Effect of Calcium Pre-rinse and Fluoride Dentifrice on Enamel and on Dental Plaque Formed In Situ

Purpose: The aim of this in situ double-blind randomised crossover study was to investigate the effect of calcium (Ca) pre-rinse on the composition of plaque and on enamel prior to the use of fluoride (F) dentifrice. Materials and Methods: During four phases (14 days each) of this study, 10 volunteers had agreed to wear dental appliances containing two healthy bovine enamel blocks. A fresh solution containing 20% weight/volume (w/v) sucrose was dripped on the enamel blocks ex vivo for 5 min three times a day. Subsequently, the appliances were replaced in the mouth, and the volunteers rinsed their mouth with 10 mL of a Ca (150 mmol/L) or a placebo rinse (1 min). In sequence, a slurry (1:3 w/v) of F (1030 ppm) or placebo dentifrice was dripped onto the blocks ex vivo for 1 min. During this time, the volunteers brushed their teeth with the respective dentifrice. The appliances were replaced in the mouth, and the volunteers rinsed their mouth with water. The plaque formed on the blocks was analysed for F and Ca. The enamel demineralisation as well as the incorporation of F on enamel was evaluated by cross-sectional microhardness and alkali-soluble F analysis, respectively. Data were tested using analysis of variance (P < 0.05). Results: The Ca pre-rinse prior to the use of the F dentifrice led to a three- and sixfold increase in the plaque F and Ca concentrations, respectively. It also did not have any additive effect on the F content on the enamel and the demineralisation of the enamel, in comparison with the use of F dentifrice alone. Conclusions: A Ca lactate rinse used prior to the F dentifrice was able to change the mineral content in the plaque, but it was unable to prevent enamel demineralisation.

Low-Fluoride Acidic Dentifrice: A Randomized Clinical Trial in a Fluoridated Area

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

In vitro Evaluation of Dentifrice with Low Fluoride Content Supplemented with Trimetaphosphate

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Effect of Calcium Pre-rinse and Fluoride Dentifrice on Enamel and on Dental Plaque Formed In Situ

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effect of calcium pre-rinse and fluoride dentifrice on remineralisation of artificially demineralised enamel and on the composition of the dental biofilm formed in situ

Objective: This in situ blind crossover study investigated the effect of calcium (Ca) rinse prior to the use fluoride (F) dentifrice on remineralisation of artificially demineralised enamel and on the composition of biofilm. Design: During four phases of 14 days, 10 volunteers wore appliances containing two artificially demineralised bovine enamel blocks. Three times a day, they rinsed with 10 mL, of Ca (150 mM) or placebo rinse (1 min). A slurry (1:3, w/v) of F (1030 ppm) or placebo dentifrice was dripped onto the blocks. During I min, the volunteers brushed their teeth with the respective dentifrice. The appliance was replaced into the mouth and the volunteers rinsed with water. The biofilm formed on the blocks was analysed for F and Ca. Enamel alterations were evaluated by the percentage of surface microhardness change (%SMHC), cross-sectional microhardness (% mineral volume) and alkali-soluble F analysis. Data were analysed by ANOVA (p < 0.05). Results: the use of the Ca pre-rinse before the F dentifrice produced a six- and four-fold increase in biofilm F and Ca concentrations, respectively. For enamel, the remineralisation was significantly improved by the Ca pre-rinse when compared to the other treatments. There was a significantly higher concentration of alkali-soluble F in enamel when the F dentifrice was used, but the Ca pre-rinse did not have any significant additive effect. Conclusions: According to our protocol, the Ca pre-rinse significantly increased biofilm F concentration and, regardless the use of F dentifrice, significantly enhanced the remineralisation of artificially demineralised enamel. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Influence of fluoride dentifrice on brushing abrasion of eroded human enamel: An in situ/ex vivo study

This in situ/ex vivo study assessed the effect of fluoride dentifrice on eroded enamel subjected to brushing abrasion. In a crossover study performed in 2 phases, 10 volunteers wore acrylic palatal appliances, each containing 3 human enamel blocks. Dentifrice was used to brush the volunteers' teeth and the specimens subjected to abrasion. In phases A and B the dentifrices used had the same formulation, except for the absence or presence of fluoride, respectively. The blocks were subjected to erosion by immersion of the appliances in a cola drink for 5 min, 4 times a day. Then the blocks were brushed, and the appliance was replaced into the mouth. Enamel alterations were determined using profilometry and percentage change in surface microhardness (%SMHC) tests. The data were tested using the paired t test. The mean wear values (+/- SD, mu m) were: group A 6.84 +/- 1.72 and group B 5.38 +/- 1.21 (p = 0.04). The mean %SMHC values (+/- SD) were: group A 54.6 +/- 16.2 and group B 45.7 +/- 6.8 (p = 0.04). Fluoride dentifrice had a protective effect on eroded enamel subjected to brushing abrasion. Copyright (c) 2007 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Fluoride intake from regular and low fluoride dentifrices by 2-3-year-old children: Influence of the dentifrice flavor

This study evaluated the fluoride intake from dentifrices with different fluoride concentrations ([F]) by children aged 24-36 months, as well as the influence of the dentifrice flavor in the amount of fluoride ingested during toothbrushing. Thirty-three children were randomly divided into 3 groups, according to the [F] in the dentifrices: G-A (523 μgF/g), G-B (1,062 μgF/g) and G-C (1,373 μgF/g). Dentifrices A and B are marketed for children, while dentifrice C is a regular product. The amount of F ingested was indirectly obtained, subtracting the amount expelled and the amount left on the toothbrush from the amount initially loaded onto the brush. The results were analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey's test and linear regression analysis (p < 0.05). Children ingested around 60% of the dentifrice loaded onto the brush, but no significant differences were seen among the groups (p > 0.05). Mean daily fluoride intake from dentifrice for G-A, G-B and G-C was 0.022 a, 0.032 a and 0.061 b mg F/kg body weight, respectively (p < 0.01). There was a strong positive correlation (r = 0.86, p < 0.0001) between the amount of dentifrice used and the amount of fluoride ingested during toothbrushing. The results indicate the need for instructing children's parents and care givers to use a small amount of dentifrice (< 0.3 g) to avoid excessive ingestion of fluoride. The use of low-[F] dentifrices by children younger than 6 years also seems to be a good alternative to minimize fluoride intake. Dentifrice flavor did not influence the percentage of fluoride intake.

The influence of residual salivary fluoride from dentifrice on enamel erosion: An in situ study

The objective of this study was to assess the salivary residual effect of fluoride dentifrice on human enamel subjected to an erosive challenge. This crossover in situ study was performed in two phases (A and B), involving ten volunteers. In each phase, they wore acrylic palatal appliances, each containing 3 human enamel blocks, during 7 days. The blocks were subjected to erosion by immersion of the appliances in a cola drink for 5 minutes, 4 times a day. Dentifrice was used to brush the volunteers' teeth, 4 times a day, during 1 minute, before the appliance was replaced into the mouth. In phases A and B the dentifrices used had the same formulation, except for the absence (PD) or presence (FD) of fluoride, respectively. Enamel alterations were determined using profilometry, microhardness (%SMHC), acid- and alkali-soluble F analysis. The data were tested using ANOVA (p < 0.05). The concentrations (mean ± SD) of alkali- and acid-soluble F (μgF/cm 2) were, respectively, PD: 1.27 a ± 0.70/2.24∧ A ± 0.36 and FD: 1.49 a ± 0.44/2.24∧ ± 0.67 (p > 0.05). The mean wear values (± SD, μm) were PD: 3.63 a ± 1.54 and FD: 3.54 a ± 0.90 (p > 0.05). The mean %SMHC values (± SD) were PD: 89.63 a ± 4.73 and FD: 87.28 a ± 4.01 (p > 0.05). Thus, we concluded that the residual fluoride from the fluoride-containing dentifrice did not protect enamel against erosion.

In vitro evaluation of the abrasiveness of a commercial low-abrasive dentifrice and an experimental dentifrice containing vegetable oil

Toothpastes usually contain detergents, humectants, water colorant, fluoride and thickeners (e.g. silica). Tooth wear has a multi-factorial etilology and the use of abrasive dentifrices is related to abrasion of dental tissues during toothbrushing. This study evaluated in vitro the abrasiveness of a commercial silica gel low-abrasive dentrifice compared to an experimental dentifrice containing vegetable (almond) oil. Distilled water served as a control group. Acrylic specimens (8 per group) were submitted to simulated toothbrushing with slurries of the commercial dentifrice experimental dentifrice, almond oil and water in an automatic brushing machine programmed to 30,000 brush strokes for each specimen which is equivalent to 2 years of manual toothbrushing. Thereafter, surface roughness (Ra) of the specimens was analyzed with a Surfcorder SE 1700 profilometer. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's test at 5% significance level. There was no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) in the surface roughness after brushing with water almond oil experimental dentifrice. The commercial dentifrice produced rougher surfaces compared to the control and abrasive free products (p<0.05). Further studies are necessary in confirm the potential benefits of using vegetable oil in toothpaste as an alternative in abrasives in an attempt to minimize the tooth wear caused by toothbrushing.

Influence of Er,Cr:YSGG laser on CaFsub(2)-like products formation because of professional acidulated fluorides or to dentifrice application

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)