More than just audiences : Developing communitas and social inclusion through theatre participation for young people

In a Facebook conversation about theatre going by young people in Brisbane playwright Valerie Foley noted, “theatre in and of itself may not have the cultural value it once had”. This chapter explores how three Australian live theatre/performance events – World Theatre Festival (Brisbane 2011 and 2012), Backbone’s annual 2High Festival (Brisbane 2012) and Next Wave Festival (Melbourne 2012) - repositioned the value of live performing arts to develop social cohesion and wellbeing for young people. The chapter draws out how these performance events developed communitas (Turner 2012) for young audiences.

Drumming toward communitas : a case study of facilitated recreational music making and the Arthurian method

The phenomenon of communitas has been described as a moment 'in and out of time' in which a collective of individuals may be experienced by one as equal and individuated in an environment stripped of structural attributes (Turner, 1 969). In these moments, emotional bonds form and an experience of perceived 'oneness' and synergy may be described. As a result of the perceived value of these experiences, it has been suggested by Sharpe (2005) that more clearly understanding how this phenomenon may be purposefully facilitated would be beneficial for leisure service providers. Consequently, the purpose of this research endeavor was to examine the ways in which a particular leisure service provider systematically employs specific methods and sets specific parameters with the intention of guiding participants toward experiences associated with communitas or "shared spirit" as described by the organization. A qualitative case study taking a phenomenological approach was employed in order to capture the depth and complexity of both the phenomenon and the purposefiil negotiation of experiences in guiding participants toward this phenomenon. The means through which these experiences were intentionally facilitated was recreational music making in a group drumming context. As such, an organization which employs specific methods of rhythm circle facilitation as well as trains other facilitators all over the world was chosen purposely for their recognition as the most respectable and credible in this field. The specific facilitator was chosen based on high recommendation by the organization due to her level of experience and expertise. Two rhythm circles were held, and participants were chosen randomly by the facilitator. Data was collected through observation in the first circle and participant- observation in the second, as well as through focus groups with circle participants. Interviews with the facilitator were held both initially to gain broad understanding of concepts and phenomenon as well as after each circle to reflect on each circle specifically. Data was read repeatedly to drawn out patterns which emerged and were coded and organized accordingly. It was found that this specific process or system of implementation lead to experiences associated with communitas by participants. In order to more clearly understand this process and the ways in which experiences associated with communitas manifest as a result of deliberate facilitator actions, these objective facilitator actions were plotted along a continuum relating to subjective participant experiences. These findings were then linked to the literature with regards to specific characteristics of communitas. In so doing, the intentional manifestation of these experiences may be more clearly understood for ftiture facilitators in many contexts. Beyond this, findings summarized important considerations with regards to specific technical and communication competencies which were found to be essential to fostering these experiences for participants within each group. Findings surrounding the maintenance of a fluid negotiation of certain transition points within a group rhythm event overall were also highlighted, and this fluidity was found to be essential to the experience of absorption and engagement in the activity and experience. Emergent themes of structure, control, and consciousness have been presented as they manifested and were found to affect experiences within this study. Discussions surrounding the ethics and authenticity of these particular methods and their implementation has also been generated throughout. In conclusion, there was a breadth as well as depth of knowledge found in unpacking this complex process of guiding individuals toward experiences associated with communitas. The implications of these findings contribute in broadening the current theoretical as well as practical understanding as to how certain intentional parameters may be set and methods employed which may lead to experiences of communitas, and as well contribute a greater knowledge to conceptualizing the manifestation of these experiences when broken down.

La polisemia del sacrificio. Política y fragmento de la communitas latinoamericana

El sacrificio, en tanto que elaboración metafórica de las reciprocidades sociales, se trata aquí en su compleja polisemia, y de la cual se contempla la dialéctica obje­tivo-subjetiva mostrada en los escenarios rituales. Para ello se detiene el análisis en momentos de rupturas en la cohesión so­cial durante el período pre-hispánico y del mundo indígena mesoamericano contem­poráneo, tomándolo como antecedentes, para proponer una explicación desde tales categorías para la sociedad actual en los procesos de fragmentación que rompen los vínculos recíprocos en el seno de las diversas comunidades latinoamericanas, que se derivan en expresiones sacrificiales que participan en la reconstitución de las fracturas sociales ocurridas en nuestro territorio, y restablecen, en palabras de Humberto Maturana, la pegajosidad amoro­sa que es inherente a la condición humana.

Live and analogue : Theatre as a practice of social inclusion

This monograph argues for a repositioning of theatre as an antidote to the negative effects of the reduction of live social interaction among the current generation of young people. It argues for a repositioned valuing of the role that live performing arts can play in the development of social cohesion and well-being with young people. Highlighted therefore is an emphasis on developing ‘communitas’ or ‘collective joy’ (Turner, 2012) for young audiences. Using the lens of social acupuncture (O’Donnell, 2006) the monograph explores how two Australian live theatre or performance events – The Walking Neighbourhood and 지하 Underground – foreground inclusionary audience experiences. It concludes with a challenge to drama teachers, theatre makers, arts researchers, arts programmers and performance venue managers regarding how they might view their young audiences as more than just a marketing demographic and income stream, by providing new platforms for young people’s social cohesion and well-being.

PiXadores, torcedores, bate-bolas e funkeiros: doses do enigma no reino da humanidade esclarecida

A partir de um vasto trabalho de pesquisa de campo no seio de uma rede de praticas culturais jovens marginalizadas especialmente na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, embora não somente nela, circulando entre a piXação, as Torcidas Organizadas, os Bailes Funk de Corredor e as turmas de Bate-Bolas uma espécie de constelação maldita das ruas , emergiram materiais empíricos como expressões, gestos, narrativas, etnografias, objetos, fotos e vídeos. Pois bem, nesta tese de doutoramento, sugiro a potência de tais cotidianos na performatização, mais ou menos inconsciente, de resistências às categorias tradicionais da epistemologia moderna, tais como a consciência, a boa razão, o risco zero, a vida bem calculada, enfim, todo o apanágio do reino da humanidade esclarecida. Dou especial atenção também, aos desafios que essas estéticas lançam às amarras gramaticais da linguagem que, repousada sobre sua estrutura designativa, privilegiou um sistema interpretativo de representação e lançou a noção de presença à marginalidade de nossa subjetividade. Para tanto, entendo esses cotidianos como vidas que, fazendo bom uso de seus enigmas, balançam a dinastia do pensamento dirigido. Nessa tarefa, então, de esmiuçar esses choques epistemológicos, sugiro aproximações entre essas produções éticasestéticas jovens e as noções de presença em Gumbrecht, de inconsciente coletivo em Jung, de cogito em Foucault, de dispêndio em Bataille, do gaio saber em Nietzsche, de communitas em Turner, de sentido do não-sentido em Castoriadis, assim como de algumas contribuições de Maffesoli, Heidegger, Blanchot, entre outros

Edward Sapir’s View About International Auxiliary Language

The search for common attributes of all languages is connected with the search for characteristics which differentiate languages. If some attributes cannot be found in every language, what is cause of this situation? Is it linked up with the origin of language or with users of the language?

Listening to Anima Mundi: The Organic Metaphor in the Cosmoecological Perspective

This paper is an attempt to revise an organic epistemological approach toward nature. The sources for such a view are found in the metaphor of the Earth as a living organism, which can be traced even to ancient Greek philosophy. Drawing on the notion of cosmoecology and the Gaia-Uranus Hypothesis, we re-think and supplement the holistic perspective in environmental ethics by emphasizing the role of the embodied of nature, and by turning our attention back “from the heavens to earth”.

The Offstage of Democracy: The Problem of Social Dialogue in John Dewey’s and Walter Lippmann’s Writings

The aim of this article is to present and discuss John Dewey’s and Walter Lippmann’s views on the problem of communication in a democratic society, particularly their views on the question of a role of communication in forming social processes. First part of the paper outlines the framework of this problem and its meaning to the question of possibility of democracy. Part two is concerned with anthropological and socio-political considerations: I discuss the Deweyan and the Lippmannian understanding of individual, society, intelligence and democracy. In part three I examine in detail the problem of communication, with special attention given to the questions of the role of communication in forming social processes, the foundations and conditions of communication, the debaters, and a subject matter of a debate as well as the questions of who and what forms this debate and whether we can form it altogether.

Afro-Cuban Bata Drum Aesthetics: Developing Individual and Group Technique, Sound and Identity

The Lucumi religion (also Santeria and Regla de Ocha) developed in 19th-century colonial Cuba, by syncretizing elements of Catholicism with the Yoruba worship of orisha. When fully initiated, santeros (priests) actively participate in religious ceremonies by periodically being possessed or "mounted" by a patron saint or orisha, usually within the context of a drumming ritual, known as a toque de santo, bembe, or tambor. Within these rituals, there is a clearly defined goal of trance possession, though its manifestation is not the sole measure of success or failure. Rather than focusing on the fleeting, exciting moments that immediately precede the arrival of an orisha in the form of a possession trance, this thesis investigates the entire four- to six-hour musical performance that is central to the ceremony. It examines the brief pauses, the moments of reduced intensity, the slow but deliberate build-ups of energy and excitement, and even the periods when novices are invited to perform the sacred bata drums, and places these moments on an equal footing with the more dynamic periods where possession is imminent or in progress. This document approaches Lucumi ritual from the viewpoint of bata drummers, ritual specialists who, during the course of a toque de santo, exercise wide latitude in determining the shape of the event. Known as omo Ana (children of the orisha Ana who is manifest in drums and rhythms), bata drummers comprise a fraternity that is accessible only through ritual initiation. Though they are sensitive to the desires of the many participants during a toque de santo, and indeed make their living by satisfying the expectations of their hosts, many of the drummers' activities are inwardly focused on the cultivation and preservation of this fraternity. Occasionally interfering with spirit possession, and other expectations of the participants, these aberrant activities include teaching and learning, developing group identity or signature sound, and achieving a state of intimacy among the musicians known as "communitas."

S'inscrire dans l'espace public en tant que musulman en Suisse

En Suisse, comme dans de nombreux pays européens, l'exigence d'une représentation musulmane impose une forme d'inscription dans l'espace public d'acteurs emblématiques de l'islam. Cette contribution entend éclairer les différentes contraintes institutionnelles qui poussent les musulmans à s'inscrire différemment dans l'espace public. On distingue d'une part, une tendance s'efforçant d'apparaître dans l'espace public comme une structure confessionnelle garant de la communitas islamica. Elle est composée de communautés de la diaspora qui ont obtenu des accords auprès de la Confédération et de communautés qui se fédèrent au niveau cantonal pour constituer une représentation auprès des autorités de régulation religieuse. D'autre part, des acteurs parviennent à imposer leurs exigences d'un homo islamicus idéalisé en s'inscrivant pleinement dans l'espace médiatique au risque de prétériter la « représentation » chèrement acquise par des acteurs institutionnels

L'apprentissage transformationnel de la masculinité

Dans un contexte social où se renégocie le contrat de genre, l’exploration des voies empruntées par les hommes pour (apprendre à) changer leur comportement, aussi bien que leurs croyances et leurs connaissances sur la masculinité, est particulièrement importante. Située dans le champ des études sur le genre masculin et de l’andragogie, l’étude explore le processus d’apprentissage d’adultes faisant partie du Réseau Hommes Québec (RHQ). En utilisant une méthodologie qualitative, des entretiens semi-dirigés ont été effectués auprès de 16 membres de cette organisation d’entraide visant la remise en question des rôles de genre traditionnels masculins et encourageant le développement personnel des hommes. Si la plupart des répondants n’ont pas transformé radicalement leur conception de la masculinité, qui demeure souvent abstraite, leur façon de se voir comme homme a changé radicalement. Les émotions et les relations ont joué un rôle prépondérant dans le développement d’une réflexion critique sur le genre, le leur comme celui des autres. Le plus souvent, ils ont eu le courage de sentir, d’être et d’agir de façon inédite avec d’autres hommes. Cela a représenté, pour pratiquement tous les répondants, une véritable révolution intérieure qui leur a fait prendre conscience qu’ils étaient sensibles, qu’ils avaient besoin d’autrui et qu’ils pouvaient approcher d’autres hommes sans que leur orientation (hétéro)sexuelle soit menacée. Cette thèse met également en perspective que le contexte de groupe est crucial dans l’évolution des hommes. La socialisation masculine inédite vécue dans le Réseau favorise chez tous les répondants la découverte de modèles de masculinité différents. En plus d’y vivre des occasions uniques de développer des compétences relationnelles, sociales et communicationnelles qui les rapprochent de leurs proches, les répondants éprouvent dans les groupes du RHQ un sentiment puissant de pouvoir partager de l’intimité masculine. Ce nouveau mode d’interaction s’appuie sur les règles de fonctionnement et les rituels en vigueur dans le Réseau. Ils mettent l’accent sur la nature personnelle et subjective de la communication, défiant en cela les préceptes de la masculinité traditionnelle. En mettant en évidence que les hommes développent une conscience critique permettant de reconnaître et de comprendre l’importance de la culture masculine hégémonique et son impact sur leur vie, cette recherche révèle le potentiel transformationnel des apprentissages effectués par les 16 répondants dans des groupes d’entraide du RHQ. De cette conscientisation résulte une nouvelle conceptualisation de ce que signifie être un homme qui mène les participants à se voir autrement, à croire en eux-mêmes et en leur capacité à prendre le contrôle de leur vie. Pour conclure cette thèse, quelques pistes de réflexion pour guider de futures recherches relatives à la transformation de perspective sont présentées. Il est notamment question, en plus d’avoir recours à des entretiens rétrospectifs semi-dirigés, de combiner les méthodologies qualitatives et quantitatives, de procéder à des observations systématiques des situations d’apprentissage (rencontres de groupe) et de ne pas se concentrer exclusivement sur ceux qui sont supposés vivre la transformation, mais d’élargir cette collecte à d’autres sources d’information (familles, collègues de travail, voisins, thérapeutes individuels), le tout dans une perspective longitudinale.

Validade comunitária e contextos de realização: anotações em espelho sobre a concepção jurisprudencialista do sistema

Considering the specific conception of the legal system proposed by Castanheira Neves’ jurisprudentialism — as a reinvention which may be capable of critically re-thinking and re-experiencing Law’s constitutive cultural-civilizational originarium in a «limit-situation» such as our own —,this essay explores some main challenges and tensions, which contemporary practical thought autonomously recognizes: those challenges and tensions which we identify when invoking the counterpoints plurality/ unity, dogmatic presupposition / critical self-reflection, societas / communitas, legality / morality (but also particular/ universal).

Ouvindo o silêncio: a construção identitária por meio da prática do mergulho scuba como consumo hedônico

This work aims to explore the context and emotions related to the experience of scuba diving as hedonic consumption, as well as to understand in which conditions the benefit arising from the regular practice of this activity impact the identity construction of the practitioner. Through in-depth interviews, data were collected from scuba divers living in the city of Rio de Janeiro, during the months of January and February of 2008. In order to obtain the expected objectives, the chosen methodology of research was qualitative, with priority of the subject and the subjectivity, using an interpretative approach for the data analysis. The research results confirm some benefits of high-risk sports practice such as flow, self-evolution and communitas. Two additional benefits are presented: the condition of alterity of the ¿underwater world¿, which attributes extraordinany meaning to scuba diving and impacts identity construction, and the scuba ¿buddy¿ practice, that helps to build-up an overall sense of trust to the other. The work is concluded with some managerial recommendations aiming the development of scuba diving industry and related tourism. These above mentioned suggestions include a new industry positioning, integrated marketing communications with specific references to alterity and flow, market segmentation, the creation of gathering spaces and a gradation scale among practitioners.

Variantes en el uso del concepto de natura en la teoría política medieval a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIII : natura multipliciter dicitur

La circulación hacia mediados del siglo XIII de los libri morales de Aristóteles transformó ampliamente la ética y el pensamiento político de la edad media. El conocimiento medieval de la filosofía moral aristotélica produjo un cambio cualitativo en diferentes temas de la filosofía práctica; como consecuencia de ello, a partir del siglo XIII, una parte importante de la teoría política tomó de Aristóteles el concepto de natura y muchos tratados se apoyaron en él y lo utilizaron para fundamentar el nacimiento del orden político que Aristóteles llamó polis, Tomás de Aquino civitas vel provincia y Juan de París communitas civitatis vel regni. Con todo, aunque el concepto aristotélico de natura fue relevante y aunque el modelo aristotélico logró inspirar a los autores de textos políticos medievales, la natura aristotélica no fue la única natura a la que recurrieron los textos políticos al momento de fundamentar teóricamente el surgimiento del orden político. El artículo analiza los diferentes conceptos de natura y reconstruye su lugar dentro de las explicaciones del nacimiento y constitución de las distintas variantes del orden político en la filosofía política medieval.