Para além das fronteiras da química: relações entre filosofia, psicologia e ensino de química

The concepts of molecule and of molecular structure are so central to understand chemical phenomena that seems to be no doubt about the uniqueness of its meanings. Nevertheless, the idea that the world exhibits a multiform structure and that to different spheres of the world correspond different ways of knowing (Berger & Luckmann, 1967) has received support from different areas of scientific inquiry. Bachelard (1940, 1982) showed that a single philosophical doctrine is not enough to describe all the different ways of thinking when we try to explain a single concept. Wooley's question about the possibility of deducing the concept of molecular structure from quantum theory (Wooley, 1978) strengthened the feasibility of thinking the concept of molecule as a profile that encompasses different meanings. Moreover, research on students' learning of scientific concepts have brought to light that students use several ideas to explain scientific and everyday phenomena which are different from those learned in formal schooling. These ideas are not extinguished or replaced by scientific concepts, despite the efforts to do so in science classes. The common sense and scientific ways of understanding and talking about reality seems to be complementary in the same sense of the Bohr's complementarity (Halliday & Martin, 1993). So, we have to include in our profile of the concept of molecule not only scientific but also common sense zones. Drawing from Bachelard's notion of epistemological profile, from the history of science and from the research on children's ideas in science, we have developed the idea of a conceptual profile and used it to analyse basic scientific concepts, such as the concepts of matter and physical states of matter (Mortimer, 1995) and to investigate new ways to teach them. In the present paper, we will discuss the zones that might constitute a conceptual profile of molecule. The need of complementary views to account for the molecular structure in different contexts bring important issues for understanding and teaching chemistry, which will be discussed further in the article.

O trabalho experimental no ensino de Química

This article deals with conceptions of the experimental work in the Chemistry teaching, developed among teachers and students. The research was carried out using qualitative methodology, based on Gaston Bachelard's thoughts. The results showed dispersion of conceptions among both students and teachers. This dispersion, interpreted as a profile of conceptions, was discussed based on the notions of Bachelard's epistemological profile and Mortimer's conceptual profile. This work points out the need to rethinking and finding new directions for experimental activities in the training courses for Chemistry teachers, in order to meet Chemistry educators' social goals.

Concepções cotidianas e científicas sobre competição na educação de jovens e adultos

Objetiva compreender o papel das interações em sala de aula para a construção do conceito de competição. Propõe caracterizar e comparar as concepções de competição, de cada aluno da turma, antes, durante e após as aulas sobre Interações Ecológicas. Analisar a construção desse conceito nas interações alunoaluno e professor-aluno, para alguns dos alunos. Comparar as concepções dos alunos em diferentes momentos e avaliar as contribuições das interações para a elaboração conceitual de quatro alunos, que participaram de um dos grupos, considerando tanto as contribuições de suas interações com os demais colegas quanto comigo, durante uma seqüência didática. A análise das respostas fornecidas pelos estudantes no pré-teste 01, permitiu a elaboração de um segundo instrumento de coleta de dados, o pré-teste 02. As respostas dos estudantes ao pré-teste 02 foram organizadas em categorias, as quais foram comparadas posteriormente, com aquelas provenientes do pós-teste 02. Este estudo foi realizado nas aulas de Ciências de uma turma de 3 Etapa (EJA) de uma Escola Estadual de Ensino Fundamental, com (16) dezesseis alunos que participaram de todas as etapas da pesquisa, dos quais nove são do sexo feminino e sete do sexo masculino. As aulas foram gravadas em fita de vídeo-cassete e em fita cassete comum e após a transcrição das mesmas realizou-se a análise, tendo como critério de seleção dos episódios a forma como quatro alunos que participaram do grupo recombinado 1 em momentos distintos (individual inicial, grupo espontâneo, grupo recombinado e individual final) construíram, individualmente e na interação com o professor, uma resposta escrita consensual para a questão: Comparando todos os episódios do vídeo assistido, você acha que existe alguma semelhança entre essas relações? Por que? Os resultados evidenciaram que dos dezesseis (16) estudantes que participaram de todas as etapas do processo, nove demonstraram melhoria do perfil conceitual e sete alunos apresentaram respostas finais que foram classificadas na mesma categoria de suas respostas iniciais, dentre estes, três tiveram suas respostas classificadas na categoria mais avançada (D), dois nas categorias intermediárias (um em B e outro em C) e dois na categoria mais afastada (A) do conceito científico de competição. Os quatro estudantes selecionados para análise chegaram, ao final, a uma generalização para questão proposta, partindo de explicações fundamentadas, algumas vezes, em generalizações ou explicações que incorporavam termos teóricos, com ou sem domínio conceitual, demonstrando que eles não se apropriaram da mesma forma dos elementos apresentados nas respostas dos grupos que eles haviam participado.

A construção de conceitos relacionados com os movimentos Terra-Lua-Sol por alunos da E.J.A. à luz da teoria histórico-cultural

A construção de conceitos científicos no âmbito escolar ainda precisa ser melhor compreendida. No caso de conceitos relacionados à astronomia, as pesquisas ainda são escassas no Brasil, principalmente quando se trata da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA). O presente estudo objetivou compreender, à luz da Teoria Histórico-Cultural, as formas através das quais estudantes da EJA constroem conceitos relacionados com os movimentos do sistema Terra-Lua-Sol, em suas interações com o professor e os colegas em sala de aula. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma turma do ensino médio da EJA da Escola de Aplicação da Universidade Federal do Pará. A turma era formada por 19 estudantes, com idades variando entre 16 e 37 anos. A coleta de informações foi feita durante um semestre letivo, inicialmente através de questionários. Eles continham perguntas abertas sobre a temática, a fim de investigar as concepções prévias dos estudantes. Posteriormente, as aulas em que o assunto foi ensinado foram gravadas em áudio e vídeo. Nestas aulas os alunos elaboraram individualmente e coletivamente explicações para a sucessão dia-noite na terra. Os grupos foram formados espontaneamente pelos alunos e, em seguida, foram recombinados pelo professor. Os registros foram transcritos e analisados microgeneticamente. As respostas dos estudantes ao questionamento inicial que tratava sobre a sucessão do dia e da noite na Terra foram categorizadas em quatro níveis A, B, C e D desde o mais afastado até o mais próximo do conceito escolar cientificamente aceito. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que 13 estudantes melhoram o perfil conceitual, pois migraram dos níveis A, B ou C para o nível D da categoria de respostas, ou seja, estes estudantes entendiam que a sucessão dianoite era decorrente do movimento de rotação da terra. Os outros seis estudantes, que já se encontravam no nível D, permaneceram nesse nível, porém melhoraram suas explicações em relação as suas respostas iniciais. Foram selecionados três estudantes para a análise microgenética dos percursos da construção de seus conhecimentos. Eles tinham suas respostas escritas iniciais classificadas nos níveis A ou B e durante suas interações com o professor e com os colegas incorporaram elementos do discurso científico, conseguindo elaborar explicações teóricas para o fenômeno observado. Os resultados ilustram diferentes mecanismos de ajuste da ajuda educacional oferecida pelo professor e pelos colegas, que salientam a importância de uma abordagem dialógica e do trabalho com diferentes formatos de grupos em sala de aula.

Geomorphic dam-break flows. Part I: conceptual model

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management 163 Issue WM6

La "bientraitance", exploration du concept et essai d'utilisation en santé publique: une expérience à Fribourg (Suisse). ["Bientraitance": conceptual exploration and an example of its application in public health: an experience from Fribourg, Switzerland]

Since the year 2000, the concept of "bientraitance" (for which no equivalent term has yet emerged in either the English or German language) has gained widespread credence among educators, sociologists and health professionals in France and Belgium. This concept emphasizes a constructive approach to care and education rather than merely one of prevention of disasters. Applied in public health, and in particular to mental health promotion, the use of the concept of "bientraitance" can help promote both effectiveness and meaning in the design and planning of community interventions. The article presents an example of an intervention for children and adolescents in Fribourg, Switzerland. The underpinning hypothesis is that the children and youth groups (such as sports clubs, artistic and cultural associations, scouts and guides) represent largely untapped, or under-tapped, informal health resources with a favourable cost-effectiveness profile. "Bientraitance" criteria are used in selecting certain associations offering structured extracurricular group educational activities and collective out-of-school (or after school) programmes. Support is provided to the organisations selected for recruiting new members, in particular those with potentially lower levels of access, for example disabled children or new migrants. The results will be evaluated for the impact of participation in various out-of-school activities on health and health determinants from a prospective and comparative perspective. This paper shows how the concept of "bientraitance" can be useful in the development of a public health intervention.

Spontaneous Focusing on Quantitative Relations and the Development of Rational Number Conceptual Knowledge

The aim of the present set of studies was to explore primary school children’s Spontaneous Focusing On quantitative Relations (SFOR) and its role in the development of rational number conceptual knowledge. The specific goals were to determine if it was possible to identify a spontaneous quantitative focusing tendency that indexes children’s tendency to recognize and utilize quantitative relations in non-explicitly mathematical situations and to determine if this tendency has an impact on the development of rational number conceptual knowledge in late primary school. To this end, we report on six original empirical studies that measure SFOR in children ages five to thirteen years and the development of rational number conceptual knowledge in ten- to thirteen-year-olds. SFOR measures were developed to determine if there are substantial differences in SFOR that are not explained by the ability to use quantitative relations. A measure of children’s conceptual knowledge of the magnitude representations of rational numbers and the density of rational numbers is utilized to capture the process of conceptual change with rational numbers in late primary school students. Finally, SFOR tendency was examined in relation to the development of rational number conceptual knowledge in these students. Study I concerned the first attempts to measure individual differences in children’s spontaneous recognition and use of quantitative relations in 86 Finnish children from the ages of five to seven years. Results revealed that there were substantial inter-individual differences in the spontaneous recognition and use of quantitative relations in these tasks. This was particularly true for the oldest group of participants, who were in grade one (roughly seven years old). However, the study did not control for ability to solve the tasks using quantitative relations, so it was not clear if these differences were due to ability or SFOR. Study II more deeply investigated the nature of the two tasks reported in Study I, through the use of a stimulated-recall procedure examining children’s verbalizations of how they interpreted the tasks. Results reveal that participants were able to verbalize reasoning about their quantitative relational responses, but not their responses based on exact number. Furthermore, participants’ non-mathematical responses revealed a variety of other aspects, beyond quantitative relations and exact number, which participants focused on in completing the tasks. These results suggest that exact number may be more easily perceived than quantitative relations. As well, these tasks were revealed to contain both mathematical and non-mathematical aspects which were interpreted by the participants as relevant. Study III investigated individual differences in SFOR 84 children, ages five to nine, from the US and is the first to report on the connection between SFOR and other mathematical abilities. The cross-sectional data revealed that there were individual differences in SFOR. Importantly, these differences were not entirely explained by the ability to solve the tasks using quantitative relations, suggesting that SFOR is partially independent from the ability to use quantitative relations. In other words, the lack of use of quantitative relations on the SFOR tasks was not solely due to participants being unable to solve the tasks using quantitative relations, but due to a lack of the spontaneous attention to the quantitative relations in the tasks. Furthermore, SFOR tendency was found to be related to arithmetic fluency among these participants. This is the first evidence to suggest that SFOR may be a partially distinct aspect of children’s existing mathematical competences. Study IV presented a follow-up study of the first graders who participated in Studies I and II, examining SFOR tendency as a predictor of their conceptual knowledge of fraction magnitudes in fourth grade. Results revealed that first graders’ SFOR tendency was a unique predictor of fraction conceptual knowledge in fourth grade, even after controlling for general mathematical skills. These results are the first to suggest that SFOR tendency may play a role in the development of rational number conceptual knowledge. Study V presents a longitudinal study of the development of 263 Finnish students’ rational number conceptual knowledge over a one year period. During this time participants completed a measure of conceptual knowledge of the magnitude representations and the density of rational numbers at three time points. First, a Latent Profile Analysis indicated that a four-class model, differentiating between those participants with high magnitude comparison and density knowledge, was the most appropriate. A Latent Transition Analysis reveal that few students display sustained conceptual change with density concepts, though conceptual change with magnitude representations is present in this group. Overall, this study indicated that there were severe deficiencies in conceptual knowledge of rational numbers, especially concepts of density. The longitudinal Study VI presented a synthesis of the previous studies in order to specifically detail the role of SFOR tendency in the development of rational number conceptual knowledge. Thus, the same participants from Study V completed a measure of SFOR, along with the rational number test, including a fourth time point. Results reveal that SFOR tendency was a predictor of rational number conceptual knowledge after two school years, even after taking into consideration prior rational number knowledge (through the use of residualized SFOR scores), arithmetic fluency, and non-verbal intelligence. Furthermore, those participants with higher-than-expected SFOR scores improved significantly more on magnitude representation and density concepts over the four time points. These results indicate that SFOR tendency is a strong predictor of rational number conceptual development in late primary school children. The results of the six studies reveal that within children’s existing mathematical competences there can be identified a spontaneous quantitative focusing tendency named spontaneous focusing on quantitative relations. Furthermore, this tendency is found to play a role in the development of rational number conceptual knowledge in primary school children. Results suggest that conceptual change with the magnitude representations and density of rational numbers is rare among this group of students. However, those children who are more likely to notice and use quantitative relations in situations that are not explicitly mathematical seem to have an advantage in the development of rational number conceptual knowledge. It may be that these students gain quantitative more and qualitatively better self-initiated deliberate practice with quantitative relations in everyday situations due to an increased SFOR tendency. This suggests that it may be important to promote this type of mathematical activity in teaching rational numbers. Furthermore, these results suggest that there may be a series of spontaneous quantitative focusing tendencies that have an impact on mathematical development throughout the learning trajectory.

Technical instruments and conceptual definitions: theoretical and practical implications of the change on the definition of unemployment in Colombia

En junio de 2000 el Departamento Nacional de Estadística de Colombia adopto una nueva definición de medición de desempleo siguiendo los estándares sugeridos por la organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT). El cambio de definición implico una reducción de la tasa de desempleo en cerca de dos puntos porcentuales. En este documento contrastamos la experiencia colombiana con otra experiencias internacionales, y analizamos las implicaciones empíricas y teóricas de este cambio de definición usando dos tipos de estimaciones cuantitativas: en la primera se contrasta las principales características de las diferentes categorías clasificadas según la definición nueva y vieja de desempleo (empleado, desempleado y fuera de la fuerza laboral) usando el algoritmo EM; en la segunda se pone a prueba la implicación del desempleo estructural y su relación con el perfil educacional de personas desempleadas y las características teóricas que enfrentan los estándares de la OIT en la definición de empleo.

A conceptual life event framework for government-to-citizen electronic service provision

In recent years, life event approach has been widely used by governments all over the world for designing and providing web services to citizens through their e-government portals. Despite the wide usage of this approach, there is still a challenge of how to use this approach to design e-government portals in order to automatically provide personalised services to citizens. We propose a conceptual framework for e-government service provision based on life event approach and the use of citizen profile to capture the citizen needs, since the process of finding Web services from a government-to-citizen (G2C) system involves understanding the citizens’ needs and demands, selecting the relevant services, and delivering services that matches the requirements. The proposed framework that incorporates the citizen profile is based on three components that complement each other, namely, anticipatory life events, non-anticipatory life events and recurring services.

DEVELOPMENT OF A CONCEPTUAL MODEL AND PARAMETERIZATION OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR SEDIMENT PHOSPHORUS DIAGENESIS, SORPTION AND RELEASE FROM ONONDAGA LAKE SYRACUSE, NEW YORK

Eutrophication is a persistent problem in many fresh water lakes. Delay in lake recovery following reductions in external loading of phosphorus, the limiting nutrient in fresh water ecosystems, is often observed. Models have been created to assist with lake remediation efforts, however, the application of management tools to sediment diagenesis is often neglected due to conceptual and mathematical complexity. SED2K (Chapra et al. 2012) is proposed as a "middle way", offering engineering rigor while being accessible to users. An objective of this research is to further support the development and application SED2K for sediment phosphorus diagenesis and release to the water column of Onondaga Lake. Application of SED2K has been made to eutrophic Lake Alice in Minnesota. The more homogenous sediment characteristics of Lake Alice, compared with the industrially polluted sediment layers of Onondaga Lake, allowed for an invariant rate coefficient to be applied to describe first order decay kinetics of phosphorus. When a similar approach was attempted on Onondaga Lake an invariant rate coefficient failed to simulate the sediment phosphorus profile. Therefore, labile P was accounted for by progressive preservation after burial and a rate coefficient which gradual decreased with depth was applied. In this study, profile sediment samples were chemically extracted into five operationally-defined fractions: CaCO3-P, Fe/Al-P, Biogenic-P, Ca Mineral-P and Residual-P. Chemical fractionation data, from this study, showed that preservation is not the only mechanism by which phosphorus may be maintained in a non-reactive state in the profile. Sorption has been shown to contribute substantially to P burial within the profile. A new kinetic approach involving partitioning of P into process based fractions is applied here. Results from this approach indicate that labile P (Ca Mineral and Organic P) is contributing to internal P loading to Onondaga Lake, through diagenesis and diffusion to the water column, while the sorbed P fraction (Fe/Al-P and CaCO3-P) is remaining consistent. Sediment profile concentrations of labile and total phosphorus at time of deposition were also modeled and compared with current labile and total phosphorus, to quantify the extent to which remaining phosphorus which will continue to contribute to internal P loading and influence the trophic status of Onondaga Lake. Results presented here also allowed for estimation of the depth of the active sediment layer and the attendant response time as well as the sediment burden of labile P and associated efflux.

Faculty bargaining, a conceptual discussion : final report /

"Project no. IB 082; grant no. OEG-2-710082."

Energy-efficient commercial buildings : the range of possible solutions and their conceptual differences /

"Work Performed Under Contract No. EG-77-C-01-4042."

A conceptual study of possible collecting systems for use in stratospheric sampling /

Because the use of filters to sample particulate matter suspended in the upper atmosphere has been investigated and has yielded rather disappointing results, an examination of other methods of upper atmospheric sampling is desirable, and this is the aim of the present report. The nature of any radioactive material, and its relation to the size and composition of the suspended particles is of particular interest.

A conceptual framework for evaluating traffic safety system measures.

National Highway Safety Bureau, Washington, D.C.

Systems studies of automated highway systems: appendix I - conceptual automated highway system designs. Final report.

Federal Highway Administration, Traffic Systems Division, Washington, D.C.