this study were to investigate sociocultural aspects of learning chemistry with analogies in order to identify classroom activities where students generate Dialogical Interactions and Hybrid Discourses, and to refine the operationalization of Third Space. These aims were addressed through three research questions. The research questions were studied through an instrumental case study design. The study was conducted in my Year 11 chemistry class at City State High School for the duration of one Semester. Data were generated through a range of data collection methods and analysed through discourse analysis using the Dialogical Interactions and Hybrid Discourse sub-constructs as coding categories. Results indicated that student interactions differed between analogical activities and mathematical problem-solving activities. Specifically, students drew on discourses other than school chemical discourse to construct analogies and their growing participation in chemical discourse was tracked using the Third Space model as an interpretive lens. Results of this study led to modification of the theoretical model adopted at the beginning of the study to a new model called Merged Discourse. Merged Discourse represents the mutual relationship that formed during analogical activities between the Analog Discourse and the Target Discourse. This model can be used for interpreting and analysing classroom discourse centred on analogical activities from sociocultural perspectives. That is, it can be used to code classroom discourse to reveal students’ growing participation with chemical (or scientific) discourse consistent with sociocultural perspectives on learning.

Engaging elementary students in learning science: An analysis of classroom dialogue

Research over a long period of time has continued to demonstrate problems in the teaching of science in school. In addition, declining levels of participation and interest in science and related fields have been reported from many particularly western countries. Among the strategies suggested is the recruitment of professional scientists and technologists either at the graduate level or advanced career level to change career and teach. In this study, we analysed how one beginning middle primary teacher engaged with students to support their science learning by establishing rich classroom discussions. We followed his evolving teaching expertise over three years focussing on his communicative practices informed by socio-cultural theory. His practices exemplified a non-interactive dialogical communicative approach where ideas were readily discussed but were concentrated on the class acquiring acceptable scientific understandings. His focus on the language of science was a significant aspect of his practice and one that emerged from his professional background. The study affirms the theoretical frameworks proposed by Mortimer and Scott (2003) highlighting how dialogue contributes to heightened student interest in science.

A abordagem de questões sociocientíficas na formação continuada de professores de ciências: contribuições e dificuldades

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Educação matemática e ambientes virtuais: uma análise das interações ocorridas em um chat educacional

Pós-graduação em Educação para a Ciência - FC

A construção de significados nas brincadeiras de faz-de-conta por crianças de uma turma de educação infantil ribeirinha da Amazônia

O presente estudo focaliza o processo de construção de significados nas brincadeiras de faz-de-conta por crianças de uma turma de educação infantil ribeirinha da Amazônia, a partir das formulações da psicologia histórico-cultural. Nessa perspectiva teórico-metodológica, o ser humano se constitui enquanto sujeito por intermédio da internalização/externalização dos significados do seu grupo sócio-cultural, que são construídos durante as interações dialógicas. A principal atividade pela qual a criança pré-escolar efetua esse processo é a brincadeira de faz-de-conta, por oportunizar que a criança opere diretamente com os significados compartilhados no contexto sócio-cultural em que vive. Desse modo, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi examinar as interações dialógicas que acontecem durante as brincadeiras de faz-de-conta de crianças de uma classe de educação infantil ribeirinha da Amazônia para identificar os significados construídos nas interações e verificar como, por meio deles, as crianças se co-constroem enquanto sujeitos e participantes da cultura. Para tanto, realizei um estudo de campo nas turmas de educação infantil de uma unidade pedagógica, localizada na Ilha do Combu, município de Belém Pará, ao longo dos anos de 2003 a 2006, que foi dividido em duas etapas distintas. No primeiro momento da pesquisa, efetuei a caracterização do contexto sócio-cultural de vida das crianças que freqüentavam as turmas de educação infantil. Os participantes dessa etapa foram treze crianças que freqüentaram a classe de educação infantil no ano de 2003, sendo onze meninos e duas meninas, entre quatro e cinco anos de idade, a professora da classe de educação infantil e os responsáveis pelas crianças. As crianças e seus familiares foram entrevistados. As crianças foram observadas brincando em suas casas. Analisei os temas, os parceiros, os locais, os objetos e os significados construídos nas brincadeiras. No segundo momento, realizei a análise microgenética das interações dialógicas que ocorreram nas brincadeiras de faz-de-conta. Os participantes foram dezesseis crianças que freqüentaram a classe de educação infantil no ano de 2005 e a professora. Os dados analisados apontaram: 1) Os modos de construção dos significados pelas crianças e entre elas e a professora; 2) Os tipos de significados construídos: sobre o mundo, sobre si mesmo e o outro e sobre a relação do si mesmo com o outro; 3) A origem dos significados construídos; 4) A relação cultura-subjetividade. A caracterização do contexto sócio-cultural revelou que apesar de estarem em contato com o contexto urbano, as crianças mostraram-se vinculadas, principalmente, ao contexto ribeirinho. A análise microgenética das interações dialógicas durante as brincadeiras mostrou que os significados sobre o mundo, sobre si mesmo e o outro e sobre a relação do si mesmo com o outro, compartilhados no contexto sócio-cultural da Ilha do Combu, foram internalizados, passando a constituir as subjetividades das crianças investigadas. Indicou ainda que o faz-de-conta, por si só, independente da participação de outras crianças e do adulto, contribui para o processo de constituição cultural da criança, mas pode ser enriquecido com a participação de outras crianças e da professora, que respeita a iniciativa, a cultura, o nível de desenvolvimento da criança e tem clareza de seu papel de planejar e conduzir o ato pedagógico numa determinada direção. Outras crianças contribuem aumentando a motivação para a brincadeira, incluindo elementos novos de seu universo cultural, renovando os temas, oferecendo modelos a serem representados e criando oportunidades de complementação que impliquem em desafios a serem ajustados durante as interações aos níveis de desenvolvimentos dos parceiros. A professora contribui planejando ambientes interativos - criança-criança e criança-professora, respeitando a atividade e o nível de desenvolvimento das crianças, destacando os significados construídos de forma ativa e interativa e, em alguns, casos redirecionando as brincadeiras, com vistas à constituição de um determinado tipo de subjetividade e não de outro. Em suma, o estudo revela como por meio dos significados construídos nas interações dialógicas, as crianças participam de sua cultura coletiva e constituem-se como ribeirinhos amazônidas.

The interactions of consumption characteristics on social norms

Purpose: An extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model tests how customer loyalty intentions may relate to subjective and descriptive norms. The study further determines whether consumption characteristics – product enjoyment and importance – moderate norms-loyalty relationships.----- Methodology: Using a two-study approach focusing on youth, an Australian study (n = 244) first augmented TPB with descriptive norm. A Singapore study (n = 415) followed up with how consumption characteristics might moderate norms-loyalty relationships. With both studies, linear regressions tested the relationships among the variables.----- Findings: Extending TPB with descriptive norm improved TPB’s predictive ability across studies. Further, product enjoyment and importance moderated the norms-loyalty relationships differently. Subjective norm related to loyalty intentions significantly with high enjoyment, whereas descriptive norm was significant with low enjoyment. Only subjective norm was significant with low importance.----- Research limitations: Single-item variables, self-reported questionnaires on intended rather than actual behavior, and not controlling for cultural differences between the two samples limit generalizablity.----- Practical implications: The significance of both norms suggests that mobile firms should reach youth through their peers. With youth, social pressure may be influential particularly with hedonic products. However, the different moderations of product enjoyment and importance imply that a blanket marketing strategy targeting youth may not work.----- Originality/Value: This study extends academic knowledge on the relationships between norms and customer loyalty, particularly with consumption characteristics as moderators. The findings highlight the importance of considering different norms with consumer behavior. The study should help mobile firms understand how social influences impact customer loyalty.

Synchronous fluorescence and UV–vis spectroscopic studies of interactions between the tetracycline antibiotic, aluminium ions and DNA with the aid of the Methylene Blue dye probe

Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) was applied for the investigation of interactions of the antibiotic, tetracycline (TC), with DNA in the presence of aluminium ions (Al3+). The study was facilitated by the use of the Methylene Blue (MB) dye probe, and the interpretation of the spectral data with the aid of the chemometrics method, parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Three-way synchronous fluorescence analysis extracted the important optimum constant wavelength differences, Δλ, and showed that for the TC–Al3+–DNA, TC–Al3+ and MB dye systems, the associated Δλ values were different (Δλ = 80, 75 and 30 nm, respectively). Subsequent PARAFAC analysis demonstrated the extraction of the equilibrium concentration profiles for the TC–Al3+, TC–Al3+–DNA and MB probe systems. This information is unobtainable by conventional means of data interpretation. The results indicated that the MB dye interacted with the TC–Al3+–DNA surface complex, presumably via a reaction intermediate, TC–Al3+–DNA–MB, leading to the displacement of the TC–Al3+ by the incoming MB dye probe.

Small molecule–biopolymer interactions : Ultraviolet–visible and fluorescence spectroscopy and chemometrics

Interactions between small molecules with biopolymers e.g. the bovine serum albumin (BSA protein), are important, and significant information is recorded in the UV–vis and fluorescence spectra of their reaction mixtures. The extraction of this information is difficult conventionally and principally because there is significant overlapping of the spectra of the three analytes in the mixture. The interaction of berberine chloride (BC) and the BSA protein provides an interesting example of such complex systems. UV–vis and fluorescence spectra of BC and BSA mixtures were investigated in pH 7.4 Tris–HCl buffer at 37 °C. Two sample series were measured by each technique: (1) [BSA] was kept constant and the [BC] was varied and (2) [BC] was kept constant and the [BSA] was varied. This produced four spectral data matrices, which were combined into one expanded spectral matrix. This was processed by the multivariate curve resolution–alternating least squares method (MCR–ALS). The results produced: (1) the extracted pure BC, BSA and the BC–BSA complex spectra from the measured heavily overlapping composite responses, (2) the concentration profiles of BC, BSA and the BC–BSA complex, which are difficult to obtain by conventional means, and (3) estimates of the number of binding sites of BC.

Fluorescence spectrometric study on the interactions of isoprocarb and sodium 2-isopropylphenate with bovine serum albumin

The binding interaction of the pesticide Isoprocarb and its degradation product, sodium 2-isopropylphenate, with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied by spectrofluorimetry under simulated physiological conditions. Both Isoprocarb and sodium 2-isopropylphenate quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. This quenching proceeded via a static mechanism. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH°, ΔS° and ΔG°) obtained from the fluorescence data measured at two different temperatures showed that the binding of Isoprocarb to BSA involved hydrogen bonds and that of sodium 2-isopropylphenate to BSA involved hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy of the interaction of BSA with either Isoprocarb or sodium 2-isopropylphenate showed that the molecular structure of the BSA was changed significantly, which is consistent with the known toxicity of the pesticide, i.e., the protein is denatured. The sodium 2-isopropylphenate, was estimated to be about 4–5 times more toxic than its parent, Isoprocarb. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy and the resolution of the three-way excitation–emission fluorescence spectra by the PARAFAC method extracted the relative concentration profiles of BSA, Isoprocab and sodium 2-isopropylphenate as a function of the added sodium 2-isopropylphenate. These profiles showed that the degradation product, sodium 2-isopropylphenate, displaced the pesticide in a competitive reaction with the BSA protein.

Interactions of phenyldithioesters with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs): Implications for AuNP functionalization and molecular barcoding of AuNP assemblies

The interactions of phenyldithioesters with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been studied by monitoring changes in the surface plasmon resonance (SPR), depolarised light scattering, and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Changes in the SPR indicated that an AuNP-phenyldithioester charge transfer complex forms in equilibrium with free AuNPs and phenyldithioester. Analysis of the Langmuir binding isotherms indicated that the equilibrium adsorption constant, Kads, was 2.3 ± 0.1 × 106 M−1, which corresponded to a free energy of adsorption of 36 ± 1 kJ mol−1. These values are comparable to those reported for interactions of aryl thiols with gold and are of a similar order of magnitude to moderate hydrogen bonding interactions. This has significant implications in the application of phenyldithioesters for the functionalization of AuNPs. The SERS results indicated that the phenyldithioesters interact with AuNPs through the C═S bond, and the molecules do not disassociate upon adsorption to the AuNPs. The SERS spectra are dominated by the portions of the molecule that dominate the charge transfer complex with the AuNPs. The significance of this in relation to the use of phenyldithioesters for molecular barcoding of nanoparticle assemblies is discussed.