Comparative Cranial Osteology of Fossorial Lizards From the Tribe Gymnophthalmini (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae)

Squamates (lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians) are represented by a large number of species distributed among a wide variety of habitats. Changes in body plan related to a fossorial habit are a frequent trend within the group and many morphological adaptations to this particular lifestyle evolved convergently in nonrelated species, reflecting adaptations to a similar habitat. The fossorial lifestyle requires an optimal morphological organization for an effective use of the available resources. Skeleton arrangement in fossorial squamates reflects adaptations to the burrowing activity, and different degrees of fossoriality can be inferred through an analysis of skull morphology. Here, we provide a detailed description of the skull morphology of three fossorial gymnophthalmid species: Calyptommatus nicterus, Scriptosaura catimbau, and Nothobachia ablephara. J. Morphol. 271: 1352-1365, 2010. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Cranial osteology and systematic implications in Crotophaginae (Aves, Cuculidae)

Recognizing the scarcity of anatomical and phylogenetic studies on Crotophaginae, the authors set Out to add to the anatomical knowledge of the group based on a detailed description of cranial osteology. Another objective was to verify whether this source of data could be used to infer relationships by performing the first cladistic analysis of the four species of Crotophaginae. The shortest-length cladogram (consistency index = 1.0) indicated that cranial osteology is an important source of characters for cladistic analysis of cuckoos. The findings corroborated the monophyly of Crotophaginae, showing that Guira guira is (lie most divergent and plesiomorphic taxon and that Crotophaga ani and Crotophaga sulcirostris are more closely related to each other than to Crotophaga major.

Cranial osteology in mornoticlae (Aves : Coradiformes)

Momotidae (motmots) is found throughout Latin America between Mexico and northern Argentina. Given the absence of detailed studies of cranial osteology of Momotidae in the literature, this article presents a comprehensive description of the variation of the cranial osteology in all nine species of Momotidae and compares the results with published studies of other families of Coraciiformes and families in other orders. In addition, the cranial structures described are related to ecological and behavioral aspects of Momotidae. The cranial osteology of Baryphthengus ruficapillus is described in detail and compared with other species of Momotidae. The results indicate the presence in Momotidae of modified cranial structures, among which the most conspicuous are the frontal, lacrimal, squamosal, orbital, and laterosphenoid regions, as well as the palatine, upper jaw, pterygoid, and mandible. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Cranial osteology of Picini (Aves: Piciformes: Picidae)

The Picini is composed of 26 species of woodpeckers from the old world that are grouped into seven genera. Given the absence of detailed studies on the cranial osteology of the Picini, the purpose of this study is to describe the cranial osteology of 14 species of Picini from six genera and to compare these species with each other, with other species of woodpeckers and with other bird groups. The results of the analysis of the bone structures of the skull of the Picini indicate that there are seven outstanding characteristic of bones involved in the functional mechanistics of the jaw apparatus. In the ossa cranii, these include the frontal overhang, the postorbital process, the extension of the parietal versus the frontal region and the temporal fossa. In the ossa faciei, these include the rostral expansion of the pterygoid, the ventral palatine fossa and the orbital process of the quadrate bone. For all of the structures associated with the cranial osteology of the investigated species, there is a clear distinction between the species of the genus Picus and the other species studied. Blythipicus rubiginosus, Chrysocolaptes lucidus, Reinwardtipicus validus, Gecinulus viridis and the species of the genus Dinopium exhibit additional particularities. © 2012 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Cranial osteology of meiglyptini (aves: piciformes: picidae)

The Meiglyptini comprise eight species grouped into three genera: Meiglyptes and Mulleripicus, with three species each, and Hemicircus, with two species. The aim of the present study was to describe the cranial osteology of six species and three genera of Meiglyptini and to compare them to each other, as well as with other species of woodpeckers and other bird groups. The cranial osteology varied among the investigated species, but the most markedly distinct characteristics were: (1) a frontal overhang is only observed in the middle portion of the frontale of H. concretus; (2) the Proc. zygomaticus and suprameaticus are thick and long in species of the genus Mulleripicus, but short in other species; (3) the Pes pterygoidei is relatively larger in species of the genus Mulleripicus, while it is narrow, thin and relatively smaller in species of the genus Meiglyptes and indistinct in H. concretus; (4) the bony projection of the ectethmoidale is relatively short and thin in species of Mulleripicus and more developed in H. concretus. It appears that the greatest structural complexity of the cranial osteology is associated with the birds' diet, with the frugivorous H. concretus being markedly different from the insectivorous species.

Comparative analysis of the cranial osteology and evolutionary traits of micrastur gilvicollis, micrastur ruficollis and micrastur semitorquatus (aves: falconiformes)

The cranial osteology of Micrastur gilvicollis (Vieillot, 1817), Micrastur ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817) and Micrastur semitorquatus (Vieillot, 1817) is comparatively and meticulously described to characterize each of the species and to determine which traits the species have in common and which are distinct. These traits will be used a posteriori for phylogenetic analysis. Our results indicate that M. gilvicollis and M. ruficollis are closely related, as they share a large number of traits, including a lacrimal bone with a distal portion that is approximately half as long as the proximal portion and a parasphenoid rostrum that covers 50% of the distance between the occipital condyle and pterygoid. Similarly, M. gilvicollis and M. semitorquatus both have a partially fused craniofacial flexion zone. In both M. ruficollis and M. semitorquatus, the symphyseal region of the mandible is 1/5 the total length of the mandible. The diagnostic traits for each of these species are as follows: a) in M. gilvicollis, the interorbital distance is 1/3 the length of the parietal, and the zygomatic process stretches 1/5 of the distance from the orbital arch to the jugal arch; b) in M. ruficollis, the interorbital distance is 2/5 of the length of the parietal and the zygomatic process extends 1/4 of the distance from the orbital arch to the jugal arch; and c) in M. semitorquatus, the interorbital distance is 3/7 the length of the parietal and the distal portion of the lacrimal is 1/3 the length of the proximal portion. Among the three species, M. gilvicolis and M. ruficollis share the most traits, which leads us to infer that these species are more closely related to one another than they are to M. semitorquatus. Phylogenetic analysis performed a posteriori may confirm the relationship between these three species.

When decisions on homologous structures cause ambiguous taxa relationships: the Neomorphinae (Aves, Cuculidae) example

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Osteologia craniana de Platalea ajaja (Linnaeus) (Aves, Ciconiiformes), comparada com outras espécies de Threskiornithidae

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Osteologia craniana de Coraciiformes (Aves)

Dez famílias são tradicionalmente agrupadas na Ordem Coraciiformes, Alcedinidae (martins-pescadores), Momotidae (udus e juruvas), Todidae ( todies ), Meropidae (abelharucos), Coraciidae (rolieiros), Brachypteraciidae ( ground-rollers ), Leptosomidae ( cuckoo-rollers ), Phoeniculidae ( woodhoopoes ), Upupidae (poupas-comuns) e Bucerotidae (calaus), mas não há caracteres na morfologia externa que sejam comuns a todos os membros da ordem. Assim, este trabalho apresenta uma comparação da osteologia craniana das espécies de Coraciiformes com a finalidade de encontrar caracteres osteológicos que possam diagnosticar a ordem ou grupos de táxons de Coraciiformes, servindo ainda como uma fonte de dados para futuras análises filogenéticas. Como constatado por dados da morfologia externa, os caracteres da osteologia craniana ratificaram a diversidade morfológica existente entre os táxons da Ordem Coraciiformes, sendo difícil diagnosticá-la ou encontrar caracteres comuns a todos os seus membros. Apenas dois caracteres são comuns à ordem, tais como a presença da fossa lateroesfenóide e a ausência do processo suprameático, embora tais caracteres também sejam encontrados em outros grupos de aves. Homologias primárias foram encontradas, indicando similaridades entre diversas famílias, tais como: a zona flexória craniofacial é oclusa nos indiviíduos adultos de Coraciidae, Leptosomidae, Phoeniculidae, Upupidae e Bucerotidae; a fossa temporal tem desenvolvimento e profundidade intermediários em Momotidae, Meropidae, Coraciidae, Brachypteraciidae e Bucerotidae; o lacrimal está ausente em Momotidae, fundido com o ectetmóide nos adultos de Upupidae, Phoeniculidae e Bucerotidae, e presente e distinto em Alcedinidae, Todidae, Meropidae, Coraciidae, Brachypteraciidae e Leptosomidae; e o processo retroarticular da mandíbula é desenvolvido em Upupidae, Phoeniculidae e Bucerotidae.

Osteologia craniana de Micrastur semitorquatus Vieillot, 1817 (Falconiformes: Falconidae)

Micrastur semitorquatus, popularly known as Collared Forest-Falcon is an inhabitant of the rainforests of the Neotropical Region. Studies on the cranial osteology are scarce in the literature. To increase the knowledge about the anatomy of this species its cranial osteology was described and compared with other species of birds of prey. Three specimens of M. semitorquatus were examined at the Bird Division of the osteological collection at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (USNM), Washington, DC (USNM: 245788, USNM 013493 and USNM 289773). Although the relationship between the form of a structure and its function is not fully established, many of the adaptations of the skull of M. semitorquatus may be related to this lifestyle and behavior, such as narrowing of the interorbital width, the robustness of pila supranasalis coupled with the prokinesis of the skull, a process developed post-orbital, and palatine expansion. In addition, the cranial osteology of M. semitorquatus can provide useful characters for cladistic analysis, sustaining the hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships with other species of the same genus or the same family.

Relações filogenéticas entre as espécies de Rhinocerophis Garman, 1881 (Serpentes; Viperidae; Crotalinae)

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia) - IBRC

Caracterização morfológica de Liophis reginae semilineatus (Wagler, 1824) e Liophis reginae macrosomus (Amaral, 1935), e o status taxonômico de Liophis oligolepis Boulenger, 1905

Foi analisado um total de 249 espécimes das subespécies de Liophis reginae que ocorrem no Brasil (Liophis reginae macrosomus e Liophis reginae semilineatus), com o objetivo de caracterizar morfologicamente os dois táxons e verificar a validade de Liophis oligolepis, táxon considerado sinônimo de Liophis reginae semilineatus. Foram considerados 22 dados merísticos e 18 morfométricos. Os complexos osteológicos e cefálicos, assim como os hemipênis foram analisados comparativamente entre os táxons. Foram identificadas, utilizando MANOVA, diferenças sexuais significativas em variáveis mensuradas da cabeça e do corpo. Uma análise da função discriminante (AFD) foi utilizada em sexos separados para maximizar a separação, num espaço rnultivariado, dos três táxons definidos a priori: Liophis regime semilineatus, Liophis reginae macrosomus e Liophis oligolepis. Os escores dos espécimes machos separaram claramente Liophis reginae semilineatus de Liophis oligolepis no eixo da primeira função discriminante e Liophis reginae semilineatus de Liophis reginae macrosomus na segunda função. Em fêmeas, a primeira função discriminante separou Liophis oligolepis de Liophis reginae semilineatus e Liophis reginae macrosomus. Na AFD de Liophis oligolepis e Liophis reginae semilineatus, considerando os dois sexos juntos, houve uma diferenciação entre os dois táxons na primeira função discriminante. A mesma análise foi feita para Liophis reginae semilineatus e Liophis reginae rnacrosomus, sendo observado uma separação destes táxons na primeira função discriminante. Verificou-se alguns exemplares de Liophis reginae semilineatus e Liophis reginae macrosomus além das áreas de distribuição registradas para essas subespécies. Para verificar se estes e os outros exemplares, ocorrentes nas áreas de distribuição citadas em bibliografia, formavam o mesmo grupo, foi feita uma análise da função discriminante. Os resultados indicam que as novas ocorrências pertencem ao mesmo grupo de espécimes previamente estabelecidos. A morfologia hemipeniana não diferiu entre Liophis reginae semilineatus, Liophis oligolepis e Liophis reginae macrosomus. Os três táxons apresentam crânios semelhantes no aspecto geral, porém existem diferenças, no osso parietal de Liophis reginae semilineatus e Liophis oligolepis. O status taxonômico de Liophis oligolepis foi definido na categoria específica com base nos caracteres meristicos, morfométricos e morfológicos. As subespécies Liophis reginae semilineatus e Liophis reginae macrosomus deverão ser reavaliadas no futuro, para a verificação de seus status. Com a análise de mais exemplares e a inclusão de Liophis reginae regime e Liophis reginae zweiftli nas análises.

Variação morfológica e molecular de Typhlops reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Serpentes: Typhlopidae)

As serpentes atuais são tradicionalmente divididas em dois grupos: Alethinophidia, taxonômica e ecologicamente mais diverso e Scolecophidia, grupo de serpentes fossoriais popularmente conhecidas como cobras-cegas, sendo Typhlopidae a família que possui maior número de espécies. Em função do hábito fossorial, os Typhlopidae são pouco representados em coleções cientificas e a escassez de amostras de tecido tem sido um fator limitante para realização de estudos moleculares dessa família. Por isso aspectos da biologia evolutiva como modos de especiação, padrão de diversificação e estruturação geográfica que devido o hábito fossorial e a pouca diferenciação morfológica intra e interespecífica são ainda pouco entendidos. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a variação morfológica e molecular de Typhlops reticulatus. Para isso foram analisados 314 exemplares de Typhlops, sendo 192 de T. reticulatus. Para análise morfológica foram utilizados caracteres morfométricos, morfológicos (folidose, hemipênis e osteologia craniana). Nas análises moleculares foram sequenciados 21 amostras de T. reticulatus dos genes mitocondriais Coi e Cyt b de diferentes localidades. As árvores filogenéticas foram feitas usando os métodos de Máxima Parcimônia e Máxima Verossimilhança e as relações entre os grupos foram inferidos através de rede de haplótipos. Através da combinação de caracteres moleculares e morfológicos foi possível observar a presença de duas linhagens evolutivas distintas de T. reticulatus: uma ao norte do Rio Amazonas e outra ao sul, esta última descrita como nova espécie nesse trabalho. Durante a análise dos exemplares de Typhlops para esse trabalho foi possível identificar duas novas espécies: Typhlops sp nov. 1 presente no Estado do Maranhão e Typhlops sp nov. 2 proveniente de Manaus, Amazonas. Os resultados desse estudo corroboram a afirmação que espécies com ampla distribuição geográfica podem apresentar diversidade críptica considerável e uma história evolutiva mais complexa do que se imagina.

Osteologia craniana e aspectos evolutivos de Mycteria (Aves: Ciconiidae)

The genus Mycteria (Ciconiidae) is composed of species with controversial phylogenetic hypotheses of relationships. This study sought to describe the cranial osteology of the four species included in the genus Mycteria, comparing with representative species from other genera of the family. The monophyly of Mycteria coud be hypothesized based on the following cranial characters: 1) medial process of the mandible medially oriented and 2) pseudo temporal tubercle developed when compared to other species Ciconiidae. Mycteria ibis and M. leucocephala are sister groups supported by: 1) deep temporal fossa, 2) reduced “T” tubercle and 3) expansion of the caudal fossa coanalis relative to other species of Ciconiidae. Among the species studied, the most basal was M. cinerea and the taxon formed by M. ibis and M. leucocephala is sister group of M. americana, sustained by the presence of total fusion of lacrimal and frontal bones, whereas in remaining species of Ciconiidae the suture between these bones is visible.

Osteologia craniana comparada de Caracara cheriway (Jacquin, 1784) e Caracara plancus (Miller, 1777) (AVES: FALCONIDAE)

The Caracara genus (Aves: Falconidae) is composed by species C. cheriway, ("Crested Caracara"), and C. plancus (Southern Caracara). This study aimed to describe in detail and compared the cranial osteology of C. cheriway and C. plancus, identifying osteological cranial characters for a future systematic work. The two common characters of Caracara species are: the projection of rostro parasphenoid reaches 50% of the distance from the occipital condyle to the pterygoid; the upper maxilla has about 4/9 of the total length of theskull, the symphysial portion of mandible occupies about 1/7 of its total length, the proximal portion of lacrimal bone ends in a rounded shape and has about 1/4 of the width of the distal portion. The unique characters of C. cheriway are: the interorbital width is about 1/2 of the parietal region, shows a frontal bone prominence; presence of lacrimal process of frontal bone; the proximal portion of the lacrimal bone reaches 1/5 of the distance from the orbital arc to the jugal bone; the distance between the distal portions of two lacrimal bones reach 5/6 of the parietal width, the ratio between the interorbital diameter and parietal region ranges from 2 times; the zygomatic process occupies about 40% of the distance between its origin in the skull and jugal bone. The unique characters of C. plancus are: the interorbital width is approximately 4/7 of the parietal width; show a rostral medial concavity; the proximal portion of the lacrimal bone is about 1/4 of the width of the distal; the proximal portion of the lacrimal bone reaches 1/7 of the distance from the orbital arc to the jugal bone; the distance between the distal portions of two lacrimal bones reaches 6/7 of the width parietal one; the ratio between the interorbital diameter and parietal region varies 1, 75 times, the zygomatic process occupies about 35% of the distance between its origin in the skull and jugal bone.