IMPRENSA DE COMUNIDADES IMIGRANTES DE SÃO PAULO E IDENTIDADE: estudo dos jornais ibéricos Mundo Lusíada e Alborada

Entre os veículos impressos voltados para colônias de imigrantes em circulação na cidade de São Paulo, atualmente (2005/2006), estão Mundo Lusíada (português) e Alborada (espanhol). Identificar se estes dois jornais trazem em seu conteúdo, predominantemente, assuntos que favorecem a aculturação e assimilação do estrangeiro no território receptor ou a preservação de sua identidade cultural foi o principal objetivo deste trabalho, além de apurar as características editoriais e averiguar se a relação com a comunidade em questão não é apenas uma estratégia mercadológica. O estudo foi baseado em pesquisa bibliográfica, mapeamento das principais publicações voltadas para imigrantes que circulam na capital paulista e, sobretudo, em análise de conteúdo de 12 edições do Mundo Lusíada e 11 de Alborada. Entre os resultados observados destaca-se que o conteúdo de ambos os títulos fornece elementos que propiciam um contato direto com as raízes desses grupos. Este demonstra elementos que permeiam a memória coletiva dos imigrantes luso e hispânico que vieram para o Brasil há mais de um século independentemente de essa identidade ser real. Mundo Lusíada, apesar de ser um veículo voltado para a comunidade luso-brasileira é segmentado, uma vez que, entre outros fatores, se utiliza de estrutura comercial de uma micro empresa. Já Alboradapode ser considerado comunitário no sentido de servir à comunidade atendida pela Sociedade Hispano Brasileira SHB (que o mantém) embora este caráter esteja mudando. Com relação a aspectos jornalísticos verificados nos dois jornais, estes se assemelham aos da pequena imprensa, numa mistura de amadorismo e fonte de status. No entanto, ambos têm papel relevante no fortalecimento dos laços de amizade, culturais e união dos envolvidos, bem como na celebração de suas origens.(AU)

IMPRENSA DE COMUNIDADES IMIGRANTES DE SÃO PAULO E IDENTIDADE: estudo dos jornais ibéricos Mundo Lusíada e Alborada

Entre os veículos impressos voltados para colônias de imigrantes em circulação na cidade de São Paulo, atualmente (2005/2006), estão Mundo Lusíada (português) e Alborada (espanhol). Identificar se estes dois jornais trazem em seu conteúdo, predominantemente, assuntos que favorecem a aculturação e assimilação do estrangeiro no território receptor ou a preservação de sua identidade cultural foi o principal objetivo deste trabalho, além de apurar as características editoriais e averiguar se a relação com a comunidade em questão não é apenas uma estratégia mercadológica. O estudo foi baseado em pesquisa bibliográfica, mapeamento das principais publicações voltadas para imigrantes que circulam na capital paulista e, sobretudo, em análise de conteúdo de 12 edições do Mundo Lusíada e 11 de Alborada. Entre os resultados observados destaca-se que o conteúdo de ambos os títulos fornece elementos que propiciam um contato direto com as raízes desses grupos. Este demonstra elementos que permeiam a memória coletiva dos imigrantes luso e hispânico que vieram para o Brasil há mais de um século independentemente de essa identidade ser real. Mundo Lusíada, apesar de ser um veículo voltado para a comunidade luso-brasileira é segmentado, uma vez que, entre outros fatores, se utiliza de estrutura comercial de uma micro empresa. Já Alboradapode ser considerado comunitário no sentido de servir à comunidade atendida pela Sociedade Hispano Brasileira SHB (que o mantém) embora este caráter esteja mudando. Com relação a aspectos jornalísticos verificados nos dois jornais, estes se assemelham aos da pequena imprensa, numa mistura de amadorismo e fonte de status. No entanto, ambos têm papel relevante no fortalecimento dos laços de amizade, culturais e união dos envolvidos, bem como na celebração de suas origens.(AU)

IMPRENSA DE COMUNIDADES IMIGRANTES DE SÃO PAULO E IDENTIDADE: estudo dos jornais ibéricos Mundo Lusíada e Alborada

Entre os veículos impressos voltados para colônias de imigrantes em circulação na cidade de São Paulo, atualmente (2005/2006), estão Mundo Lusíada (português) e Alborada (espanhol). Identificar se estes dois jornais trazem em seu conteúdo, predominantemente, assuntos que favorecem a aculturação e assimilação do estrangeiro no território receptor ou a preservação de sua identidade cultural foi o principal objetivo deste trabalho, além de apurar as características editoriais e averiguar se a relação com a comunidade em questão não é apenas uma estratégia mercadológica. O estudo foi baseado em pesquisa bibliográfica, mapeamento das principais publicações voltadas para imigrantes que circulam na capital paulista e, sobretudo, em análise de conteúdo de 12 edições do Mundo Lusíada e 11 de Alborada. Entre os resultados observados destaca-se que o conteúdo de ambos os títulos fornece elementos que propiciam um contato direto com as raízes desses grupos. Este demonstra elementos que permeiam a memória coletiva dos imigrantes luso e hispânico que vieram para o Brasil há mais de um século independentemente de essa identidade ser real. Mundo Lusíada, apesar de ser um veículo voltado para a comunidade luso-brasileira é segmentado, uma vez que, entre outros fatores, se utiliza de estrutura comercial de uma micro empresa. Já Alboradapode ser considerado comunitário no sentido de servir à comunidade atendida pela Sociedade Hispano Brasileira SHB (que o mantém) embora este caráter esteja mudando. Com relação a aspectos jornalísticos verificados nos dois jornais, estes se assemelham aos da pequena imprensa, numa mistura de amadorismo e fonte de status. No entanto, ambos têm papel relevante no fortalecimento dos laços de amizade, culturais e união dos envolvidos, bem como na celebração de suas origens.(AU)

Pollen foraging in colonies of Melipona bicolor (Apidae, Meliponini): effects of season, colony size and queen number

We evaluated the ratio between the number of pollen foragers and the total number of bees entering colonies of Melipona bicolor, a facultative polygynous species of stingless bees. The variables considered in our analysis were: seasonality, colony size and the number of physogastric queens in each colony. The pollen forager ratios varied significantly between seasons; the ratio was higher in winter than in summer. However, colony size and number of queens per colony had no significant effect. We conclude that seasonal differences in pollen harvest are related to the production of sexuals and to the number of individuals and their body size.

Brood production increases when artificial heating is provided to colonies of stingless bees

Although stingless bees are capable of maintaining their nest temperature within certain limits, brood production of several species declines or even completely stops during periods of low ambient temperature. In the present study, we investigated whether the brood production of the meliponine species Nannotrigona testaceicornis can be artificially increased through heating the colonies during the cold season. For this, we monitored the rate of brood cell production of seven hives in intervals of 24 hours under two different experimental conditions: 1. without; and 2. with heating. Each treatment (first with and subsequently without heating) lasted for nine consecutive days. The ambient temperature (TA) during both experimental periods was very similar (TA(WITH) = 16.1 degrees C; TA(WITHOUT) = 16.3 degrees C). On average, the colonies built 3.6 brood cells per day without and 15.8 brood cells per day with artificial heating (Wilcoxon Rank Sum test: T = 10, Z = 4, P < 0.001). In both treatments, the rate of brood cell production increased with increasing environmental temperature (Spearman Rank Correlation: R(WITH) = 0.71, P = 0.02; R(WITHOUT) = 0.66, P = 0.05). We concluded that artificial heating during cold periods increased the brood cell production in N. testaceicornis Our results indicate that the use of heaters for stingless bee hives during periods of low ambient temperature may be helpful for stingless beekeeping.

Study of hantavirus infection in captive breed colonies of wild rodents

Wild sigmondontine rodents are known to be the reservoir of several serotypes of New World hantaviruses. The mechanism of viral transmission is by aerosol inhalation of the excreta from infected rodents. Considering that the captive breed colonies of various wild mammals may present a potencial risk for hantaviral transmission, we examined 85 speciemens of Thrichomys spp. (Echimyidae) and 17 speciemens of Nectomys squamipes (Sigmodontinae) from our colony for the presence of hantavirus infections. Blood samples were assayed for the presence of antibodies to Andes nucleocapsid antigen using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Additionally, serum samples from workers previously exposed to wild rodents, in the laboratories where the study was conducted, were also tested by ELISA to investigate prevalence of anti-hantavirus IgG antibodies. All blood samples were negative for hantavirus antibodies. Although these results suggest that those rodent's colonies are hantavirus free, the work emphasizes the need for hantavirus serological monitoring in wild colonized rodents and secure handling potentially infected rodents as important biosafety measures.

Peridomiciliary colonies of Triatoma vitticeps (Stal, 1859) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) infected with Trypanosoma cruzi in rural areas of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil

In Brazil, the colonization of human dwellings by triatomines occurs in areas with native vegetation of the caatinga or cerrado types. In areas of Atlantic forest such as in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo, there are no species adapted to live in human habitations. The few autochthonous cases of Chagas disease encountered in Espírito Santo have been attributed to adult specimens of Triatoma vitticeps that invade houses from forest remnants. In recent years, the entomology unit of the Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat has recorded nymphs infected with flagellates similar to Trypanosoma cruzi in rural localities. Entomological surveys were carried out in the residences and outbuildings in which the insects were found, and serological examinations for Chagas disease performed on the inhabitants. Four colonies were found, all associated with nests of opossums (Didelphis aurita), 111 specimens of T. vitticeps, and 159 eggs being collected. All the triatomines presented flagellates in their frass. Mice inoculated with the faeces presented trypomastigotes in the circulating blood and groups of amastigotes in the cardiac muscle fibres. Serological tests performed on the inhabitants were negative for T. cruzi. Even with the intense devastation of the forest in Espírito Santo, there are no indications of change in the sylvatic habits of T. vitticeps. Colonies of this insect associated with opossum nests would indicate an expansion of the sylvatic environment into the peridomicile.

Toxicity of pyrethroids and repellency of diethyltoluamide in two deltamethrin-resistant colonies of Triatoma infestans Klug, 1834 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

The aim of the currrent investigation was to evaluate (a) the toxicity of three pyrethroids (deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and tetramethrin); (b) the effect of these insecticides on the locomotor activity; and (c) the repellent effect of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) on two deltamethrin-resistant strains of Triatoma infestans from Argentina (El Chorro and La Toma), and one susceptible strain. The resistance ratios (RRs) obtained for the La Toma strain were: > 10,769, 50.7, and > 5.2 for deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and tetramethrin respectively. The RRs for the El Chorro strain were: > 10,769, 85.8, and > 5.2 for deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and tetramethrin respectively. The hyperactivity usually caused by the three pyrethroids was in both the deltamethrin-resistant strains compared to the susceptible reference strain. No differences were observed in the repellent effect of DEET between the three groups. These results indicate that the deltamethrin-resistant insects have a cross resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin and tetramethrin, and are also resistant to the first symptom of pyrethroid poisoning (hyperactivity). However, the sensorial process related to DEET repellency does not appear to be altered.

The Point system of selection of immigrants in Quebec

The present paper is aimed at identifying what are the effects of the Point System of Selection of immigrants in Quebec. I defend that the distribution of points results in a different composition of immigrant stocks in terms of origin mix and not in terms of labour skills. To do so, I carry out a longitudinal descriptive analysis on the national composition of immigrants in Quebec and two other significant provinces (Ontario and British Columbia), as well as an analysis of the distribution of points in Quebec and in the rest of Canada.

Intertwined cultural demands of immigrants and minority nations

Since at least the last two decades of the 20th century, the normative debate on multiculturalism has been one-dimensional. It has deployed arguments related to cultural demands either linked to feminism and sub-cultural identities, immigration or national minorities. Little attention has been given to the relations between these dimensions, and how they effect each other in putting forward demands to the nation-state. The purpose of this article is to analyse the interaction between cultural demands of immigrants and minority nations. The basic objective of this paper is to give an overview of different reflections coming from three basic contributors: J. Carens, W. Kymlicka and R. Bauböck.

Diversity, prevalence and virulence of fungal entomopathogens in colonies of the ant Formica selysi

The richness of the parasitic community associated with social insect colonies has rarely been investigated. Moreover, understanding how hosts and pathogens interact in nature is important to interpret results from laboratory experiments. Here, we assessed the diversity, prevalence and virulence of fungal entomopathogens present around and within colonies of the ant Formica selysi. We detected eight fungal species known to be entomopathogenic in soil sampled from the habitat of ants. Six of these entomopathogens were found in active nests, abandoned nests, and corpses from dump piles or live ants. A systematic search for the presence of three generalist fungal entomopathogens in ant colonies revealed a large variation in their prevalence. The most common of the three pathogens, Paecilomyces lilacinus, was detected in 44% of the colonies. Beauveria bassiana occurred in 17% of the colonies, often in association with P. lilacinus, whereas we did not detect Metarhizium brunneum (formerly M. anisopliae) in active colonies. The three fungal species caused significant mortality to experimentally challenged ants, but varied in their degree of virulence. There was a high level of genetic diversity within B. bassiana isolates, which delineated three genetic strains that also differed significantly in their virulence. Overall, our study indicates that the ants encounter a diversity of fungal entomopathogens in their natural habitat. Moreover, some generalist pathogens vary greatly in their virulence and prevalence in ant colonies, which calls for further studies on the specificity of the interactions between the ant hosts and their fungal pathogens.

Active civic participation of immigrants in Portugal

Portugal’s historical past strongly influences the composition of the country’s immigrant population. The main third-country foreign nationals in Portugal originate traditionally from Portuguese-speaking African countries (namely Cape Verde, Angola, Guinea Bissau, and S. Tomé e Príncipe) and Brazil. In 2001, a newly created immigrant status entitled “permanence” authorization uncovered a quantitative and a qualitative change in the structure of immigrant population in Portugal. First, there was a quantitative jump from 223.602 foreigners in 2001 to 364.203 regularized foreigners in 2003. Secondly, there was a substantial qualitative shift in the composition of immigrants. The majority of the new immigrants began coming from Eastern European countries, such as Ukraine, Moldavia, Romania, and the Russian Federation. Thus, European countries outside the E.U. zone now rank second (after African countries) in their contribution of individuals to the stocks of immigrant population in Portugal. The differences between the new and traditional immigration flows are visible in the geographical distribution of immigrants and in their insertion into the labour market. While the traditional flows would congregate around the metropolitan area of Lisbon and in the Algarve, the new migratory flows tend to be more geographically dispersed and present in less urbanized areas of Portugal. In terms of insertion in the labour market, although the construction sector is still the most important industry for immigrant labour, Eastern European workers may also be found in the agriculture and manufacturing sectors. The institutional conditions that encourage immigrants’ civic participation are divided at three different levels: the state, the local, and the civil society levels. At the state level, the High Commissioner for Migrations and Ethnic Minorities is the main organizational structure along with a set of interrelated initiatives operating under specific regulatory frameworks, which act as mediators between state officials and the Portuguese civil society, and more specifically, immigrant communities. At the local level, some municipalities created consultative councils and municipal departments aiming at encouraging the participation and representation of interests from immigrant groups and association in local policies. In the civil society sphere, the main actors in Portugal spurring immigrants civic participation are immigrant associations, mainstream associations directed toward immigration topics, and unions. The legal conditions framing immigrants’ access to social housing, education, health, and social security in Portugal are also considered to be positive. Conditions restricting immigrants’ civic participation are mainly normative and include the Portuguese nationality law, the regulations shaping the political participation of immigrants, namely in what concerns their right to vote, and employment regulations restricting immigrants’ access to public administration positions. Part II of the report focuses on the active civic participation of third country immigrants. First, reasons for the lack of research on this issue in Portugal are explained. On the one hand, the recent immigration history and the more urgent needs regarding school and economic integration kept this issue out of the research spotlight. On the other hand, it was just in the beginning of the 1990s that immigrants took the very first steps toward collective mobilisation. Secondly, the literature review of Portuguese bibliography covers research on third country immigrants’ associative movement, research on local authorities’ policies and discussion about ethnic politics and political mobilisation of immigrants in Portugal. As political mobilisation of these groups has been made mainly through ethnic and/or migrant organisations, a brief history of immigrants' associative movement is given. Immigrant associations develop multiple roles, covering the social, the cultural, the economic and the political domains. Political claiming for the regularisation of illegal immigrants has been a permanent and important field of intervention since the mid-1990s. Research results reveal the com5 plex relations between ethnic mobilisation and the set of legal and institutional frameworks developed by local and national governmental authorities targeted to the incorporation of minority groups. Case studies on the Oeiras district and on the Amadora district are then presented. Conclusions underline that the most active immigrant groups are those from Cape Verde and Guinea Bissau, since these groups have constituted a higher number of ethnic associations, give priority to political claiming and present a more politicised discourse. Reflecting on the future of research on civic participation of third country immigrants in Portugal, the authors state that it would be interesting and relevant to compare the Portuguese situation with those of other European countries, with an older immigration history, and analyse how the Portuguese immigrants’ associative movement will be affected by a changing legal framework and the emergence of new opportunities within the set of structures regarding the political participation of minority groups.

More than one inseminated female in colonies of the independent-founding wasp Mischocyttarus cassununga von Ihering (Hymenoptera, Vespidae)

In the primitively eusocial wasps, especially Polistini and Mischocyttarini tribes, the physiological condition of each individual is strongly associated with its dominance status in the colonial hierarchy. As a rule, in independent-founding wasps, female wasps are all morphologically alike, and their role is apparently quite flexible even as adults. However, some studies have shown that differences in body size can exist between reproductive and non-reproductive females. Thus, the present study aimed at detecting differences between reproductive (inseminated) and non-reproductive (uninseminated) individuals based on morphological and physiological parameters. We tape-recorded the daily behavioural repertory of six colonies of Mischocyttarus cassununga for determining the hierarchical dominance in the field, and then collected these colonies (in different cycle stages) for measuring 13 set characters, and assessing the physiological condition of each individual by inspecting their fat bodies and ovaries. Our results revealed that inseminated and uninseminated females are not significantly different in relation to body size, in spite of first group shows higher average than second in almost all measured parts. The physiological evaluation of each individual demonstrated more than one inseminated female per colony during all stages of the colony cycle, suggesting a strategic condition of this species against difficulties (predation and parasitism of the colony) in nature.