American national standard for information sciences : extended latin alphabet coded character set for bibliographic use /

"ANSI Z39.47-1985."

编码字符集标准及分类研究

编码字符集标准是计算机处理文字信息的基础,本文提出了编码字符集三元组抽象,对现有编码字符集标准进行了简单回顾和总结,深入剖析了影响巨大的ISO 2022标准及其派生标准,对ISO 2022编码机制应用于多语言环境的局限性进行了探讨,阐明了使用通用编码字符集UCS的必要性,并对其进行了分析.探讨了现有编码分类方法存在的问题,引入了一种对编码字符集以及实现方法进行分类的新方法,使用该方法对现有标准进行了归类;最后对汉字字符集相关的国家标准进行了分析评介.

藏文编码字符集的扩充集在Linux上的实现

国内藏文软件开发普遍使用的是基于垂直预组合字符的实现方案,但是缺乏统一的编码标准.藏文编码字符集扩充集的推出,对于国内藏文软件的标准化、国际化具有重要意义.本文通过分析ISO/IEC 10646藏文编码字符集基本集、藏文编码字符集扩充集国家标准,区分它们描述字丁的差异,分析由编码方案所导致的实现上的关键问题.最后,针对藏文扩充集B的特殊性,提出并实现了基于Linux国际化架构下支持藏文扩充集标准的解决方案.

藏文基本字符集的支持在OpenOffice.org中的实现方法

以开源项目OpenOffice.org为基础,针对藏文基本字符集在OpenOffice.org办公套件本地化的过程中出现的技术难点,根据藏文自身的特点结合OpenOffice.org中文本显示模块Icu的结构,解决了藏文小字符集在OpenOffice.org办公套件中显示、排序和转写等和文化与文字紧密相关的问题。该本地化软件可以跨Windows和Linux平台运行。

藏文支持在OpenOffice.org办公套件中的实现

办公套件是人们日常应用最为广泛的信息处理软件之一,但真正意义的藏文办公套件至今都尚未问世,成为藏文信息技术发展的“瓶颈”.开源项目OpenOffice.org的不断发展和日益成熟,为藏文办公套件的研制开发提供了有利的契机.以OpenOffice.org为源代码基础,采用藏文编码字符集（扩充集A）国家标准,研制的藏文办公套件可支持藏文排版习惯和藏文本地环境,着重解决了藏文文本自动断行的问题,能够满足藏语文用户日常办公需要.

Alverata: Latin, Greek and Cyrillic typeface

Alverata: a typeface design for Europe This typeface is a response to the extraordinarily diverse forms of letters of the Latin alphabet in manuscripts and inscriptions in the Romanesque period (c. 1000–1200). While the Romanesque did provide inspiration for architectural lettering in the nineteenth century, these letterforms have not until now been systematically considered and redrawn as a working typeface. The defining characteristic of the Romanesque letterform is variety: within an individual inscription or written text, letters such as A, C, E and G might appear with different forms at each appearance. Some of these forms relate to earlier Roman inscriptional forms and are therefore familiar to us, but others are highly geometric and resemble insular and uncial forms. The research underlying the typeface involved the collection of a large number of references for lettering of this period, from library research and direct on-site ivestigation. This investigation traced the wide dispersal of the Romanesque lettering tradition across the whole of Europe. The variety of letter widths and weights encountered, as well as variant shapes for individual letters, offered both direct models and stylistic inspiration for the characters and for the widths and weight variants of the typeface. The ability of the OpenType format to handle multiple stylistic variants of any one character has been exploited to reflect the multiplicity of forms available to stonecutters and scribes of the period. To make a typeface that functions in a contemporary environment, a lower case has been added, and formal and informal variants supported. The pan-European nature of the Romanesque design tradition has inspired an pan-European approach to the character set of the typeface, allowing for text composition in all European languages, and the typeface has been extended into Greek and Cyrillic, so that the broadest representation of European languages can be achieved.

Brill Greek, Adobe Arno Pro, Adobe Text/Brevier Greek typefaces

Typeface design: a series of collaborative projects commissioned by Adobe, Inc. and Brill to develop extensive polytonic Greek typefaces. The two Adobe typefaces can be seen as extension of previous research for the Garamond Premier Pro family (2005), and concludes a research theme started in 1998 with work for Adobe’s Minion Pro Greek. These typefaces together define the state of the art for text-intensive Greek typesetting for wide character set texts (from classical texts, to poetry, to essays, to prose). They serve both as exemplar for other developers, and as vehicles for developing the potential of Greek text typography, for example with the parallel inclusion of monotonic and polytonic characters, detailed localised punctuation options, fluid handling of case-conversion issues, and innovative options such as accented small caps (originally requested by bibliographers, and subsequently rolled out to a general user base). The Brill typeface (for the established academic publisher) has an exceptionally wide character set to cover several academic disciplines, and is intended to differentiate sufficiently from its partner Latin typeface, while maintaining a clear texture in both offset and low-resolution print-on-demand reproduction. This work involved substantial amounts of testing and modifying the design, especially of diacritics, to maintain clarity the readability of unfamiliar words. All together these typefaces form a study in how Greek typesetting meets contemporary typographic requirements, while resonating with historically accurate styles, where these are present. Significant research in printing archives helped to identify appropriate styles, as well as originate variants that are coherent stylistically, even when historical equivalents were absent.

Online orthographies

The representation in online environments of non-Roman-based script languages has proved problematic. During the initial years of Computer-mediated Communication, the American Standard Code for Information Interchange character set only supported Roman-alphabeted languages. The solution for speakers of languages written in non-Roman scripts was to employ unconventional writing systems, in an effort to represent their native language in online discourse. The first aim of this chapter is to present the different ways that internet users choose to transliterate or even transcribe their native languages online, using Roman characters. With technological development, and consequently the availability of various writing scripts online, internet users now have the option to either use Roman characters or their native script. If the latter is chosen, internet users still seem to deviate from conventional ways of writing, in this case, however, with regards to spelling. The second aim, therefore, is to bring into light recent developments, by looking at the ways that internet users manipulate orthography, to achieve their communicative purposes.

Morphology of terebelliform polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta: Terebelliformia), with a focus on Terebellidae

The morphology of terebelliform polychaetes was investigated for a phylogenetic study focused on Terebellidae. For this study, specimens belonging to 147 taxa, preferably type material or specimens from type localities or areas close to them, were examined under stereo, light and scanning electron microscopes. The taxa examined were 1 Pectinariidae, 2 Ampharetidae, 2 Alvinellidae, 8 Trichobranchidae, and 134 Terebellidae, which included 8 Polycirrinae, 15 Thelepodinae, and 111 Terebellinae. A comparison of the morphology, including prostomium, peristomium, anterior segments and lobes, branchiae, glandular venter, nephridial and genital papillae, notopodia and notochaetae, neuropodia and neurochaetae, and posterior end, was made of all the currently recognized families of terebelliform polychaetes, with special emphasis on Terebellidae. A discussion of the characters useful to distinguish between genera is given. This character set will be used in a subsequent phylogenetic study (Nogueira & Hutchings in prep.)

Uso da krigagem indicatriz na avaliação de indicadores de fertilidade do solo

Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar zonas diferenciadas de manejo por meio de indicadores de fertilidade em Latossolos cultivados com cana-de-açúcar, utilizando-se a técnica de krigagem indicatriz, com vistas em buscar um aprimoramento na utilização de técnicas de agricultura de precisão. O estudo foi realizado em uma área de 90 ha pertencente a uma área maior de 1.900 ha, localizada em Jaboticabal, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil (21 ° 15 ' S e 48 ° 18 ' W). Na área experimental, foi estabelecida uma malha de amostragem regular de 50 m, com 420 pontos. em cada ponto, coletou-se uma amostra de solo, na qual foram determinados os teores de matéria orgânica, P, K disponíveis e o valor de V. Os dados obtidos para estas características do solo, assim como as combinações entre elas, foram codificados em valores indicadores 0 ou 1, conforme as variáveis apresentassem valores acima ou abaixo do valor de corte estabelecido, escolhido para cada variável, respectivamente. Os resultados propiciaram a confecção de mapas de probabilidade de cada variável (individual e combinada), o que possibilitou identificar regiões com diferentes níveis de fertilidade do solo na área experimental.

Dois jogos de linguagem: a informática e a matemática na aprendizagem de função quadrática

Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de identificar e analisar as relações entre as linguagens da Matemática e da Informática no contexto da sala de aula, a partir da inserção das tecnologias informáticas na aprendizagem da Função Quadrática. Nesse sentido, os conceitos que envolvem a forma algébrica e forma gráfica desta função, foram observados pelos alunos ao explorar aspectos dinâmicos na interface do Geogebra. A fundamentação teórica da pesquisa, foi subsidiada pelas ideias de Pierre Lévy sobre as tecnologias da inteligência na disseminação da informação e do conhecimento, bem como pelas contribuições filosóficas de Ludwig Wittgenstein acerca do jogo de linguagem. A metodologia da pesquisa possui caráter qualitativo definido a partir de critérios específicos acerca do objeto de estudo e dos sujeitos investigados. As informações foram obtidas por meio de questões específicas aplicadas em dois momentos, a saber: antes e após a realização de um minicurso sobre o GeoGebra. As análises das questões revelaram que os aspectos visuais e os movimentos no uso do computador, estabelecem relações entre as formas algébricas e gráficas da função quadrática. Assim, eles puderam perceber que os coeficientes numéricos modificam a parábola e isso dá sentido aos conceitos estudados. O uso do GeoGebra possibilita outras formas de aprendizagem evidenciadas entre o Jogo de Linguagem da Matemática e o Jogo de Linguagem da Informática no âmbito da Educação Matemática.

Congruence of fatty acid methyl ester profiles and morphological characters of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Gigasporaceae.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Order Glomales, Class Zygomycetes) are a diverse group of soil fungi that form mutualistic associations with the roots of most species of higher plants. Despite intensive study over the past 25 years, the phylogenetic relationships among AM fungi, and thus many details of evolution of the symbiosis, remain unclear. Cladistic analysis was performed on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles of 15 species in Gigaspora and Scutellospora (family Gigasporaceae) by using a restricted maximum likelihood approach of continuous character data. Results were compared to a parsimony analysis of spore morphological characters of the same species. Only one tree was generated from each character set. Morphological and developmental data suggest that species with the simplest spore types are ancestral whereas those with complicated inner wall structures are derived. Spores of those species having a complex wall structure pass through stages of development identical to the mature stages of simpler spores, suggesting a pattern of classical Haeckelian recapitulation in evolution of spore characters. Analysis of FAME profiles supported this hypothesis when Glomus leptotichum was used as the outgroup. However, when Glomus etunicatum was chosen as the outgroup, the polarity of the entire tree was reversed. Our results suggest that FAME profiles contain useful information and provide independent criteria for generating phylogenetic hypotheses in AM fungi. The maximum likelihood approach to analyzing FAME profiles also may prove useful for many other groups of organisms in which profiles are empirically shown to be stable and heritable.

Flexibilidade no espaço doméstico

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Arquitectura, apresentada na Universidade de Lisboa - Faculdade de Arquitetura.

Dramatic character development personas to tailor apartment designs for different residential lifestyles

This chapter reports on research work that aims to overcome some limitations of conventional community engagement for urban planning. Adaptive and human-centred design approaches that are well established in human-computer interaction (such as personas and design scenarios) as well as creative writing and dramatic character development methods (such as the Stanislavsky System and the Meisner Technique) are yet largely unexplored in the rather conservative and long-term design context of urban planning. Based on these approaches, we have been trialling a set of performance based workshop activities to gain insights into participants’ desires and requirements that may inform the future design of apartments and apartment buildings in inner city Brisbane. The focus of these workshops is to analyse the behaviour and lifestyle of apartment dwellers and generate residential personas that become boundary objects in the cross-disciplinary discussions of urban design and planning teams. Dramatisation and embodied interaction of use cases form part of the strategies we employed to engage participants and elicit community feedback.