Representations of curanderismo in Chicana/o texts

Ma thèse porte sur les représentations de curanderismo dans Chicana/o textes. Une tradition de guérison, une vision du monde, un système de croyances et de pratiques d'origines diverses, curanderismo répond aux besoins médicaux, religieux, culturels, sociaux et politiques des Chicanas/os à la fois sur le plan individuel et communautaire. Dans mon analyse de textes littéraires (Bless Me, Ultima de Rudolfo Anaya, les poèmes sélectionnés de Pat Mora, The Hungry Woman: A Mexican Medea de Cherríe Moraga) et du cours académique sur curanderismo enseigné à l'Université du Nouveau-Mexique à Albuquerque, que j’approche comme un texte culturel, curanderismo reflète les façons complexes et souvent ambiguës de représenter Chicana/o recherche d'identité, d’affirmation de soi et d’émancipation, résultat d'une longue histoire de domination et de discrimination de Chicana/o aux Etats-Unis. Dans les textes que j’aborde dans ma thèse curanderismo assume le rôle d'une puissante métaphore qui réunit une variété de valeurs, attitudes, concepts et notions dans le but ultimede célébrer le potentiel de soi-même.

"Le Travailleur" et les intellectuels de la survivance franco-américaine face au déclin des communautés francophones de la Nouvelle-Angleterre (1945-1978)

Ce mémoire propose une analyse de la réaction des intellectuels faisant la promotion de la survivance intégrale du fait français en Nouvelle-Angleterre face à l'assimilation progressive des communautés franco-américaines, entre 1945 et 1978. Principal organe dédié à cette cause après la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, le contenu du journal Le Travailleur montre bien l'évolution de la perception des élites intellectuelles face à la progression du processus d'anglicisation du groupe. Du ton virulent et accusateur utilisé à la fin des années 1940 pour dénoncer les responsables de la situation qu’ils déplorent, les artisans du journal s'ouvrent progressivement aux débats et véhiculent au milieu des années 1950 des idées normalement défendues par les promoteurs d'une plus grande intégration à la société américaine. S’ils restent muets quant aux phénomènes structuraux qui affectent l'ensemble de la population américaine à mesure qu'avancent les Trente Glorieuses, les solutions mises de l’avant par les intellectuels de la survivance, centrées sur l’unité, l’identification d’un idéal à atteindre et la valorisation du passé par la commémoration, n’auront que bien peu d’impact face aux grandes tendances alors en cours. Autrement, après y avoir accordé bien peu d’attention depuis sa création en 1931, Le Travailleur dirige son regard vers un Québec en pleine effervescence au cours des années 1960, sans toutefois tirer profit du contexte favorable aux revendications des minorités culturelles américaines au cours des mêmes années. Une nouvelle élite, en marge des promoteurs traditionnels de la survivance, prendra la relève au cours des années 1970 dans l'espoir de générer une renaissance culturelle franco-américaine chez une population de laquelle Le Travailleur se sera montré, au final, complètement déconnecté.

Entre vulnérabilisation et revictimisation : les victimes de traite d'êtres humains face aux politiques nord-américaines

En Amérique du Nord, la lutte contre la traite d'êtres humains s'avère d'une grande complexité. Les États doivent développer les stratégies nécessaires pour faire face aux multiples manifestations qui accompagnent le phénomène et exigent une approche holistique, interdisciplinaire et à long terme. Les stratégies nord-américaines de prévention de la traite comportent plusieurs lacunes qui vulnérabilisent certains groupes. Tandis que les mesures déjà en place s'attaquent peu aux causes premières du phénomène, plusieurs réformes essentielles afin de diminuer la vulnérabilité de ces personnes, notamment l'assouplissement des politiques migratoires restrictives, tardent à être implantées. Parallèlement, les stratégies de protection présentent des lacunes qui augmentent les risques de revictimisation des victimes de traite d'êtres humains. D'une part, les autorités n'identifient pas adéquatement toutes les victimes. D'autre part, certaines victimes, bien qu'identifiées, se retrouvent sans protection, soit parce que celle-ci est accordée de façon conditionnelle, soit parce que les mécanismes d'assistance demeurent incomplets.

Mélanges de philologie et de paléographie américaines /

"Le présent volume se compose de mémoires détachés et ayant paru à des époques diverses."--Pref.

Waves of Change Within Civil Society in Latin America: Mexico City and Sao Paulo

For the past half a century, Latin American scholars have been pointing toward the emergence of new social actors as agents of social and political democratization. The first wave of actors was characterized by the emergence of novel agents-mainly, new popular movements-of social transformation. At first, the second wave, epitomized by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), was celebrated as the upsurge of a new civil society, but later on, it was the target of harsh criticism. The literature often portrays this development in Latin American civil society as a displacement trend of actors of the first wave by the second wave-""NGOization""-""and even denounces new civil society as rootless, depoliticized, and functional to retrenchment. Thus, supposedly, NGOization encumbers social change. The authors argue that NGOization diagnosis is a flawed depiction of change within civil society. Rather than NGOization related to the depoliticization and neoliberalization of civil society, in Mexico City and Sao Paulo, there has been modernization of organizational ecologies, changes in the functional status of civil society, and interestingly, specialization aimed at shaping public agenda. The authors argue that such specialization, instead of encumbering social change, brings about different repertoires of strategies and skills purposively developed for influencing policy and politics. Their argument relies on comparative systematic evidence. Through network analysis, they examine the organizational ecology of civil society in Mexico City and Sao Paulo.

Contextual politics of service delivery reforms: Lessons from Delhi, Mexico city and Sao Paulo comparison

Little attention has been given to the contextual politics of service delivery reforms. By focusing on cases of reform in the healthcare sector and, to a lesser extent, in the main policies in the social service sector in India, Mexico and Brazil, this article explores two dimensions of analysis which have enormous relevance in understanding the reach and effectiveness of service delivery reforms: (1) the historical timing of reforms and sectorial baselines, and (2) the degree and institutional locus of local discretion in policy. Findings show that depending on both dimensions, there is an extraordinary variation as to the degree, interests involved and meaning of changes which, in theory, correspond to these countries` commitment to the service delivery reforms, However, consideration of the contextual politics is relevant not for the sake of diversity but for the similarities that this diversity reveals, pointing to underlying analytic dimensions that receive attention in this article.

Modelling the distribution of stamp paper thickness via finite normal mixtures: The 1872 Hidalgo stamp issue of Mexico revisited

Izenman and Sommer (1988) used a non-parametric Kernel density estimation technique to fit a seven-component model to the paper thickness of the 1872 Hidalgo stamp issue of Mexico. They observed an apparent conflict when fitting a normal mixture model with three components with unequal variances. This conflict is examined further by investigating the most appropriate number of components when fitting a normal mixture of components with equal variances.

Vulnerability to heat-related mortality in Latin America: A case-crossover study in Sao Paulo, Brazil, Santiago, Chile and Mexico City, Mexico

Background Factors affecting vulnerability to heat-related mortality are not well understood. Identifying susceptible populations is of particular importance given anticipated rising temperatures from climatic change. Methods We investigated heat-related mortality for three Latin American cities (Mexico City, Mexico; Sao Paulo, Brazil; Santiago, Chile) using a case-crossover approach for 754 291 deaths from 1998 to 2002. We considered lagged exposures, confounding by air pollution, cause of death and susceptibilities by educational attainment, age and sex. Results Same and previous day apparent temperature were most strongly associated with mortality risk. Effect estimates remained positive though lowered after adjustment for ozone or PM(10). Susceptibility increased with age in all cities. The increase in mortality risk for those >= 65 comparing the 95th and 75th percentiles of same-day apparent temperature was 2.69% (95% CI: -2.06 to 7.88%) for Santiago, 6.51% (95% CI: 3.57-9.52%) for Sao Paulo and 3.22% (95% CI: 0.93-5.57%) for Mexico City. Patterns of vulnerability by education and sex differed across communities. Effect estimates were higher for women than men in Mexico City, and higher for men elsewhere, although results by sex were not appreciably different for any city. In Sao Paulo, those with less education were more susceptible, whereas no distinct patterns by education were observed in the other cities. Conclusions Elevated temperatures are associated with mortality risk in these Latin American cities, with the strongest associations in So Paulo, the hottest city. The elderly are an important population for targeted prevention measures, but vulnerability by sex and education differed by city.

Both human immunodeficiency virus-infected and human immunodeficiency virus-exposed, uninfected children living in Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico have similar rates of low concentrations of retinol, beta-carotene, and vitamin E

Our objective was to describe the prevalence of low concentrations of retinol, beta-carotene, and vitamin E in a group of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected Latin American children and a comparison group of HIV-exposed, uninfected children. Our hypothesis was that the rates of low concentrations of these micronutrients would be higher in the HIV-infected group than those in the HIV-exposed, uninfected group. This was a cross-sectional substudy of a larger cohort study at clinical pediatric HIV centers in Latin America. Serum levels of micronutrients were measured in the first stored sample obtained after each child`s first birthday by high-performance liquid chromatography. Low concentrations of retinol, beta-carotene, and vitamin E were defined as serum levels below 0.70, 0.35, and 18.0 mu mol/L, respectively. The Population for this analysis was 336 children (124 HIV-infected, 212 HIV-exposed, uninfected) aged I year or older to younger than 4 years. Rates of low concentrations were 74% for retinol, 27% for beta-carotene, and 89% for vitamin E. These rates were not affected by HIV status. Among the HIV-infected children, those treated with anti retrovirals were less likely to have retinol deficiency, but no other HIV-related factors correlated with micronutrient low serum levels. Low concentrations of retinol, beta-carotene, and vitamin E are very common in children exposed to HIV living in Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico, regardless of HIV-infection status. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Inferring migration flows from the migration propensities of infants: Mexico and Indonesia

The need for methods of indirectly estimating migration flows is particularly important in developing countries, where migration data are often incomplete and inaccurate. This paper focuses on the use of an indirect internal migration estimation method applied to Mexican and Indonesian census data. It shows that the mobility propensities of infants can be used to infer the corresponding propensities of all other age groups. However, the promise of this method is reduced in instances of inadequate data, and great care must be taken to identify outlying values in the data and to correct obviously erroneous patterns. Future work increasingly will be directed to this issue.