La comunicazione interculturale

The chapter is about Intercultural communication in Italy (seen from both a sociolinguistic and a pragmatic perspective), and it is structured into four different sections: “Key words/concept”, “Theoretical background”, “Good practice” and “Exercises”. Although based on the most recent research on Intercultural communication, it is addressed to both specialists/scholars and non specialists, as it is meant not only to outline new approaches and interpretations, but also to be regarded as a possible resource by civil servants and operators working with migrants. It is included in a book sponsored by the “Forum Internazionale ed Europeo di Ricerche sull’Immigrazione” (International and European Forum on Migration Research), which gathers contributions on policy, housing, education, health, employment and communication, and it has been widely adopted as a text book in Italian universities and by public institutions.

Iva e servizi di comunicazione nel modello comunitario e nell'esperienza italo-svedese

Il 17 maggio 1977 è entrata in vigore all'interno dell'Unione europea la Sesta Direttiva del Consiglio 77/388/CEE, comunemente nota come Sesta Direttiva, in “materia di armonizzazione delle legislazioni degli Stati Membri relative alle imposte sulla cifra di affari - Sistema comune di imposta sul valore aggiunto: base imponibile uniforme”. Agli Stati membri veniva richiesto di modificare i loro sistemi IVA in accordo con le nuove regole delineate dalla Direttiva. La Sesta Direttiva, scritta negli anni Settanta, non conteneva alcuna regolamentazione relativa ai servizi di comunicazione e telecomunicazione: nei primi anni Novanta, con l'emergere della Società dell'Informazione, divenne chiaro che questa mancanza cominciava a pesare negativamente sulla competitività degli operatori europei. Il 26 giugno 1999, al termine di un lungo processo, venne adottata la Direttiva del Consiglio 1999/59/CE, che emendava la Direttiva 77/388/CEE per quanto atteneva alla regolamentazione in materia di IVA applicabili ai servizi di telecomunicazione . Poi, il 15 maggio 2002 è entrata in vigore la Direttiva del Consiglio 2002/38/CE che ha introdotto sostanziali cambiamenti pro tempore alla Direttiva 77/388/CEE, ampliando gli emendamenti introdotti dalla precedente Direttiva 1999/59/EC, e stabilendo nuove regole in materia di servizi di radiodiffusione e di televisione e a determinati servizi prestati tramite mezzi elettronici. La recente rifusione della Sesta Direttiva, 2006/112/CE del 29 novembre 2006 sul sistema IVA, non ha modificato il quadro legislativo comunitario in materia di servizi di telecomunicazioni e servizi di radiodiffusione e di televisione e di servizi prestati per via elettronica: la Direttiva del Consiglio 2006/138/CE, adottata il 19 dicembre 2006 a emendamento della 2006/112/CE, ha confermato che la regolamentazione IVA applicabile ai servizi di comunicazione radio-televisivi e a certi servizi forniti per via elettronica resteranno soggetti a questo regime fino al 31 dicembre 2008.

Middleware per la gestione di interfacce di comunicazione e di sorgenti di contesto in ambienti wireless eterogenei

The full exploitation of multi-hop multi-path connectivity opportunities offered by heterogeneous wireless interfaces could enable innovative Always Best Served (ABS) deployment scenarios where mobile clients dynamically self-organize to offer/exploit Internet connectivity at best. Only novel middleware solutions based on heterogeneous context information can seamlessly enable this scenario: middleware solutions should i) provide a translucent access to low-level components, to achieve both fully aware and simplified pre-configured interactions, ii) permit to fully exploit communication interface capabilities, i.e., not only getting but also providing connectivity in a peer-to-peer fashion, thus relieving final users and application developers from the burden of directly managing wireless interface heterogeneity, and iii) consider user mobility as crucial context information evaluating at provision time the suitability of available Internet points of access differently when the mobile client is still or in motion. The novelty of this research work resides in three primary points. First of all, it proposes a novel model and taxonomy providing a common vocabulary to easily describe and position solutions in the area of context-aware autonomic management of preferred network opportunities. Secondly, it presents PoSIM, a context-aware middleware for the synergic exploitation and control of heterogeneous positioning systems that facilitates the development and portability of location-based services. PoSIM is translucent, i.e., it can provide application developers with differentiated visibility of data characteristics and control possibilities of available positioning solutions, thus dynamically adapting to application-specific deployment requirements and enabling cross-layer management decisions. Finally, it provides the MMHC solution for the self-organization of multi-hop multi-path heterogeneous connectivity. MMHC considers a limited set of practical indicators on node mobility and wireless network characteristics for a coarsegrained estimation of expected reliability/quality of multi-hop paths available at runtime. In particular, MMHC manages the durability/throughput-aware formation and selection of different multi-hop paths simultaneously. Furthermore, MMHC provides a novel solution based on adaptive buffers, proactively managed based on handover prediction, to support continuous services, especially by pre-fetching multimedia contents to avoid streaming interruptions.

La comunicazione chimica in Blattaria: contributo al miglioramento della lotta

CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION IN BLATTARIA: CONTRIBUTION TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE CONTROL TECNIQUES The management of cockroach infestations in urban environment has undergone some changes in recent years by moving to the predominant use of baits, thanks to the awareness of the risks connected with the use of spray insecticides. The effectiveness of a bait is determined by the collective performance of its components, including active and inert ingredients, the food attractant and any other attractive odour. This research has focused on the behavioral responses of Italian sinanthropic cockroaches to semiochemicals and food attractants, for the purpose of evaluating a possible practical application and of contributing to the improvement of control techniques. Behavioral and morphological studies have been carried out on Supella longipalpa (F.), a small cockroach that is spreading in Italy. Behavioral assays showed that the fourth and fifth tergites of females are significantly more attractive than other region of the body. Cuticular pores and ducts ending in glandular structures (observed with a S.E.M. = Scanning Electron Microscope) are present in large number on these tergites, suggesting that they could be involved in the production and the release of sexual pheromone. Cockroaches produce an aggregation pheromone that is excreted along with their frass and that consists of volatile and non-volatile compounds, mainly amines and steroidal glycosides. The effectiveness of faecal extracts obtained from excrements of Blattella germanica (L.), Blatta orientalis L., Periplaneta americana (L.) and S. longipalpa was evaluated, both at intraspecific and interspecific level, using a "Y" tube olfactometer. Bioassays showed that faecal extracts obtained with methanol have a good intraspecific attractiveness and, in some cases, they showed also interspecific behavioral responses. A gel was prepared, having physical characteristics that could give a good resistance to dehydration, as a potential basis for a new bait; the gel was then added faecal extracts, obtained with methanol from B. germanica and S. longipalpa frass. Arena-tests showed that the new gel containing faecal extracts is more attractive than some commercial gel formulations used as comparison: it was the only product that could attract 100% of insects placed in the arenas in 4-5 days. In conclusion, the substances involved in chemical communication of Blattaria may be able to effectively increase the attractiveness of products for monitoring and controlling cockroaches.