Inheritance of Resistance to Rice Tungro Spherical Virus in a Near-Isogenic Line Derived from Utri Merah and in Rice Cultivar TKM6

Resistance to rice virus diseases is an important requirement in many Southeast Asian rice breeding programs. Inheritance of resistance to rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) in TW5, a near-isogenic line derived from Indonesian rice cultivar Utri Merah, was compared to that in TKM6, an Indian rice cultivar. Both TKM6 and Utri Merah are cultivars resistant to RTSV infections. Crosses were made between TKM6 and TN1, a susceptible cultivar, and between TW5 and TN1, and F3 lines were evaluated for their resistance to RTSV using two RTSV inoculum sources and a serological assay (ELISA). In TKM6, the resistance to the mixture of RTSV-V + RTBV inoculum source was controlled by a single recessive gene, whereas in TW5, the resistance was controlled by two recessive genes. A single recessive gene, however, controlled the resistance in TW5 when another RTSV variant, RTSV-VI, was used, suggesting that the resistance in TW5 depends on the nature of the RTSV inoculum used. RT-PCR, sequence, and phylogenetic analyses confirmed that RTSV-VI inoculum differs from RTSV-V inoculum and accurate phenotyping of the resistance to RTSV requires the use of a genetic marker.

Cultivar-specific effects of pathogen testing on storage root yield of sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.

The accumulation and perpetuation of viral pathogens over generations of clonal propagation in crop species such as sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas,inevitably result in a reduction in crop yield and quality. This study was conducted at Bundaberg, Australia to compare the productivity of field-derived and pathogen-tested (PT)clones of 14 sweet potato cultivars and the yield benefits of using healthy planting materials. The field-derived clonal materials were exposed to the endemic viruses, while the PT clones were subjected to thermotherapy and meristem-tip culture to eliminate viral pathogens. The plants were indexed for viruses using nitrocellulose membrane-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and graft-inoculations onto Ipomoea setosa. A net benefit of 38% in storage root yield was realised from using PT materials in this study.Conversely, in a similar study previously conducted at Kerevat, Papua New Guinea (PNG), a net deficit of 36% was realised. This reinforced our finding that the response to pathogen testing was cultivar dependent and that the PNG cultivars in these studies generally exhibited increased tolerance to the endemic viruses present at the respective trial sites as manifested in their lack of response from the use of PT clones. They may be useful sources for future resistance breeding efforts. Nonetheless, the potential economic gain from using PT stocks necessitates the use of pathogen testing on virus-susceptible commercial cultivars.

Effects of cultivar on rodent damage in Australian macadamia orchards

The Black rat (Rattus rattus), a serious pest of Australian macadamia orchards has been estimated to cause up to 30% crop damage in Australian orchards. In recent years an increase in the number of commercially available cultivars has seen a change in orchard characteristics in Australia, primarily effecting fruiting and flowering patterns. This has been suggested to affect the feeding behaviour of rodents and in turn altered the damage process. In this study we compare the extent of damage in orchards containing one of three prevalent cultivars (A4/A16, A268 and HAES 344/741) and investigate the influence of these cultivars, particularly their distinctive fruiting traits, on rodent damage within the orchard. We demonstrate that the temporal pattern and extent of damage differs between cultivar types. Newer Australian macadamia cultivars tested in this study were found to be far more susceptible to rodent damage than the older Hawaiian developed cultivars, most likely due to an extended fruiting period and thinner shells. This has resulted in a more sustained period of crop damage than the patterns of crop damage observed in previous Australian studies. Crop damage caused by R. rattus is significantly higher in orchards that maintain high levels of canopy resources through the fruiting season and we postulate that this is due to the extended fruiting periods of the new cultivars used. The maintenance of canopy resource load in turn corresponds to high crop damage, in this study resulting in crop losses of up to 25%.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of an elite Australian barley cultivar with virus resistance and reporter genes

Efficient transformation of barley cv. Schooner was achieved using Agrobacterium delivery, hygromycin or bialaphos selection and embryogenic callus. Using this system, transgenic plants were generated that contained either the green fluorescent protein gene, or transgenes derived from barley yellow dwarf (BYDV) and cereal yellow dwarf (CYDV) viruses. Many of these plants contained 1-3 transgene copies that were inherited in a simple Mendelian manner. Some plants containing BYDV and/or CYDV derived transgenes showed reduced virus symptoms and rates of viral replication when challenged with the appropriate virus. The ability to transform Schooner is a significant advance for the Australian barley industry, as this elite malting variety is, and has for the last 15 years been, the most widely grown barley variety in eastern Australia.

Cultivar affects browning susceptibility of freshly cut star fruit slices

Consumption of freshly-cut horticultural products has increased in the last few years. The principal restraint to using freshly-cut carambola is its susceptibility to tissue-browning, due to polyphenol oxidase-mediated oxidation of phenolic compounds present in the tissue. The current study investigated the susceptibility to browning of star fruit slices (Averrhoa carambola L.) of seven genotypes (Hart, Golden Star, Taen-ma, Nota-10, Malasia, Arkin, and Fwang Tung). Cultivar susceptibility to browning as measured by luminosity (L*) varied significantly among genotypes. Without catechol 0.05 M, little changes occurred on cut surface of any cultivars during 6 hour at 25 degrees C, 67% RH. Addition of catechol led to rapid browning, which was more intense in cvs. Taen-ma, Fwang Tung, and Golden Star, with reduction in L* value of 28.60%, 27.68%, and 23.29%, respectively. Browning was more intense in the center of the slices, particularly when treated with catechol, indicating highest polyphenol oxidase (PPO) concentration. Epidermal browning, even in absence of catechol, is a limitation to visual acceptability and indicates a necessity for its control during carambola processing. Care must be given to appropriate selection of cultivars for fresh-cut processing, since cultivar varied in browning susceptibility in the presence of catechol.

Cultivar-specific effects of pathogen testing on storage root yield of sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas.

The accumulation and perpetuation of viral pathogens over generations of clonal propagation in crop species such as sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas, inevitably result in a reduction in crop yield and quality. This study was conducted at Bundaberg, Australia to compare the productivity of field-derived and pathogen-tested (PT) clones of 14 sweetpotato cultivars and the yield benefits of using healthy planting materials. The field-derived clonal materials were exposed to the endemic viruses, while the PT clones were subjected to thermotherapy and meristem-tip culture to eliminate viral pathogens. The plants were indexed for viruses using nitrocellulose membrane-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and graft-inoculations onto Ipomoea setosa. A net benefit of 38% in storage root yield was realised from using PT materials in this study. Conversely, in a similar study previously conducted at Kerevat, Papua New Guinea (PNG), a net deficit of 36% was realised. This reinforced our finding that the response to pathogen testing was cultivar dependent and that the PNG cultivars in these studies generally exhibited increased tolerance to the endemic viruses present at the respective trial sites as manifested in their lack of response from the use of PT clones. They may be useful sources for future resistance breeding efforts. Nonetheless, the potential economic gain from using PT stocks necessitates the use of pathogen testing on virus-susceptible commercial cultivars. .

Fruit fly host status testing of a new passionfruit cultivar

Fruit fly host status testing of a new passionfruit cultivar.

Reduced fungicide use on a new Australian peanut cultivar, highly resistant to the late leaf spot and rust pathogens

Rust (caused by Puccinia arachidis) and late leaf spot (LLS, caused by Mycosphaerella berkeleyi) can cause significant yield losses in Australian peanut crops. Until recently, all commercial peanut varieties were highly susceptible to these pathogens, but the new Australian cultivar Sutherland has significantly higher levels of resistance than the older cultivars. Field trials were conducted at two sites in Queensland to (a) confirm the improved resistance of cv. Sutherland over another commercial cultivar, Menzies, (b) study the effects of timing of first spray, spray interval and cultivar on disease severity and yield, and (c) develop a suitable fungicide management program for cv. Sutherland. In the 2006 and 2007 trials, rust and LLS developed slower and had lower final disease ratings and AUDPC values on unsprayed plots of cv. Sutherland than on cv. Menzies. The timing of the first spray is critical in managing both rust and late leaf spot, with the results demonstrating that the first fungicide spray on cv. Sutherland should be applied as soon as rust and LLS are first seen on cv. Menzies. In most trials spray intervals of 14 days or 21 days were suitable to effectively control rust and LLS. In years with low disease pressure, few, if any, fungicide applications will be needed to manage the diseases, but in other years up to four sprays may be necessary. © Australasian Plant Pathology Society Inc. 2012.

High-anthocyanin strawberries through cultivar selection

BACKGROUND: Diets high in fruit and vegetables are known to have significant health benefits. This is in part due to the presence of phytochemicals, which possess potential protective health benefits. This study focuses on the ability of strawberries to be bred for higher anthocyanin content. This is a major contributor to the characteristic colour and nutritional value of ripe strawberries, together with phenolic acids, ascorbic acid and total antioxidant capacity. RESULTS: Anthocyanins in five commercial strawberry cultivars and three breeding lines were assessed. This led to the discovery of one breeding line (BL 2006-221) as an exceptional source of anthocyanins (approximate to 1 g kg1 fresh weight), with approximately double the levels of current commercial cultivars. Temperature was shown to influence anthocyanin extraction, with 40 degrees C being the best extraction temperature using the accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) method. Hue angle and anthocyanin concentration showed a good correlation (r2 = 0.69). CONCLUSION: The new breeding line BL 2006-221 has the potential to be used in the development of phytochemically rich strawberry cultivars. Using hue angle as a screening tool for total anthocyanin concentration and extraction of anthocyanins from strawberries by ASE at 40 degrees C would support such cultivar development. (c) 2012 Commonwealth of Australia

Perennial pastures for marginal farming country in southern Queensland. 2. Potential new grass cultivar evaluation

Trials in the Condamine-Balonne basin, Australia, compared 11 promising perennial pasture grass accessions (4 Bothriochloa, 2 Cenchrus, 2 Urochloa and 1 each of Digitaria, Eragrostis and Panicum species) against the best similar commercial cultivars on the basis of ease of establishment from seed, persistence once established, forage yield and ease of seed production. Accessions sown at a site were determined by prior experience with them on a range of soils. High quality seed was relatively easy to produce for both Urochloa species and for Eragrostis curvula CPI 30374 but problematic for the Bothriochloa spp. Once established, all accessions persisted for 3–5 years and most were well grazed, but adequate establishment was sometimes a problem with Panicum stapfianum and Bothriochloa ewartiana. The dry matter yield ratings of the non-commercial lines were similar to those of the commercial equivalents of the same species. While agronomically valuable, none of the promising new grasses was considered worthy of commercialization at this point because their strengths did not warrant the setting up of a seed-production business in competition with current commercial enterprises. Long-standing cultivars such as Gayndah buffel and Nixon sabi grass continued to exhibit their superior pasture qualities.

The quest for golden bananas: Investigating carotenoid regulation in a Fe’i group Musa cultivar

The regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in a high-carotenoid-accumulating Fe’i group Musa cultivar, “Asupina”, has been examined and compared to that of a low-carotenoid-accumulating cultivar, “Cavendish”, to understand the molecular basis underlying carotenogenesis during banana fruit development. Comparisons in the accumulation of carotenoid species, expression of isoprenoid genes, and product sequestration are reported. Key differences between the cultivars include greater carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (CCD4) expression in “Cavendish” and the conversion of amyloplasts to chromoplasts during fruit ripening in “Asupina”. Chromoplast development coincided with a reduction in dry matter content and fruit firmness. Chromoplasts were not observed in “Cavendish” fruits. Such information should provide important insights for future developments in the biofortification and breeding of banana.

Influencia de las condiciones del estrés salino sobre un cultivar resistente y un cultivar susceptible de Lotus tenuis al estado vegetativo

Resumen: Lotus tenuis es una leguminosa perenne, naturalizada en los campos bajos de la Cuenca del Salado. Es una especie alógama y presenta una alta variabilidad genética (Andrés A., and Rosso 2007), que le permite crecer y desarrollarse en distintas condiciones ambientales (Goldberg, E.E. et al 2010). Son pocas las especies de relevancia agrícola capaces de crecer bajo condiciones que combinan inundación y salinidad (Escaray 2007). Se ha demostrado la existencia de poblaciones de L. tenuis con diferentes niveles de tolerancia a distintos niveles de inundación y salinidad (Teakle, N.L. et al 2010; Striker et al. 2012). La tolerancia a la salinidad se define como la habilidad de una planta para crecer y completar su ciclo de vida en un medio que contiene altas concentraciones de sal. Debido a esto surgió mi interés por profundizar en el estudio de esta especie y su posible adaptación a suelos con problemas de salinidad. Se trabajo con dos familias de medios hermanos (FMH) de L. tenuis caracterizadas como tolerantes o susceptibles a salinidad provenientes del programa de mejoramiento genético del INTA Pergamino. Se utilizaron 550 plantas de cada genotipo que fueron sometidas a dos tratamientos salinos. Las plantas se colocaron de a cinco en macetas (20 cm. de diámetro) en invernáculo, se las dividió en: dosis 1 (9 repeticiones), fueron regadas con una solución 75mM de cloruro de sodio (NaCl), dosis 2 (9 repeticiones) regadas con una solución 150 mM NaCl, y un grupo testigo control para cada genotipo (4 repeticiones) regado sin NaCl. El tratamiento salino se aplicó durante 62 días hasta la aparición de la primera flor. Se determinó producción de biomasa de parte aérea (tallos mas hojas). También se determinó porcentaje de materia seca, por secado a 65ºC hasta peso constante de tallo más hojas, corona más raíz, longitud de tallo y raíz, y número de ramificaciones del tallo. Los resultados analizados muestran que la FMH 490 o tolerante posee mayor desarrollo en todas las variables analizadas y en todas las condiciones ensayadas excepto en longitud de raíz y corona. Pero, al sufrir el estrés los porcentajes de reducción en esta FMH que se observan son similares a los porcentajes de reducción observados en la FMH 2241 e incluso, para algunas variables el genotipo susceptible 2241 presentaba menores pérdidas frente al estrés recibido (MS por planta corona y raíz, Biomasa por planta corona y raíz, largo de tallo y Grs de tallo por planta.). El efecto de la salinidad fue igual o similar entre ambas isolíneas, por lo que la que presentaba mayor crecimiento produjo mayor biomasa en condiciones de estrés salino que la de menor crecimiento. La tolerancia al estrés salino fue similar en ambos genotipos, solo que una presentó más desarrollo que la otra. El análisis de las variables estudiadas mostró que en este ensayo el crecimiento de las plantas tiende a disminuir al aumentar la dosis de NaCl y que, a igualdad de dosis, los parámetros de crecimiento evaluados fueron mayores en el genotipo tolerante.

Influencia de las condiciones del estrés salino sobre parámetros de crecimiento de un cultivar tolerante y un cultivar susceptible de Lotus tenuis al estado vegetativo : ciclo 2013

Resumen: Lotus tenuis es una valiosa leguminosa forrajera naturalizada en la Pampa Deprimida. Presenta una reconocida tolerancia al anegamiento y a la salinidad, postulándose como una especie clave para la producción ganadera de la zona. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la influencia del estrés salino en el crecimiento vegetativo de dos familias de medios hermanos de L. tenuis, una reconocida como tolerante a la salinidad y la otra como susceptible. El ensayo se realizó bajo invernáculo en macetas con cinco plantas cada una. Se llevaron a cabo tres tratamientos, uno control y dos salinos con 75mM y 150mM NaCl desde la cuarta hoja pentafoliada desplegada hasta la aparición de la primera flor. Se tomaron datos de temperatura, actividad eléctrica del suelo y radiación. En total se analizaron ocho variables (% de materia seca (MS) en tallo y hoja, y en corona y raíz; MS de tallo y hoja, y de corona y raíz; MS de tallo y de hoja; relación MS aérea/MS radicular y MS tallo/MS hoja) a través de análisis de varianzas y LSD Fisher (p < 0,05) comparando entre genotipos y entre dosis. Se encontró interacción entre los factores en dos variables, % MS en corona y raíz, y en MS de tallo. Con respecto a las dosis se encontraron diferencias significativas para todas las variables, mientras que para el genotipo solo ocurrió en tres variables, MS de tallos y hojas, relación MS aérea/MS radicular, y MS de hojas. Frente a las dosis salinas se redujo la producción de MS y solo aumentó el % de MS. Para evaluar la performance de cada genotipo frente al estrés salino, se calculó expresando en porcentaje, la respuesta de cada uno en las dosis salinas frente a los tratamientos testigos. Evaluando la performance de estos genotipos, se considera que se deberían buscar líneas con un mejor comportamiento frente a la salinidad para los programas de mejoramiento forrajero de esta especie.