1000 resultados para competição vegetal


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Características morfológicas e fisiológicas de plantas cultivadas podem afetar sua habilidade competitiva com plantas daninhas. Este trabalho objetivou investigar a competitividade de cultivares de arroz irrigado (Oryza sativa L.) com cultivar simuladora de arroz-vermelho. Investigou-se na safra 2000/2001 o comportamento de oito genótipos de arroz, cultivados na presença ou ausência da cultivar de arroz EEA 406, que simulou infestação de arroz-vermelho. Aos 45 e aos 60 dias após a semeadura, avaliou-se a resposta da simuladora em relação às cultivares de arroz. Na colheita, foram determinados estatura de planta, componentes do rendimento e produtividade das plantas. A cultivar tardia IR 841 suprimiu o crescimento da simuladora, apresentando com a cultivar superprecoce Ligeirinho as menores reduções de produtividade quando em competição. Por sua vez, as cultivares IAS 12-9 Formosa e Bluebelle permitiram maior crescimento e produção de sementes pela concorrente, também sofrendo as maiores reduções de produtividade de grãos na condição de competição.

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Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da competição entre três cultivares de feijão e seis espécies de plantas daninhas no crescimento inicial e na alocação de matéria seca pelas plantas. Adotou-se arranjo fatorial em esquema 3 x 6 + 9, constituído pela combinação de três genótipos de feijão (IPR Colibri, IPR Eldorado e Pérola) em competição com seis espécies de plantas daninhas (Euphorbia heterophylla, Bidens pilosa, Cenchrus echinatus, Amaranthus spinosus, Commelina benghalensis e Brachiaria plantaginea), além de nove tratamentos adicionais, correspondentes aos cultivares de feijão e às espécies daninhas ausentes de competição. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, e cada vaso contendo 5 L de substrato representou uma unidade experimental. O período de convivência entre os cultivares de feijão e as plantas daninhas foi de 45 dias após emergência da cultura; depois disso, coletou-se o material vegetal para avaliação da matéria seca e distribuição entre os diferentes órgãos (raízes, folhas e caule). Os cultivares de feijão apresentaram menor acúmulo de matéria seca quando estavam em competição com as espécies de plantas daninhas. A raiz foi o principal órgão afetado negativamente pela competição. De forma contrária, as folhas e o caule das espécies daninhas foram os órgãos mais prejudicados. De maneira geral, o cultivar Pérola foi o genótipo que mais tolerou a competição com plantas daninhas, e E. heterophylla foi a espécie daninha menos competitiva. A. spinosus e B. plantaginea foram as espécies com maior capacidade de competição com a cultura do feijão.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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In insects that utilize patchy and ephemeral resources for feeding and egg laying, the outcome of larval competition for food resources depends on the amount of resources and the spatial distribution of immatures among patches of food. In the present study, the results of larval competition for food in Chrysomya megacephala, in traits such as female weight, fecundity and reproductive investment, were different in situations where the level of larval aggregation (proportion of competitors per amount of food) was the same, but with densities of competitors and amounts of food proportionally different. These results are indicative that the larval competition may depend both on the larval density and the amount of food, in different situations with the same proportion of larvae per gram of food.

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Studies in several countries have shown the occurrence of forest transition, when forest cover increase overcomes the loss by deforestation. In Brazil, although deforestation is still higher than afforestation, this relationship may be inverse in some regions. Recent assessments suggest the tendency of the state of São Paulo towards forest transition. Aiming to analyze forest transition evidence and facilitate the use of existing information, we review data on native vegetation cover variation in São Paulo from four data sources (Instituto Florestal, SOS MataAtlântica/INPE, IBGE and CATI/IEA). Our results indicate that discrepancies among these assessments may be accounted by differences in methodologies and objectives. We highlight their common grounds and discuss possibilities to harmonize their information.

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The durability of the cellulose-cement composites is a decisive factor to introduce such material in the market. Polymers have been used in concrete and mortar production to increase its durability. The goal of this work was the physical and mechanical characterization of cellulose-cement composites modified by a polymer and the subsequent durability evaluation. The work also evaluated the dispersion of acrylic polymer in composites made of Pinus caribaea residues. The physical properties observed were water absorption by immersion and bulk density. Rupture modulus and toughness were determined by flexural test. The specimens were obtained from pads, produced by pressing and wet curing. Samples were subjected to accelerated aging tests by repeated wetting and drying cycles and hot-water bath and natural aging. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) allowed verifying the fiber and composite characteristics along the time. For the composite range analyzed, it was observed the polymer improved the mechanical properties of composites besides a significant decreasing in water absorption. The use of polymer improved the performance of vegetable fiber-cement composites when compared to the conventional mortar, due to water absorption decreasing.

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A common breeding strategy is to carry out basic studies to investigate the hypothesis of a single gene controlling the trait (major gene) with or without polygenes of minor effect. In this study we used Bayesian inference to fit genetic additive-dominance models of inheritance to plant breeding experiments with multiple generations. Normal densities with different means, according to the major gene genotype, were considered in a linear model in which the design matrix of the genetic effects had unknown coefficients (which were estimated in individual basis). An actual data set from an inheritance study of partenocarpy in zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) was used for illustration. Model fitting included posterior probabilities for all individual genotypes. Analysis agrees with results in the literature but this approach was far more efficient than previous alternatives assuming that design matrix was known for the generations. Partenocarpy in zucchini is controlled by a major gene with important additive effect and partial dominance.

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of compounds that have been the subject of much concern due to their toxic potential. In this study, margarine?s, vegetable cream and mayonnaise available on the Brazilian market were analyzed for pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene. The analytical methodology involved liquid-liquid extraction, clean-up on silica gel column and determination by high performance liquid chromatography using fluorescence detector. Variable levels of contamination were found within differents brands of the same product and within differents batches of the same brand. The total PAH content was in the range of 4.1 to 7.1mug/kg in vegetable cream, 1.7 to 3.9mug/kg in margarine and 1.0 to 21.7mug/kg in mayonnaise. In general the products which according to the label contain corn oil showed the highest levels of contamination. Based on these results and on the importance of fat, oils and derived products for the intake of PAHs, it is recommended that producers of margarine, vegetable creams and mayonnaise start to control the contamination of the vegetable oils used in the elaboration of these products, in order to reduce the exposure of consumers to excessive amounts of potentially carcinogenic compounds.

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Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

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Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

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Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Educação Física