Transformações de ordem-desordem no sistema ixiolita-columbita-wodginita

O mineral columbita-tantalita (muitas vezes chamado simplesmente columbita,para Nb>Ta,ou tantalita,paraNbcolumbita. Fenômenos de ordem-desordem envolvendo estes minerais ainda apresentam questões em aberto. Sabe-se, por exemplo, que o ordenamento dos cátions na estrutura M02 é possível se a célula unitária for aumentada: triplicando-a tem-se a estabilização da estrutura AB206 quadruplicando-a tem-se a estrutura ABC2Os. Todavia, não se sabe se a ocorrência de uma ou outra rota depende de fatores geoquímicos ou de fatores cristaloquímicos. Evolução térmica e fenômenos de ordem-desordem, investigados em uma manganotantalitanatural parcialmente ordenada (Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)206e em uma ferrocolumbita sintética Fe(Nb,Tah06, são relatados na presente dissertação. As amostras foram caracterizadas com o uso da difração de raios-X (DRX), através de refinamento estrutural com o programa FullProf. As propriedades químicas e magnéticas foram investigadas com o uso da EspectroscopiaMõssbauer (EM) Tratamento térmico em ar na amostra natural parcialmente ordenada leva a diferentes resultados dependendo da forma da amostra. Para amostra em pó a transformação manganotantalita-wodginita foi observada, com pequenas contribuições de (Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)04 e (Nb,TahOs. Para um fragmento de cristal o tratamento térmico produz a mistura de quatro fases, sendo a maior contribuição devido ao ordenamento da fase (Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)206 presente no interior do cristal. (Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nbh06 presente na superficie do cristal oxida-se, como no caso observado na amostra em pó. O tratamento térmico em ar, aplicado na ferrocolumbita sintética, gerou a transformação ferrocolumbita-ixiolita.

Efeito da adição de dopantes durante a síntese do precursor columbita para a preparação da cerâmica ferroelétrica relaxora PMN

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influência do oxalato de amônio na formação do precursor columbita obtido pelo método Pechini

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudo e desenvolvimento de um capacitor eletrolítico de nióbio

It seeks to find an alternative to the current tantalum electrolytic capacitors in the market due to its high cost. Niobium is a potential substitute, since both belong to the same group of the periodic table and because of this have many similar physical and chemical properties. Niobium has several technologically important applications, and Brazil has the largest reserves, around 96%. There are including niobium in reserves of tantalite and columbite in Rio Grande do Norte. These electrolytic capacitors have high capacitance specifies, ie they can store high energy in small volumes compared to other types of capacitors. This is the main attraction of this type of capacitor because is growing demand in the production of capacitors with capacitance specifies increasingly high, this because of the miniaturization of various devices such as GPS devices, televisions, computers, phones and many others. The production route of the capacitor was made by powder metallurgy. The initial niobium powder supplied by EEL-USP was first characterized by XRD, SEM, XRF and laser particle size, to then be sieved into three particle size, 200, 400 e 635mesh. The powders were then compacted and sintered at 1350, 1450 and 1550°C using two sintering time 30 and 60min. Sintering is one of the most important parts of the process as it affects properties as porosity and surface cleaning of the samples, which greatly affected the quality of the capacitor. The sintered samples then underwent a process of anodic oxidation, which created a thin film of niobium pentóxido over the whole porous surface of the sample, this film is the dielectric capacitor. The oxidation process variables influence the performance of the film and therefore the capacitor. The samples were characterized by electrical measurements of capacitance, loss factor, ESR, relative density, porosity and surface area. After the characterizations was made an annealing in air ate 260ºC for 60min. After this treatment were made again the electrical measurements. The particle size of powders and sintering affected the porosity and in turn the specific area of the samples. The larger de area of the capacitor, greater is the capacitance. The powder showed the highest capacitance was with the smallest particle size. Higher temperatures and times of sintering caused samples with smaller surface area, but on the other hand the cleaning surface impurities was higher for this cases. So a balance must be made between the gain that is achieved with the cleaning of impurities and the loss with the decreased in specific area. The best results were obtained for the temperature of 1450ºC/60min. The influence of annealing on the loss factor and ESR did not follow a well-defined pattern, because their values increased in some cases and decreased in others. The most interesting results due to heat treatment were with respect to capacitance, which showed an increase for all samples after treatment

Obtenção de pós de tântalo metálico a partir da redução aluminotérmica com ignição a plasma

Metallic tantalum has a high commercial value due to intrinsic properties like excellent ductility, corrosion resistance, high melt and boiling points and good electrical and thermal conductivities. Nowadays, it is mostly used in the manufacture of capacitors, due to excellent dielectric properties of its oxides. In the nature, tantalum occurs in the form of oxide and it is extracted mainly from tantalite-columbite ores. The tantalum is usually produced by the reduction of its oxide, using reductants like carbon, silicon, calcium, magnesium and aluminum. Among these techniques, the aluminothermic reduction has been used as the industrial method to produce niobium, tantalum and their alloys, due to the easy removal of the Al and Al2O3 of the system, easing further refining. In conventional aluminothermic reduction an electrical resistance is used to trigger the reaction. This reaction self-propagates for all the volume of material. In this work, we have developed a novel technique of aluminothermic reduction that uses the hydrogen plasma to trigger the reaction. The results obtained by XRD, SEM and EDS show that is possible to obtain a compound rich in tantalum through this technique of aluminothermic reduction in the plasma reactor

Estudo da estabilização da fase perovskita PMN em filmes ultrafinos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influência dos dopantes potássio e lítio na cerâmica relaxora niobato de chumbo e magnésio (PMN)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estanho na Amazônia: o apogeu e o caso da produção

No Brasil, na Região Amazônica, o minério de estanho (cassiterita) é obtido por dragagem em depósitos aluvionares, extração de minério primário e lavra de pequeno porte. O concentrado de estanho obtido (Sn02, contendo 60% de estanho), sendo transformado, via redução, nos fornos elétricos, transformando-o em lingotes de estanho. O metal é primeiramente usado para a produção de folhas de flandres – chapas de aço recobertas com estanho e utilizadas para fabricação de latas para alimentos, bebidas e produtos químicos, bem como na produção de soldas e outras ligas para a indústria em geral (particularmente em segmentos elétricos e eletrônicos). A mina mais importante é a de Pitinga (pureza de 55,3%), localizada a 300 km ao norte de Manaus (AM) e proprietária da Paranapenema. Pitinga dispõe de reservas provadas de columbita-tantalita, criolita e zirconita, contendo terras raras e itrium, cuja viabilidade econômica ainda está sendo estudada. Há inda veios mineralizados no estado de Rondônia, incluindo a mina de Bom Futuro (pureza de 58%), no município de Ariquemes, onde operam os mineradores de pequeno porte. O Brasil é o quinto maior produtor do metal, após Indonésia, China e Peru.

Geologia e Mineralogia do Pegmatito Estanífero Cascavel, Mina Bom Futuro, Rondônia

A mina Bom Futuro situa-se na região centro-norte de Rondônia e inclui dois morros denominados de Palanqueta e Bom Futuro e as áreas aplainadas adjacentes. As principais lavras de extração de cassiterita ocorrem nos placeres circunvizinhos ao morro Bom Futuro, bem como nos depósitos primários situados no próprio morro. Esses depósitos primários restringem-se aos corpos de pegmatito formados em pelo menos dois eventos distintos. O pegmatito Cascavel pertence ao evento mais antigo e é composto por uma lente principal e um enxame de diques, veios e vênulas com atitude geral NNW/35oENE. Os corpos são maciços ou zonados, sendo que na lente principal foram reconhecidas três zonas distintas, sob a forma de leitos subparalelos entre si e com as paredes da lente. Do muro para o teto tem-se: zona do quartzo e topázio, zona do feldspato alcalino e Li-mica e zona granítica. Os minerais principais do pegmatito Cascavel são quartzo, feldspato alcalino (microclínio pertítico), topázio e Li-mica e os minerais subordinados ou acessórios são cassiterita, sulfetos (esfalerita, calcopirita, pirita, galena e estanita), zircão, monazita, wolframita, uraninita, columbita-tantalita e rutilo niobífero. O pegmatito Cascavel é do tipo complexo e pode ser incluído na família LCT dos pegmatitos a elemento-raro. O pegmatito Cascavel é de natureza subvulcânica e mostra relações espacial e temporal com os granitos peraluminosos tardios da Suíte Intrusiva Granitos Últimos de Rondônia.

Estudo e desenvolvimento de um capacitor eletrolítico de nióbio

It seeks to find an alternative to the current tantalum electrolytic capacitors in the market due to its high cost. Niobium is a potential substitute, since both belong to the same group of the periodic table and because of this have many similar physical and chemical properties. Niobium has several technologically important applications, and Brazil has the largest reserves, around 96%. There are including niobium in reserves of tantalite and columbite in Rio Grande do Norte. These electrolytic capacitors have high capacitance specifies, ie they can store high energy in small volumes compared to other types of capacitors. This is the main attraction of this type of capacitor because is growing demand in the production of capacitors with capacitance specifies increasingly high, this because of the miniaturization of various devices such as GPS devices, televisions, computers, phones and many others. The production route of the capacitor was made by powder metallurgy. The initial niobium powder supplied by EEL-USP was first characterized by XRD, SEM, XRF and laser particle size, to then be sieved into three particle size, 200, 400 e 635mesh. The powders were then compacted and sintered at 1350, 1450 and 1550°C using two sintering time 30 and 60min. Sintering is one of the most important parts of the process as it affects properties as porosity and surface cleaning of the samples, which greatly affected the quality of the capacitor. The sintered samples then underwent a process of anodic oxidation, which created a thin film of niobium pentóxido over the whole porous surface of the sample, this film is the dielectric capacitor. The oxidation process variables influence the performance of the film and therefore the capacitor. The samples were characterized by electrical measurements of capacitance, loss factor, ESR, relative density, porosity and surface area. After the characterizations was made an annealing in air ate 260ºC for 60min. After this treatment were made again the electrical measurements. The particle size of powders and sintering affected the porosity and in turn the specific area of the samples. The larger de area of the capacitor, greater is the capacitance. The powder showed the highest capacitance was with the smallest particle size. Higher temperatures and times of sintering caused samples with smaller surface area, but on the other hand the cleaning surface impurities was higher for this cases. So a balance must be made between the gain that is achieved with the cleaning of impurities and the loss with the decreased in specific area. The best results were obtained for the temperature of 1450ºC/60min. The influence of annealing on the loss factor and ESR did not follow a well-defined pattern, because their values increased in some cases and decreased in others. The most interesting results due to heat treatment were with respect to capacitance, which showed an increase for all samples after treatment

Obtenção de pós de tântalo metálico a partir da redução aluminotérmica com ignição a plasma

Metallic tantalum has a high commercial value due to intrinsic properties like excellent ductility, corrosion resistance, high melt and boiling points and good electrical and thermal conductivities. Nowadays, it is mostly used in the manufacture of capacitors, due to excellent dielectric properties of its oxides. In the nature, tantalum occurs in the form of oxide and it is extracted mainly from tantalite-columbite ores. The tantalum is usually produced by the reduction of its oxide, using reductants like carbon, silicon, calcium, magnesium and aluminum. Among these techniques, the aluminothermic reduction has been used as the industrial method to produce niobium, tantalum and their alloys, due to the easy removal of the Al and Al2O3 of the system, easing further refining. In conventional aluminothermic reduction an electrical resistance is used to trigger the reaction. This reaction self-propagates for all the volume of material. In this work, we have developed a novel technique of aluminothermic reduction that uses the hydrogen plasma to trigger the reaction. The results obtained by XRD, SEM and EDS show that is possible to obtain a compound rich in tantalum through this technique of aluminothermic reduction in the plasma reactor