On estimating the basic reproduction number in distinct stages of a contagious disease spreading

In epidemiology, the basic reproduction number R-0 is usually defined as the average number of new infections caused by a single infective individual introduced into a completely susceptible population. According to this definition. R-0 is related to the initial stage of the spreading of a contagious disease. However, from epidemiological models based on ordinary differential equations (ODE), R-0 is commonly derived from a linear stability analysis and interpreted as a bifurcation parameter: typically, when R-0 >1, the contagious disease tends to persist in the population because the endemic stationary solution is asymptotically stable: when R-0 <1, the corresponding pathogen tends to naturally disappear because the disease-free stationary solution is asymptotically stable. Here we intend to answer the following question: Do these two different approaches for calculating R-0 give the same numerical values? In other words, is the number of secondary infections caused by a unique sick individual equal to the threshold obtained from stability analysis of steady states of ODE? For finding the answer, we use a susceptibleinfective-recovered (SIR) model described in terms of ODE and also in terms of a probabilistic cellular automaton (PCA), where each individual (corresponding to a cell of the PCA lattice) is connected to others by a random network favoring local contacts. The values of R-0 obtained from both approaches are compared, showing good agreement. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Contagious Disease Hospital

Built 1914; removed 1956. Tennis courts removed 1955. Located where east wing of Medical Science I is now. On verso: Hospital, University. Contagious Disease Hospital, August, 1950

The management of venereal disease in New South Wales, 1871 to 1916

Practical techniques to manage the dangers associated with sexually transmitted diseases have varied considerably both cross culturally and historically. Adopting a Foucauldian perspective, this article examines sociohistorical aspects of the governance of venereal disease in New South Wales between 1871 and 1916. Public debates and official documents are analysed to identify strategic shifts in practices associated with venereal disease management , especially in relation to prostitution. Particular attention is paid to the development of contagious disease legislation and its role in the regulation of venereal disease . It is argued that during the period in question, two distinct governmental regimes of disease control can be identified. In the first, medical policing managed venereal disease through the mobilisation of repressive controls, requiring the isolation and detention of polluting bodies. In the second, liberal governance adopted pedagogic practices to train populations perceived as either healthy or unhealthy. It is further argued that as liberal strategies of governance came to dominate the management of venereal disease , the association of prostitution with venereal disease began to weaken. Instead, authorities became increasingly concerned with populations whose behaviour was not traditionally linked with venereal disease , such as the young and the sexually inexperienced.

First outbreak of sleeping disease in Switzerland: disease signs and virus characterization.

Sleeping disease is a contagious disease mainly of freshwater farmed rainbow trout, caused by salmonid alphavirus (SAV) Subtype 2. Here we describe the first case in Switzerland. Pathological changes ranged from acute pancreas necrosis to more chronic lesions with complete loss of exocrine pancreas and simultaneous degenerative, inflammatory and regenerative heart and muscle lesions. The partial sequencing of SAV E2 and nsp3 genes placed the Swiss SAV variant within the Subtype 2 clustering together with freshwater isolates from UK and continental Europe. Although mortality stayed low, growth rates were significantly reduced, making the disease economically relevant.

Evidence for Emergency Vaccination Having Played a Crucial Role to Control the 1965/66 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreak in Switzerland.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease that caused several large outbreaks in Europe in the last century. The last important outbreak in Switzerland took place in 1965/66 and affected more than 900 premises and more than 50,000 animals were slaughtered. Large-scale emergency vaccination of the cattle and pig population has been applied to control the epidemic. In recent years, many studies have used infectious disease models to assess the impact of different disease control measures, including models developed for diseases exotic for the specific region of interest. Often, the absence of real outbreak data makes a validation of such models impossible. This study aimed to evaluate whether a spatial, stochastic simulation model (the Davis Animal Disease Simulation model) can predict the course of a Swiss FMD epidemic based on the available historic input data on population structure, contact rates, epidemiology of the virus, and quality of the vaccine. In addition, the potential outcome of the 1965/66 FMD epidemic without application of vaccination was investigated. Comparing the model outcomes to reality, only the largest 10% of the simulated outbreaks approximated the number of animals being culled. However, the simulation model highly overestimated the number of culled premises. While the outbreak duration could not be well reproduced by the model compared to the 1965/66 epidemic, it was able to accurately estimate the size of the area infected. Without application of vaccination, the model predicted a much higher mean number of culled animals than with vaccination, demonstrating that vaccination was likely crucial in disease control for the Swiss FMD outbreak in 1965/66. The study demonstrated the feasibility to analyze historical outbreak data with modern analytical tools. However, it also confirmed that predicted epidemics from a most carefully parameterized model cannot integrate all eventualities of a real epidemic. Therefore, decision makers need to be aware that infectious disease models are useful tools to support the decision-making process but their results are not equal valuable as real observations and should always be interpreted with caution.

Immune responses to hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein of peste des petits ruminants virus expressed in transgenic peanut plants in sheep

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, highly contagious disease of small ruminants caused by a morbillivirus, Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). The disease is prevalent in equatorial Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent. A live attenuated vaccine is in use in some of the countries and has been shown to provide protection for at least three years against PPR. However, the live attenuated vaccine is not robust in terms of thermotolerance. As a step towards development of a heat stable subunit vaccine, we have expressed a hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein of PPRV in peanut plants (Arachis hypogea) in a biologically active form, possessing neuraminidase activity. Importantly. HN protein expressed in peanut plants retained its immunodominant epitopes in their natural conformation. The immunogenicity of the plant derived HN protein was analyzed in sheep upon oral immunization. Virus neutralizing antibody responses were elicited upon oral immunization of sheep in the absence of any mucosal adjuvant. In addition, anti-PPRV-HN specific cell-mediated immune responses were also detected in mucosally immunized sheep. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A organização do trabalho na Unidade de Doenças Infecto-contagiosas e a ocorrência de Burnout nos trabalhadores de Enfermagem

Na organização do trabalho hospitalar há vários determinantes que acarretam no desgaste psicofísico do trabalhador de enfermagem, mesmo com o discurso de que gostam da profissão e se sentem realizados em cuidar de pessoas enfermas, especialmente, no cuidado de clientes adoecidos com o HIV/Aids. A Psicodinâmica do Trabalho é uma ciência que possibilita analisar a configuração da organização laboral, a qual comprovadamente incide na dimensão subjetiva do trabalhador, identificando o sofrimento psíquico, o que potencializa o desenvolvimento de doenças mentais, entre elas a Síndrome de Burnout. Nesta perspectiva, o objeto deste estudo trata da organização do trabalho na Unidade de Doença Infecto-Contagiosa, espaço de cuidado de clientes com HIV/Aids e a ocorrência de Burnout entre os trabalhadores de enfermagem que atuam neste espaço laboral. A fim de apreender o objeto traçaram-se três objetivos: a) identificar a percepção dos trabalhadores acerca das características do trabalho de enfermagem no contexto da Unidade de Doença Infecto-Contagiosa, local de assistência ao cliente portador do HIV/Aids; b) descrever as repercussões no processo saúde-doença dos trabalhadores de enfermagem decorrente da assistência ao cliente com HIV/AIDS; e c) analisar as repercussões do processo saúde-doença dos trabalhadores de enfermagem com vistas à identificação de situações do aparecimento da Síndrome de Burnout. Para a realização desta pesquisa, optou-se pela abordagem qualitativa, de caráter descritivo e exploratório. Os dados foram obtidos nos meses de maio a agosto de 2010, utilizando as seguintes fontes de coleta de informações: a entrevista semi-estruturada e o formulário Maslach Burnout Inventory. Optou-se por analisar as informações através do Método de Análise Temática de Conteúdo. Os resultados indicaram que o perfil do profissional de enfermagem era composto por trabalhadores do sexo feminino, que estavam na faixa etária entre 44 e 54 anos de idade, na grande maioria técnicos de enfermagem com tempo médio de 2 a 10 anos de trabalho com clientes HIV/Aids. Verificou-se também que havia discrepâncias marcantes entre o trabalho prescrito e o real, o que acarretava sofrimento para o profissional de enfermagem. Constatou-se também que o sofrimento psíquico resultava da vivência cotidiana do processo de morte/morrer do cliente com HIV/Aids, pelo profissional de enfermagem. Além disso, este sofrimento era determinado também pela precarização das relações e das condições de trabalho. Concluiu-se que havia vários trabalhadores com fortes indícios de ocorrência de Burnout, tanto porque a organização do trabalho se configurava como incoerente e pouco racional como pelas características do processo de cuidar do cliente com HIV/Aids. Recomendam-se medidas que promovam a saúde dos trabalhadores de enfermagem e previnam os agravos em seus processos saúde-doença, tais como: a diminuição da carga emocional de trabalho, grupos de reflexão, ginástica laboral, entre outras. É preciso haver conscientização dos gestores, vontade política e estímulo da organização laboral para que os trabalhadores participem.

Estudo da presença de Mycobacterium avium subespécie paratuberculosis numa exploração leiteira no Litoral Centro de Portugal Continental

A Paratuberculose, conhecida também como Doença de Johne, é uma afeção infecciosa que provoca uma enterite granulomatosa crónica causada pelo agente Mycobacterium avium subespécie paratuberculosis (Map). É uma doença de carácter contagioso, de distribuição mundial, atingindo os mamíferos, particularmente os pequenos e grandes ruminantes, equinos, suínos, búfalos, coelhos, etc. Tem um grande impacto económico, nomeadamente na redução da produção leiteira, na redução dos teores de proteína no leite, na susceptibilidade a outras doenças, no refugo de animais e no aumento dos custos na sanidade. Pensa-se que também terá impacto a nível de Saúde Pública uma vez que o Map pode estar associado á doença de Crohn em humanos em que o leite cru, leite em pó ou leite pasteurizado podem ser os veículos de transmissão, porém não existem estudos suficientes para sustentar este acontecimento. A técnica de diagnóstico “Gold Standard” é a cultura microbiológica de fezes, no entanto é um procedimento muito demorado podendo levar até 4 meses para se observarem as colónias bacterianas, uma vez que o seu crescimento é muito lento. Deste modo, existem outros testes, tais como o PCR e ELISA, com elevada especificidade para o agente que fornecem resultados mais rápidos e que permitem minimizar os falsos-positivos, apesar da sua reduzida sensibilidade (por volta dos 50%). Este estudo é baseado na observação das instalações da exploração e consequente comparação com parâmetros analisados e documentados em literatura. Para além disso, são utilizadas informações fornecidas pelo Software da exploração com o intuito de estudar a incidência da Paratuberculose, ao longo dos anos, de modo a comprovar se as medidas de maneio e de higiene adotadas pela exploração afetada contribuem ou não de alguma maneira para o controlo/erradicaçãoda doença de Johne.

Da negatividade a positividade: possível trânsito de saberes, práticas e representações sociais sobre o estigma da hanseníase

Leprosy is a chronic infectious-contagious disease, caused by Mycobacterium leprae, manifested by dermatological and neurological signs and symptoms and has great disabling power. It was marked by a strong stigma throughout its history, since its bearers represented a threat, target of fear and social contempt. Currently, leprosy has treatment and cure, and the need to separate the diseased from family and social environment is no more necessary. However, patients still suffer prejudice and discrimination. This study aimed to understand the social representations of leprosy that interfere modifying mental health of the patient with leprosy in relation to stigma and prejudice. This is a descriptive and exploratory study, with qualitative approach, which involved 22 users of the Special Care Clinic in Infectious Diseases at the Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, located in Natal / RN. They were in use of multidrug therapy in the period of data collection, were of both sexes, aged between 16 and 80 years of age and classified as paucibacillary or multibacillary. The study was approved by the UFRN Ethics in Research Committee. Data collection was performed by filling the questionnaire identification and then for conducting the semi-structured interview, which was recorded. After the end of data collection, there was the construction of tables and graphs, using the Microsoft Excel Start 2010 for proper characterization of the research subjects; and for the treatment of the data obtained from the interviews, was used the Content Analysis and based on the Theory of Social Representations. The subjects studied were mostly male (64%), married or in a stable relationship (68%), concentrated in the age group 50-60 years (36%) and 28-38 years (23%), had at most elementary education (65%) and were low-income (59%). Of the total respondents, 64% were classified as multibacillary, with predominantly dimorfous form, and 50% had disability grade I or II, with different periods of diagnosis. The reports originate two categories: 1. The negative meanings of illness and leprosy; and 2. The positive meanings of illness in leprosy, which were subsequently subdivided into subcategories. Thus, it was found that in the group studied, the social representation of leprosy experiences a moment of transition, as regards the understanding of the disease and its way of experiencing the disease process. Such representation is anchored in the quality of information on the disease of its bearers and aimed at an attempt to face the illness of leprosy as a "normal process". It was found in this study that the transition is due to the work of combating stigma and consequences of leprosy, which is able to gradually transform reality, both regarding the team work of reference, and in relation to a broader character, of actions of health education, which favors overcoming of psychosocial disabilities

Taking care as a relationship: a phenomenological view

The purpose of this study was to understand and analyse the meanings given to caring of patients on the isolation ward by nursing students, focusing particularly on the aspects of communication and interpersonal relationships. The data were collected from individual interviews with 18 nursing students who were performing nursing practice on the isolation ward. The results, analysed and interpreted according to existential phenomenology, describe the structure of the phenomenon 'taking care on the isolation ward' from a relational perspective. The students described their difficulties and anxieties, as well as their willingness to take care of isolated patients, resulting in the overcoming of obstacles and in contacting and becoming involved when taking care of these patients.

Perfil sérico de estresse oxidativo, antioxidantes e micronutrientes em pacientes com hanseníase

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Intervenção educativa de prevenção primária ao tabagismo em escola pública

Pós-graduação em Educação - FFC

Análise comparativa de métodos de diagnóstico para linfadenite caseosa em ovinos sintomáticos e assintomáticos

Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - FMVA

Soroepidemiologia da sífilis em gestantes e seus recém-nascidos

A sífilis é uma doença infecto-contagiosa sistêmica causada pelo Treponema pallidum, parasita exclusivo do homem, cuja transmissão se faz essencialmente pelo contato sexual. A incidência desífilis congênita tem atingido proporções de verdadeira epidemia, apesar do conhecimento de medidas que poderiam controlar esta doença. A investigação caracterizou gestantes com sífilis internadas na FSCMPA no período de janeiro de 2001 até junho de 2003, quanto às características sócio-demográficas, comportamento para promoção da saúde sexual e reprodutiva, dados sorológicos e clínicos relacionados à sífilis no binômio mãe/recém-nascido. O estudo é de natureza analítico-descritivo, de corte transversal, com 245 gestantes, a partir da revisão de prontuários destes pacientes, com sorologia positiva para sífilis e do recém-nascido, testados pelo método de VDRL. A incidência de sífilis em gestantes foi de 1,73% do total de pacientes internadas nos últimos 2 anos e meio. O perfil epidemiológico demonstrou que os principais fatores de risco para aquisição da sífilis na gestação foram: ausência de acompanhamento pré-natal e de tratamento, inclusive do parceiro sexual. De acordo com a soropositividade materna no pós-natal, verificou-se que a possibilidade de um recém-nascido ter sífilis, se VDRL positivo, foi de 98,68%. A icterícia e o baixo peso foram os sinais clinícos de maior ocorrência, a prematuridade também foi sinal clínico observado. Estas análises revelam a necessidade de campanhas educativas mais abrangentes, sobre os fatores de risco para aquisição desta enfermidade e um melhor atendimento às gestantes no pré-natal, com acompanhamento e diagnóstico controle das gestantes.