Sermons, from The fowls of the air and The lilies of the field, or, Lessons of faith beside the common path of life /

Title on spine: Sermons from the birds & lilies and on public worship.

The building blocks of social entrepreneurship: empirical model and framework

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Addiction and Change: How Aaddictions Develop and Addicted People Recover

Contents: 1. Models of addiction and change 2. The process of human intentional behavior change 3. The well maintained addiction : an ending and a beginning 4. Exploring precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages of becoming addicted 5. Repeated and regular use : moving from preparation to action on the road to addiction 6. Precontemplation for recovery : cultivating seeds for change 7. The decision to change : moving from the contemplation to the preparation stage of recovery 8. Preparing for action : creating a plan 9. Taking action to change an addiction 10. The long haul : well-maintained recovery 11. Prevention : interfering with the process of becoming addicted 12. Designing interventions for recovery 13. Research on addiction and change. "The stages-of-change model has become widely known as a framework for conceptualizing recovery. Less well known are the processes that drive movement through the stages or how the stages apply to becoming addicted. From Carlo DiClemente, codeveloper of the Transtheoretical Model, this book offers a panoramic view of the entire continuum of addictive behavior change. Illuminated is the common path that individuals travel as they establish and reinforce new patterns of behavior, whether they are developing an addiction or struggling to free themselves from one, and regardless of the specific addictive behavior. Presenting cutting-edge research with significant clinical implications, the book addresses crucial questions of why, when, and how to intervene to bolster recovery in those already addicted and reach out effectively to people at risk. It is essential reading for clinicians, prevention specialists, and policymakers." [from Book Jacket]This resource was contributed by The National Documentation Centre on Drug Use.

A comparison of the processes of institutionalisation of political economy in Spain and Italy (1860-1900)

[spa] El estudio de los procesos a través de los cuales la economía política se ha transformado en una disciplina académica es un área de creciente interés en la historia del pensamiento económico. Dicho estudio se ha abordado a través del análisis de la importancia de la economía política en un conjunto de instituciones, consideradas clave en la expansión de la economía en las sociedades occidentales en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y primeras décadas del XX: universidades, sociedades económicas, publicaciones periódicas de contenido económico y los parlamentos nacionales. Este papel presenta una comparación entre los desarrollos del proceso de institutionalización de la economía política en España e Italia, a través del estudio de la presencia de esta disciplina en las instituciones mencionadas para el periodo 1860-1900. El objetivo es medir la posible existencia de una vía común en la institucionalización de la economía política en ambos países, como un primer paso hacia la elaboración de un modelo supranacional de institucionalización de la economía en este periodo.

A comparison of the processes of institutionalisation of political economy in Spain and Italy (1860-1900)

[spa] El estudio de los procesos a través de los cuales la economía política se ha transformado en una disciplina académica es un área de creciente interés en la historia del pensamiento económico. Dicho estudio se ha abordado a través del análisis de la importancia de la economía política en un conjunto de instituciones, consideradas clave en la expansión de la economía en las sociedades occidentales en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y primeras décadas del XX: universidades, sociedades económicas, publicaciones periódicas de contenido económico y los parlamentos nacionales. Este papel presenta una comparación entre los desarrollos del proceso de institutionalización de la economía política en España e Italia, a través del estudio de la presencia de esta disciplina en las instituciones mencionadas para el periodo 1860-1900. El objetivo es medir la posible existencia de una vía común en la institucionalización de la economía política en ambos países, como un primer paso hacia la elaboración de un modelo supranacional de institucionalización de la economía en este periodo.

Anatomical connections of the periaqueductal gray: specific neural substrates for different kinds of fear

The periaqueductal gray (PAG) has been traditionally considered to be an exit relay for defensive responses. Functional mapping of its subdivisions has advanced our knowledge of this structure, but synthesis remains difficult mainly because results from lesion and stimulation studies have not correlated perfectly. After using a strategy that combined both techniques and a reevaluation of the available literature on PAG function and connections, we propose here that freezing could be mediated by different PAG subdivisions depending on the presence of immediate danger or exposure to related signaling cues. These subdivisions are separate functional entities with distinct descending and ascending connections that are likely to play a role in different defensive responses. The existence of ascending connections also suggests that the PAG is not simply a final common path for defensive responses. For example, the possibility that indirect ascending connections to the cingulate cortex could play a role in the expression of freezing evoked by activation of the neural substrate of fear in the dorsal PAG has been considered.

Interferometrisch messender faseroptischer Sensor mit mechanisch oszillierender Sonde

Punktförmig messende optische Sensoren zum Erfassen von Oberflächentopografien im Nanometerbereich werden in der Forschung und Industrie benötigt. Dennoch ist die Auswahl unterschiedlicher Technologien und kommerziell verfügbarer Sensoren gering. In dieser Dissertationsschrift werden die wesentlichen Aspekte eines Messsystems untersucht das über das Potenzial verfügt, zu den künftigen Standardmessmethoden zu gehören. Das Messprinzip beruht auf einem Common-Path-Interferometer. In einer mikrooptischen Sonde wird das Laserlicht auf die zu untersuchende Oberfläche gerichtet. Das vom Messobjekt reflektierte Licht interferiert sondenintern mit einem Referenzreflex. Die kompakte Bauweise bewirkt kurze optische Wege und eine gewisse Robustheit gegen Störeinflüsse. Die Abstandsinformation wird durch eine mechanische Oszillation in eine Phasenmodulation überführt. Die Phasenmodulation ermöglicht eine robuste Auswertung des Interferenzsignals, auch wenn eine zusätzliche Amplitudenmodulation vorhanden ist. Dies bietet den Vorteil, unterschiedlich geartete Oberflächen messen zu können, z. B. raue, teilweise transparente und geneigte Oberflächen. Es können wiederholbar Messungen mit einer Standardabweichung unter einem Nanometer erzielt werden. Die beschriebene mechanische Oszillation wird durch ein periodisches elektrisches Signal an einem piezoelektrischen Aktor hervorgerufen, der in einem Biegebalken integriert ist. Die Bauform des Balkens gestattet eine Hybridisierung von optischen und mechanischen Komponenten zu einer Einheit, welche den Weg zur weiteren Miniaturisierung aufzeigt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte so u. a. eine Sonde mit einer Bauhöhe unter 10 mm gefertigt werden. Durch eine zweite optische Wellenlänge lässt sich der eingeschränkte Eindeutigkeitsbereich des Laserinterferometers nachweislich vergrößern. Die hierfür eingesetzte Methode, die Stand der Technik ist, konnte erfolgreich problemspezifisch angepasst werden. Um das volle Potenzial des Sensors nutzen zu können, wurden zudem zahlreiche Algorithmen entworfen und erfolgreich getestet. Anhand von hier dokumentierten Messergebnissen können die Möglichkeiten, als auch die Schwächen des Messsystems abgeschätzt werden.

Materialidad poética: arquitectura suiza en el entorno de los Grisones 1992-2004

El entorno alpino de los Grisones ha sido un laboratorio donde experimentar un método arquitectónico procedente de diversas fuentes durante los años 70 en la ETHZ. Este método ha producido durante las últimas tres décadas un discurso teórico propiamente suizo alemán. La tradición continúa siendo un valor cultural para la comunidad alpina de los Grisones, que apuesta por seguir relacionando la arquitectura con su historia y su paisaje. La especificidad de cada entorno suizo alemán es un hecho obvio pero, por encima de sus rasgos característicos, hay un denominador común que les da unidad en silencio: se trata de una idea de la construcción. El fenómeno de los Grisones es territorial en su localización concreta, pero comparte el trasfondo teórico del resto de la arquitectura suizo alemana reciente. La tesis recorre transversalmente las condiciones que han dado lugar a esa trayectoria común hasta la actualidad, en que la arquitectura suizo alemana se halla precisamente en un momento de cambio generacional. La obra de Peter Märkli constituye en esta tesis un paradigma de la voluntad suizo alemana por formar parte de la continuidad cultural de la arquitectura, como una actitud de resistencia compartida frente al mundo globalizado. La tesis se articula a partir de ocho proyectos recientes, realizados por arquitectos suizo alemanes en el entorno del territorio alpino de los Grisones. Estos proyectos condensan la trayectoria arquitectónica suizo alemana durante el siglo XX, así como el fenómeno arquitectónico que ha tenido lugar en el entorno de los Grisones durante las últimas tres décadas. La tesis analiza a través de cada pareja de proyectos los episodios teóricos, artísticos y filosóficos más relevantes que se sintetizan en estas obras, así como sus referentes arquitectónicos y la dimensión trascendente de los materiales en los que la cultura suiza hunde sus raíces: la madera, la piedra y el hormigón. Las vanguardias pictóricas, el Movimiento Moderno y las corrientes humanistas y regionalistas que se fueron sucediendo durante el pasado siglo, configuran el escenario en el que tomó cuerpo la sensibilidad arquitectónica suizo alemana reciente, que emerge a través de la compleja red de relaciones establecidas entre el panorama suizo y el internacional. El mismo bagaje teórico subyace al territorio suizo alemán a nivel general, por lo que asociarlo a través de esta tesis a proyectos realizados en un entorno característico, permite acceder a una realización concreta de ese debate en un entorno tan particular como son los Grisones. La aproximación a los proyectos es de carácter fenomenológico: la experiencia directa de los mismos ha sido el sustrato fundamental del enfoque de la tesis. El trabajo de campo no se limitó a visitar los proyectos que vertebran la tesis, sino que trató de abarcar las obras más relevantes de la producción suizo alemana reciente en los Grisones, con el fin de adquirir cierto grado de sensibilidad perceptiva hacia la singularidad de su identidad territorial. La tesis hace especial hincapié en las obras de Peter Märkli y Peter Zumthor, representantes de los dos extremos del discurso suizo alemán reciente, respecto a la materialidad y al carácter de la secuencia espacial, sistemático o fluido respectivamente, pero que asimismo comparten el clasicismo formalista que subyace al fenómeno suizo alemán. Los dos proyectos que establecen el periodo 1992-2004 explorado por esta investigación constituyen dos hitos fundamentales. El Museo de La Congiunta en Giornico de Peter Märkli se construyó en 1992 y se erige a partir de entonces como un icono arquitectónico de la condensación típicamente suizo alemana de base reductiva. Este paradigma de síntesis conceptual y constructiva comenzó a forjarse en la década de 1930 de la mano del Konkrete Kunst formulado por Max Bill, que es la única manifestación artística genuinamente suiza del siglo XX y que desarrolló pictóricamente los valores de precisión, rigor, racionalismo y abstracción afines a la sensibilidad suizo alemana. En segundo lugar, el proyecto para la rehabilitación de la Villa Garbald y la construcción de la Torre Roccolo en Castasegna llevado a cabo por Miller & Maranta en 2004, supuso la consumación de la Analoge Architektur, que fue la primera corriente arquitectónica propiamente suiza, desarrollada durante la década de 1980 por Miroslav Sik. La Deutscher Tendenza es un periodo de la trayectoria suizo alemana reciente poco conocido, representado por una figura tan relevante como es Peter Zumthor. Las obras que proyectó Zumthor entre 1979 y 1985 forman parte de un periodo en que el arquitecto se encontraba profundamente influido por el neorracionalismo italiano, como ilustra la escuela de Churwalden de 1983. La arquitectura suizo alemana reciente exploró sistemáticamente los sistemas compositivos de las vanguardias pictóricas y del Movimiento Moderno, por encima de su formalismo concreto. La segunda fase de la obra de Zumthor entre 1985 y 1996 se caracteriza por la transfiguración del plano libre del sistema compositivo neoplasticista desarrollado por De Stijl, plano que adquirió grosor hasta convertirse en la caja articuladora de la fluidez de la secuencia espacial. El formalismo de Zumthor en esta fase implica la prioridad del esquema compositivo, compuesto por un perímetro regular en el que se reúnen las cajas que, como las superficies de color de las composiciones de Mondrian, articulan el espacio a su alrededor. La Residencia de Masans de Zumthor de 1993 es un proyecto canónico de este sistema compositivo, que culmina en el esquema radial de las Termas de Vals de 1996. La imagen poética se convirtió en el lenguaje propio del pensamiento de la arquitectura suizo alemana, que permitía una reflexión no verbal, a partir de unos pocos arquetipos fundamentales. Los arquitectos del Ticino buscaron en la Tendenza italiana durante la década de 1970 una alternativa al insostenible modelo territorial que estaba destruyendo su paisaje cultural. Algunos de estos arquitectos comenzaron a dar clase durante esa década en la ETHZ, por lo que transmitieron sus inquietudes al alumnado e introdujeron a Aldo Rossi en la facultad, que era uno de los máximos representantes de la Tendenza. El método analógico de Rossi, basado en la psicología analítica de Carl Jung, fue una influencia fundamental en la ETHZ durante los años 70. Rossi partía de una teoría afín al colectivo intelectual suizo que los arquitectos de la ETHZ pronto comprendieron que debían independizar del contexto italiano, desarrollando su propio método a partir de 1985 con la Analoge Architektur. El valor de la preexistencia de acuerdo a este método incipiente se hallaba en su papel articulador de la continuidad cultural de una comunidad, que Miroslav Sik definió a partir de su concepto de Altneue (literalmente, lo Nuevo-Viejo). La fusión entre lo nuevo y lo viejo era la base de la espontaneidad con la que habían crecido los asentamientos históricamente. Sik consideraba que la continuidad dependía de la comprensión de los patrones preexistentes, con el objeto de mantener su vigencia mediante la incorporación de estrategias contemporáneas, que renovarían su significado sin perder su esencia. La Casa Gugalun en Versam de Zumthor de 1994 supone una aproximación a escala doméstica a este planteamiento. La arquitectura suizo alemana reciente a menudo busca en sus referentes plásticos una manera de explorar ámbitos poco accesibles para la disciplina arquitectónica. El pensamiento arquitectónico basado en la imagen poética se implementa a partir de la tectónica de la construcción, que es el medio para comunicar una idea vertebradora del proyecto de principio a fin. La construcción como medio introduce el concepto clave de la apariencia de la arquitectura, estrechamente relacionado con la filosofía idealista de Friedrich Schiller. La apariencia debe expresar el sentido conceptual de la obra, que los arquitectos suizo alemanes denominan idea, por lo que la construcción no tiene un valor por sí misma, sino en cuanto a la apariencia. La Capilla de Oberrealta de Christian Kerez de 1993 puede ser considerada una obra escultórica en el paisaje, más próxima a las artes plásticas que a la arquitectura. La tensión que surge entre la figura ideal y la pieza sometida a una sutil deformación confiere un carácter dinámico a la composición, que intensifica el efecto perceptivo, de acuerdo a la teoría del pensamiento visual de Rudolph Arnheim. La deformación al servicio de la psicología de la percepción es un fenómeno que caracteriza la arquitectura suizo alemana reciente. El concepto de Forme Forte (forma fuerte) fue introducido por Martin Steinmann para caracterizar el objeto arquitectónico denominado internacionalmente Swiss Box. Este concepto se caracteriza por una predilección por lo monolítico, lo unitario y lo arquetípico. La condición más sustancial de una Forme Forte es, sin embargo, la de configurar un elemento estructurador del entorno. Tanto la base morfológica de una Forme Forte, como su capacidad para estructurar el lugar, se corresponden con los conceptos de arquetipo y monumento de la teoría de Rossi. La tesis explora el sentido de la deformación en la producción suizo alemana reciente, a partir de la Escuela de Paspels de Valerio Olgiati de 1998 y la Torre Roccolo de Villa Garbald de Miller&Maranta de 1998. La teoría tectónica de Gottfried Semper y la razón de la forma de Adolf Loos constituyen el sustrato teórico, que relaciona la actividad existencial de habitar con la materialidad de la arquitectura suizo alemana reciente. La teoría tectónica de Semper fundamenta las revisiones posteriores de los sistemas constructivos tradicionales suizo alemanes. Esta influencia sirvió como base a la vanguardia suiza de la Neues Bauen, que desarrolló un racionalismo funcionalista durante las décadas de 1920 y 1930, que constituye una gramática de base no simbólica. Esta gramática constituye el fundamento de la transición del orden clásico a la materialidad como instrumento compositivo durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX, consolidando el concepto de la base material de la forma. La revisión de la tradición regionalista y racionalista llevada a cabo por la generación de arquitectos suizo alemanes de la década de 1950 y 1960, constituyó una investigación lingüística sustancial. Rudolph Olgiati es la figura determinante de este periodo. La revisión de esta investigación se codificó en clave estructuralista durante los años 70 en la ETHZ, influenciada por la presencia de Roland Barthes como profesor invitado. Esta revisión constituyó la base de la articulación tectónica propiamente suizo alemana todavía vigente, como ilustra expresamente la obra de Burkhalter&Sumi en esta tesis. La obra de Gion Caminada en Vrin entre 1995 y 2002 aporta una intensa investigación sobre el Strickbau, que implementa una y otra vez variaciones sobre un sistema tradicional, ilustrando las infinitas posibilidades que ofrece un lenguaje, paradójicamente limitado por los medios disponibles en un entorno alpino aislado. Para terminar Jürg Conzett es el ingeniero con el que han desarrollado sus proyectos la mayoría de los arquitectos en el entorno de los Grisones, formado durante 8 años con Zumthor y colaborador habitual de Caminada entre otros. Conzett es el referente que relaciona la ingeniería con la arquitectura en el ámbito de esta tesis, imprescindible en el contexto de esta investigación. ABSTRACT The Alpine setting of Grisons has been a laboratory for architectural experimentation with an approach forged in the 1970s from various sources in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETHZ). This method has produced a uniquely German-Swiss theoretical discourse over the past three decades. Tradition continues to be a cultural value for Grisons, a region committed to continue linking its architecture with the region’s history and landscape. The specificity of the German-Swiss environment is obvious, but beyond its characteristic features, there is a common denominator that gives these settings a silent unity: it is an idea of building. The phenomenon of Grisons is geographic in its specific location, but it shares the theoretical basis of the rest of the new German-Swiss architecture. This thesis transversely delves into the conditions that have shaped this common path up to the present, just as German-Swiss architecture is going through a time of generational change. In this thesis, Märkli Peter's work constitutes a paradigm of the German-Swiss will to uphold the cultural and architectural continuity of the region, exemplifying an attitude of shared resistance to the globalized world. The thesis is structured around eight recent projects carried out by German-Swiss architects in the Alpine region of Grisons. These projects represent the trajectory of twentieth century German-Swiss architectural history, as well as the architectural phenomenon that has taken place in the environs of Grisons over the past three decades. Through these projects the thesis analyzes the most relevant theoretical, artistic and philosophical references that are synthesized in the works, as well as their architectural references and the transcendental dimension of the materials in which Swiss culture is rooted: wood, stone and concrete. The artistic avant-garde, together with Modernism and the humanistic and regional movements that occurred during the last century, set the stage for present-day German-Swiss architectural sensitivity, which emerges from a complex web of relationships established between the Swiss and international panorama. This same theoretical background and experience underlies all of the German-Swiss territory in general, so associating it through this thesis to a particular context allows the description of a specific embodiment of this debate, within the unique environment of Grisons. The methodological approach to analyzing the projects was phenomenological: direct experience is the main substrate underpinning the focus of the thesis. Field work was not limited to visiting the projects featured in the thesis, but rather encompassed the most important works of recent German-Swiss construction in the Grisons in order to gain some degree of perceptual sensitivity to the uniqueness of its territorial identity. The present paper puts special emphasis on the works of Peter Märkli and Peter Zumthor, who share the formal classicist perspective of the German-Swiss context but stand on opposite sides of the philosophical spectrum with regard to the notion of materiality and the nature of space, which they conceive as systematic or fluid, respectively. The two projects that establish the boundaries of the time period 1992–2004 explored by this research represent two key milestones. The Museum La Congiunta in Giornico, by Peter Märkli, was built in 1992 and quickly established itself as an architectural icon of German-Swiss reductionism. This paradigm of conceptual and constructive synthesis began to take shape in the 1930s under the banner of Konkrete Kunst (Concrete Art), led by Max Bill. The only genuinely Swiss artistic movement of the twentieth century, Konkrete Kunst was characterized by the artistic values of precision, rigor, rationalism and abstraction, sentiments that were very close to the German-Swiss tradition. Secondly, the project for the rehabilitation of Villa Garbald and the construction of the Roccolo Tower in Castasegna, conducted by Miller&Maranta in 2004, represented the consummation of the Analoge Architektur, which was the first truly Swiss architectural movement, spearheaded in the 1980s by Miroslav Sik. The Deutscher Tendenza is a little-known period of recent German-Swiss history, represented by the important figure of Peter Zumthor. The projects that Zumthor led between 1979 and 1985 are part of a period when Italian Neo-Rationalism exercised a profound influence on the architect, as illustrated by the Churwalden School, circa 1983. Recent German-Swiss architecture systematically explored the compositional systems of the artistic avant-garde and Modernism, beyond its specific formal aspects. The second phase of Zumthor's work, between 1985 and 1996, is characterized by the transfiguration of the free plane, neoplastic compositional system developed by De Stijl, a plane that thickened until it became the box articulating fluidity from the spatial sequence. Zumthor's formalism in this phase prioritizes the compositional scheme, consisting of a regular perimeter in which the boxes that -like Mondrian’s colored surfaces- arrange the space around it. Zumthor’s Masans Residence, circa 1993, is a canonical project of this compositional system, which culminates in the radial pattern of the Therme Vals, circa 1996. The poetic image became the appropriate language of thought for German-Swiss architecture, which invited a nonverbal reflection inspired by a few fundamental archetypes. The architects of Ticino sought, through the Italian Tendenza of the 1970s, an alternative to the unsustainable territorial model that was destroying their cultural landscape. Some of these architects began to teach during that decade at ETHZ, and naturally they transmitted their unease to their students. These architects also introduced Aldo Rossi, one of the leading representatives of the Tendenza, to the school. Rossi’s analogue method, based on the analytical psychology of Carl Jung, was a major influence on the ETHZ during the 1970s. Rossi’s theoretical grounding was very much in tune with Swiss intellectualism, and it did not take long for architects from ETHZ to realize that they should break away from the Italian context, developing their own method from 1985 on with the Analoge Architektur. The value of the pre-existing conformity of this emerging method, stemmed from its role in facilitating the cultural continuity of a community, which Miroslav Sik defined in his concept of Altneue (literally, Old-new). This fusion of old and new was the basis for the spontaneity with which settlements had historically grown. Sik considered that continuity depended on understanding the existing patterns and sustaining their relevance through the incorporation of contemporary strategies, which would renew their meaning without losing their essence. Zumthor’s Gugalun House in Versam, circa 1994, is a domestic-scale approach to this philosophy. Modern German-Swiss architecture often looks to its references in visual art for a way to explore areas that are normally inaccessible to the architectural discipline. Architectural thinking based on the poetic image is achieved through a building’s tectonics, which communicate the core idea of a project from start to finish. The understanding of construction as a medium introduces the key concept of the appearance in architecture, closely related to the idealistic philosophy of Friedrich Schiller. The appearance should express the conceptual meaning of the work, which German-Swiss architects call the idea, so that the building does not have value in and of itself, but only in terms of its appearance. The Oberrealta Chapel by Christian Kerez, circa 1993, can be considered a sculpture in the landscape, closer to the visual arts than to architecture. The tension that arises between the ideal figure and the piece subjected to a subtle deformation confers a dynamic character onto the composition, intensifying the perceptual effect, according to Rudolf Arnheim’s theory of visual thought. The deformation in the service of the psychology of perception is a phenomenon that characterizes recent German-Swiss architecture. Martin Steinmann introduced the Forme Forte (Strong Form) concept to describe the architectural object known internationally as the Swiss Box. This concept is characterized by a predilection for all things monolithic, unitary and archetypal. The most substantial condition of a Forme Forte, however, is the configuration of a structuring element in the environment. Both the morphological basis of a Forme Forte and its ability to frame the place, correspond to the concepts of archetype and monument put forward by Rossi’s theory. The present thesis explores the sense of deformation in recent German-Swiss production, based on the School of Paspels by Valerio Olgiati, circa 1998 and the Roccolo Tower in Villa Garbald, by Miller&Maranta, circa 1998. Gottfried Semper’s tectonic theory and Adolf Loos’s reason for form constitute the theoretical foundation that links the existential activity of dwelling to the materiality of recent German-Swiss architecture. Semper’s tectonic theory laid the foundation for subsequent revisions of the German-Swiss traditional building systems. This influence was the basis for the Swiss avant-garde of Neues Bauen, which developed a functional rationalism during the 1920s and 30s that served as a non-symbolic grammatical foundation for the transition from classical order to materiality as a compositional tool. During the second half of the twentieth century, this architectural grammar helped consolidate the concept of the material base of the form. The revision of the regionalist and rationalist tradition, carried out by the generation of German-Swiss architects of the 1950s and 60s, constituted a substantial linguistic investigation. Rudolph Olgiati is the key figure of this period. The research was codified in terms of structuralism in the 1970s in ETHZ and influenced by the presence of Roland Barthes as a visiting professor. This revision was the basis of the uniquely German-Swiss tectonic design still in use today, as specifically illustrated by the work of Burkhalter & Sumi in this thesis. Gion Caminada's work in Vrin between 1995 and 2002 offers an extensive study on the Strickbau, which implements variations on a traditional system again and again, illustrating the endless possibilities of a language that paradoxically seems limited by the available resources in a remote Alpine setting. Finally, Jürg Conzett is the engineer with whom most architects in the Grisons region have developed their projects. Trained under Zumthor for 8 years, and a regular collaborator of Caminada, among others, Conzett is the reference point linking engineering with architecture in this thesis, essential in the context of this research.

Induction of long-term depression and rebound potentiation by inositol trisphosphate in cerebellar Purkinje neurons

Cerebellar Purkinje neurons receive two major excitatory inputs, the climbing fibers (CFs) and parallel fibers (PFs). Simultaneous, repeated activation of CFs and PFs results in the long-term depression (LTD) of the amplitude of PF-evoked synaptic currents. To induce LTD, activation of CFs may be substituted with depolarization of the Purkinje neuron to turn on voltage-activated calcium channels and increase the intracellular calcium concentration. The role of PFs in the induction of LTD, however, is less clear. PFs activate glutamate metabotropic receptors that increase phosphoinositide turnover and elevate cytosolic inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3). It has been proposed that calcium release from intracellular stores via InsP3 receptors may be important in the induction of LTD. We studied the role of InsP3 in the induction of LTD by photolytic release of InsP3 from its biologically inactive “caged” precursor in voltage-clamped Purkinje neurons in acutely prepared cerebellar slices. We find that InsP3-evoked calcium release is as effective in LTD induction as activation of PFs. InsP3-induced LTD was prevented by calcium chelator 1,2-bis(2-amino phenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid. LTD produced either by repeated activation of PFs combined with depolarization (PF+ΔV), or by InsP3 combined with depolarization (InsP3+ΔV) saturated at ≈50%. Maximal LTD induced by PF+ΔV could not be further increased by InsP3+ΔV and vice versa, which suggests that both protocols for induction of LTD share a common path. In addition to inducing LTD, photo-release of InsP3+ΔV resulted in the rebound potentiation of inhibitory synaptic currents. In the presence of heparin, an InsP3 receptor antagonist, repeated activation of PF+ΔV failed to induce LTD, suggesting that InsP3 receptors play an important role in LTD induction under physiological conditions.

Two roads to planet detection

One of the most exciting discoveries in astrophysics of the last last decade is of the sheer diversity of planetary systems. These include "hot Jupiters", giant planets so close to their host stars that they orbit once every few days; "Super-Earths", planets with sizes intermediate to those of Earth and Neptune, of which no analogs exist in our own solar system; multi-planet systems with planets smaller than Mars to larger than Jupiter; planets orbiting binary stars; free-floating planets flying through the emptiness of space without any star; even planets orbiting pulsars. Despite these remarkable discoveries, the field is still young, and there are many areas about which precious little is known. In particular, we don't know the planets orbiting Sun-like stars nearest to our own solar system, and we know very little about the compositions of extrasolar planets. This thesis provides developments in those directions, through two instrumentation projects.

The first chapter of this thesis concerns detecting planets in the Solar neighborhood using precision stellar radial velocities, also known as the Doppler technique. We present an analysis determining the most efficient way to detect planets considering factors such as spectral type, wavelengths of observation, spectrograph resolution, observing time, and instrumental sensitivity. We show that G and K dwarfs observed at 400-600 nm are the best targets for surveys complete down to a given planet mass and out to a specified orbital period. Overall we find that M dwarfs observed at 700-800 nm are the best targets for habitable-zone planets, particularly when including the effects of systematic noise floors caused by instrumental imperfections. Somewhat surprisingly, we demonstrate that a modestly sized observatory, with a dedicated observing program, is up to the task of discovering such planets.

We present just such an observatory in the second chapter, called the "MINiature Exoplanet Radial Velocity Array," or MINERVA. We describe the design, which uses a novel multi-aperture approach to increase stability and performance through lower system etendue, as well as keeping costs and time to deployment down. We present calculations of the expected planet yield, and data showing the system performance from our testing and development of the system at Caltech's campus. We also present the motivation, design, and performance of a fiber coupling system for the array, critical for efficiently and reliably bringing light from the telescopes to the spectrograph. We finish by presenting the current status of MINERVA, operational at Mt. Hopkins observatory in Arizona.

The second part of this thesis concerns a very different method of planet detection, direct imaging, which involves discovery and characterization of planets by collecting and analyzing their light. Directly analyzing planetary light is the most promising way to study their atmospheres, formation histories, and compositions. Direct imaging is extremely challenging, as it requires a high performance adaptive optics system to unblur the point-spread function of the parent star through the atmosphere, a coronagraph to suppress stellar diffraction, and image post-processing to remove non-common path "speckle" aberrations that can overwhelm any planetary companions.

To this end, we present the "Stellar Double Coronagraph," or SDC, a flexible coronagraphic platform for use with the 200" Hale telescope. It has two focal and pupil planes, allowing for a number of different observing modes, including multiple vortex phase masks in series for improved contrast and inner working angle behind the obscured aperture of the telescope. We present the motivation, design, performance, and data reduction pipeline of the instrument. In the following chapter, we present some early science results, including the first image of a companion to the star delta Andromeda, which had been previously hypothesized but never seen.

A further chapter presents a wavefront control code developed for the instrument, using the technique of "speckle nulling," which can remove optical aberrations from the system using the deformable mirror of the adaptive optics system. This code allows for improved contrast and inner working angles, and was written in a modular style so as to be portable to other high contrast imaging platforms. We present its performance on optical, near-infrared, and thermal infrared instruments on the Palomar and Keck telescopes, showing how it can improve contrasts by a factor of a few in less than ten iterations.

One of the large challenges in direct imaging is sensing and correcting the electric field in the focal plane to remove scattered light that can be much brighter than any planets. In the last chapter, we present a new method of focal-plane wavefront sensing, combining a coronagraph with a simple phase-shifting interferometer. We present its design and implementation on the Stellar Double Coronagraph, demonstrating its ability to create regions of high contrast by measuring and correcting for optical aberrations in the focal plane. Finally, we derive how it is possible to use the same hardware to distinguish companions from speckle errors using the principles of optical coherence. We present results observing the brown dwarf HD 49197b, demonstrating the ability to detect it despite it being buried in the speckle noise floor. We believe this is the first detection of a substellar companion using the coherence properties of light.

Common chromosomal fragile site FRA16D sequence: identification of the FOR gene spanning FRA16D and homozygous deletions and translocation breakpoints in cancer cells

Fluorescence in situ hybridization of a tile path of DNA subclones has previously enabled the cytogenetic definition of the minimal DNA sequence which spans the FRA16D common chromosomal fragile site, located at 16q23.2. Homozygous deletion of the FRA16D locus has been reported in adenocarcinomas of stomach, colon, lung and ovary. We have sequenced the 270 kb containing the FRA16D fragile site and the minimal homozygously deleted region in tumour cells. This sequence enabled localization of some of the tumour cell breakpoints to regions which contain AT-rich secondary structures similar to those associated with the FRA10B and FRA16B rare fragile sites. The FRA16D DNA sequence also led to the identification of an alternatively spliced gene, named FOR (fragile site FRA16D oxidoreductase), exons of which span both the fragile site and the minimal region of homozygous deletion. In addition, the complete DNA sequence of the FRA16D-containing FOR intron reveals no evidence of additional authentic transcripts. Alternatively spliced FOR transcripts (FOR I, FOR II and FOR III) encode proteins which share N-terminal WW domains and differ at their C-terminus, with FOR III having a truncated oxidoreductase domain. FRA16D-associated deletions selectively affect the FOR gene transcripts. Three out of five previously mapped translocation breakpoints in multiple myeloma are also located within the FOR gene. FOR is therefore the principle genetic target for DNA instability at 16q23.2 and perturbation of FOR function is likely to contribute to the biological consequences of DNA instability at FRA16D in cancer cells.

Certification and integration of environment with quality and safety – a path to sustained success

According to Wright [1] certification of products and processes began during the 1960’s in the manufacturing industry, as a tool to control and assure the quality/conformity of products and services provided by suppliers to customers/consumers. Thus, the series of ISO 9000 was published first time, in 1987 and it was been created with a flexible character, to be reviewed periodically. Later, were published others normative references, which highlight the ISO 14001 in 1996 and OHSAS 18001 in 1999. This was also, the natural sequence of the certification processes in the organizations, i.e., began with the certification of quality management systems (QMS) followed by the environmental management systems (EMS) and after for the Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS). Hence, a high percentage of organizations with an EMS, in accordance with the ISO 14001, had also implemented, a certified QMS, in accordance with ISO 9001. At first the implementation of a QMS was particularly relevant in high demanding activity sectors, like the automotive and aeronautical industries, but it has rapidly extended to every activity sector, becoming a common requisite of any company worldwide and a factor of competitiveness and survival. Due to the increasingly demanding environmental legislation in developed countries, companies nowadays are required to seriously take into consideration not only environmental aspects associated to the production chain itself, but also to the life cycle of their products.

Relationships between grain yield and accumulation of biomass, nitrogen and phosphorus in common bean cultivars

Shoot biomass is considered a relevant component for crop yield, but relationships between biological productivity and grain yield in legume crops are usually difficult to establish. Two field experiments were carried out to investigate the relationships between grain yield, biomass production and N and P accumulation at reproductive stages of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars. Nine and 18 cultivars were grown on 16 m² plots in 1998 and 1999, respectively, with four replications. Crop biomass was sampled at four growth stages (flowering R6, pod setting R7, beginning of pod filling R8, and mid-pod filling R8.5), grain yield was measured at maturity, and N and P concentrations were determined in plant tissues. In both years, bean cultivars differed in grain yield, in root mass at R6 and R7 stages, and in shoot mass at R6 and R8.5, whereas at R7 and R8 differences in shoot mass were significant in 1998 only. In both years, grain yield did not correlate with shoot mass at R6 and R7 and with root mass at R6. Grain yield correlated with shoot mass at R8 in 1999 but not in 1998, with shoot mass at R8.5 and with root mass at R7 in both years. Path coefficient analysis indicated that shoot mass at R8.5 had a direct effect on grain yield in both years, that root mass at R7 had a direct effect on grain yield in 1998, and that in 1999 the amounts of N and P in shoots at R8.5 had indirect effects on grain yield via shoot mass at R8.5. A combined analysis of both experiments revealed that biomass accumulation, N and P in shoots at R6 and R7 as well as root mass at R6 were similar in both years. In 1998 however bean accumulated more root mass at R7 and more biomass and N and P in shoots at R8 and R8.5, resulting in a 57 % higher grain yield in 1998. This indicates that grain yield of different common bean cultivars is not intrinsically associated with vegetative vigor at flowering and that mechanisms during pod filling can strongly influence the final crop yield. The establishment of a profuse root system during pod setting, associated with the continuous N and P acquisition during early pod filling, seems to be relevant for higher grain yields of common bean.