Pensamento, fenômeno experimental e experimento na proposta pragmaticista

O Pragmaticismo de Charles Sanders Peirce, como teoria geral da concepção, e uma teoria do signo e uma teoria do pensamento. Limitando-se à consideração do "teor racional" dos símbolos, o pragmaticismo procura estabelecer o tipo de causação atribuível ao pensamento: uma causação eficiente centralizada na percepção e no experimento e uma causação final que determina um hábito racional de conduta diante da classe geral de fenômenos experimentais representada no conceito.

Cosmos evolutivo e plano da criação na filosofia peirceana

O uso da metáfora da sob-existência do plano de um velho fórum na mente de seu arquiteto, a fim de entender o modo de ser do estado inicial do cosmos poderia dar origem a uma postulação de um plano na mente divina ou na natureza. A perfeição divina e o processo evolucionário do cosmos e da Razão, tais como são expostos na filosofia de PEIRCE, parecem opor-se à realidade de um tal plano. O presente artigo é um ensaio de discussão desta questão.

Pensamento, fenômeno experimental e experimento na proposta pragmaticista

O Pragmaticismo de Charles Sanders Peirce, como teoria geral da concepção, e uma teoria do signo e uma teoria do pensamento. Limitando-se à consideração do teor racional dos símbolos, o pragmaticismo procura estabelecer o tipo de causação atribuível ao pensamento: uma causação eficiente centralizada na percepção e no experimento e uma causação final que determina um hábito racional de conduta diante da classe geral de fenômenos experimentais representada no conceito.

Cosmos evolutivo e plano da criação na filosofia peirceana

O uso da metáfora da sob-existência do plano de um velho fórum na mente de seu arquiteto, a fim de entender o modo de ser do estado inicial do cosmos poderia dar origem a uma postulação de um plano na mente divina ou na natureza. A perfeição divina e o processo evolucionário do cosmos e da Razão, tais como são expostos na filosofia de PEIRCE, parecem opor-se à realidade de um tal plano. O presente artigo é um ensaio de discussão desta questão.

Continuum psicofísico: uma abordagem baseada no pensamento de Charles S. Pierce

Pós-graduação em Filosofia - FFC

Predictive Value Of Phase I Trials For Safety In Later Trials And Final Approved Dose: Analysis Of 61 Approved Cancer Drugs.

Phase I trials use a small number of patients to define a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and the safety of new agents. We compared data from phase I and registration trials to determine whether early trials predicted later safety and final dose. We searched the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website for drugs approved in nonpediatric cancers (January 1990-October 2012). The recommended phase II dose (R2PD) and toxicities from phase I were compared with doses and safety in later trials. In 62 of 85 (73%) matched trials, the dose from the later trial was within 20% of the RP2D. In a multivariable analysis, phase I trials of targeted agents were less predictive of the final approved dose (OR, 0.2 for adopting ± 20% of the RP2D for targeted vs. other classes; P = 0.025). Of the 530 clinically relevant toxicities in later trials, 70% (n = 374) were described in phase I. A significant relationship (P = 0.0032) between increasing the number of patients in phase I (up to 60) and the ability to describe future clinically relevant toxicities was observed. Among 28,505 patients in later trials, the death rate that was related to drug was 1.41%. In conclusion, dosing based on phase I trials was associated with a low toxicity-related death rate in later trials. The ability to predict relevant toxicities correlates with the number of patients on the initial phase I trial. The final dose approved was within 20% of the RP2D in 73% of assessed trials.

Long-term Efficacy And Safety Of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate In Hiv-1-infected Adolescents Failing Antiretroviral Therapy: The Final Results Of Study Gs-us-104-0321.

Reports of long-term tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) treatment in HIV-infected adolescents are limited. We present final results from the open-label (OL) TDF extension following the randomized, placebo (PBO)-controlled, double-blind phase of GS-US-104-0321 (Study 321). HIV-infected 12- to 17-year-olds treated with TDF 300 mg or PBO with an optimized background regimen (OBR) for 24-48 weeks subsequently received OL TDF plus OBR in a single arm study extension. HIV-1 RNA and safety, including bone mineral density (BMD), was assessed in all TDF recipients. Eighty-one subjects received TDF (median duration 96 weeks). No subject died or discontinued OL TDF for safety/tolerability. At week 144, proportions with HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL were 30.4% (7 of 23 subjects with baseline HIV-1 RNA >1000 c/mL initially randomized to TDF), 41.7% (5 of 12 subjects with HIV-1 RNA <1000 c/mL who switched PBO to TDF) and 0% (0 of 2 subjects failed randomized PBO plus OBR with HIV-1 RNA >1000 c/mL and switched PBO to TDF). Viral resistance to TDF occurred in 1 subject. At week 144, median decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate was 38.1 mL/min/1.73 m (n = 25). Increases in median spine (+12.70%, n = 26) and total body less head BMD (+4.32%, n = 26) and height-age adjusted Z-scores (n = 21; +0.457 for spine, +0.152 for total body less head) were observed at week 144. Five of 81 subjects (6%) had persistent >4% BMD decreases from baseline. Some subjects had virologic responses to TDF plus OBR, and TDF resistance was rare. TDF was well tolerated and can be considered for treatment of HIV-infected adolescents.

Effectiveness of different final irrigation protocols in removing debris in flattened root canals

This study evaluated in vitro the capacity of debris removal from the apical third of flattened root canals, using different final irrigation protocols. Thirty human mandibular central incisors with a mesiodistal flattened root were prepared using rotary instrumentation by Endo-Flare 25.12 and Hero 642 30.06, 35.02, 40.02 files, irrigated with 2 mL of 1% NaOCl after each file. The specimens were randomly distributed into 5 groups according to the final irrigation of root canals: Group I: 10 mL of distilled water (control), Group II: 10 mL of 1% NaOCl for 8 min, Group III: 2 mL of 1% NaOCl for 2 min (repeated 4 times), Group IV: 10 mL of 2.5% NaOCl for 8 min, and Group V: 10 mL of 2.5% NaOCl for 2 min (repeated 4 times). The apical thirds of the specimens were subjected to histological processing and 6-μm cross-sections were obtained and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The specimens were examined under optical microscopy at ×40 magnification and the images were subjected to morphometric analysis using the Scion image-analysis software. The total area of root canal and the area with debris were measured in square millimeters. Analysis of variance showed no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) among the groups GI (2.39 ± 3.59), GII (2.91 ± 2.21), GIII (0.73 ± 1.36), GIV (0.95 ± 0.84) and GV (0.51 ± 0.22). In conclusion, the final irrigation protocols evaluated in this study using the Luer syringe presented similar performance in the removal of debris from the apical third of flattened root canals.

A revision of the Neotropical Solenopsidini ant genus Oxyepoecus Santschi, 1926 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae): 2. Final. Key for species and revision of the Rastratus species-group

In the first paper of this series (Albuquerque & Brandão, 2004) we revised the Vezenyii species group of the exclusively Neotropical solenopsidine (Myrmicinae) ant genus Oxyepoecus. In this closing paper we update distribution information on the Vezenyii group species and revise the other Oxyepoecus species-group (Rastratus). We describe two species (Oxyepoecus myops n. sp. and O. rosai n. sp.) and redescribe previously known species of the group [O. daguerrei (Santschi, 1933), O. mandibularis (Emery, 1913), O. plaumanni Kempf, 1974, O. rastratus Mayr, 1887, and O. reticulatus Kempf, 1974], adding locality records and comments on the meagre biological data of these species. We also present an identification key to Oxyepoecus species based on workers.

Insetos em presépios e as "formigas vestidas" de Jules Martin (1832-1906): uma curiosa manufatura paulistana do final do século XIX

Encontrados no Brasil desde os primórdios da colonização portuguesa, os presépios logo tiveram de adaptar-se à realidade local, circunstância muito propícia ao aparecimento de concepções heterodoxas e ao emprego de elementos exóticos da fauna e flora de cada região. Como registros envolvendo insetos são muito pouco comuns, chama a atenção que fêmeas de saúva, Atta sp. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), tenham sido aproveitadas na composição de presépios no estado de São Paulo. Tendo subsistido pelo menos até a década 1960, os "presépios de formigas" existentes em cidades como Embu das Artes poderiam estar relacionados às "formigas vestidas" criadas por Jules Martin, curiosa manufatura paulistana do último quartel do século XIX.

O risco de incidência e persistência da obesidade entre adultos Brasileiros segundo seu estado nutricional ao final da adolescência

INTRODUÇÃO: A prevalência da obesidade vem aumentando entre adultos nos países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. No Brasil, a obesidade entre adultos atingiu entre 2008 a 2009 pelo menos 10% da população. OBJETIVOS: Com base nos dados do VIGITEL, neste trabalho, serão estimadas a incidência e a persistência da obesidade entre brasileiros adultos no período de 2006 a 2009. MÉTODOS: Nas amostras de 2006 a 2009, foram utilizados casos com registros demográficos, socioeconômicos e antropométricos completos. As estimativas foram expandidas para a população brasileira em 2007. A estimativa do risco relativo (RR) para incidência e persistência da obesidade ou excesso de peso entre homens e mulheres foi feita com regressão múltipla de Poisson, e ajustada para hábito de fumar, idade e atividade física. RESULTADOS: A incidência do excesso de peso entre indivíduos com peso baixo ou normal, aos 20 anos, é estimada em 40%, no sexo masculino, e em 30%, no feminino. A persistência da obesidade, por sua vez, é estimada em 65%, no sexo masculino, e em 47%, no feminino. O gradiente da obesidade como função da escolarização é virtualmente nulo no sexo masculino. Entre mulheres, o gradiente é negativo, com associações lineares e estatisticamente significantes. CONCLUSÃO: Essas características, associadas à forte expansão da obesidade entre adultos jovens detectada em outros estudos, apontam a urgência da utilização de políticas públicas mais incisivas e efetivas, que reduzam a exposição da população à alimentação com má qualidade nutricional e desenvolvam ações voltadas à promoção da atividade física.

rst Transcriptional Activity Influences kirre mRNA Concentration in the Drosophila Pupal Retina during the Final Steps of Ommatidial Patterning

Background: Drosophila retinal architecture is laid down between 24-48 hours after puparium formation, when some of the still uncommitted interommatidial cells (IOCs) are recruited to become secondary and tertiary pigment cells while the remaining ones undergo apoptosis. This choice between survival and death requires the product of the roughest (rst) gene, an immunoglobulin superfamily transmembrane glycoprotein involved in a wide range of developmental processes. Both temporal misexpression of Rst and truncation of the protein intracytoplasmic domain, lead to severe defects in which IOCs either remain mostly undifferentiated and die late and erratically or, instead, differentiate into extra pigment cells. Intriguingly, mutants not expressing wild type protein often have normal or very mild rough eyes. Methodology/Principal Findings: By using quantitative real time PCR to examine rst transcriptional dynamics in the pupal retina, both in wild type and mutant alleles we showed that tightly regulated temporal changes in rst transcriptional rate underlie its proper function during the final steps of eye patterning. Furthermore we demonstrated that the unexpected wild type eye phenotype of mutants with low or no rst expression correlates with an upregulation in the mRNA levels of the rst paralogue kin-of-irre (kirre), which seems able to substitute for rst function in this process, similarly to their role in myoblast fusion. This compensatory upregulation of kirre mRNA levels could be directly induced in wild type pupa upon RNAi-mediated silencing of rst, indicating that expression of both genes is also coordinately regulated in physiological conditions. Conclusions/Significance: These findings suggest a general mechanism by which rst and kirre expression could be fine tuned to optimize their redundant roles during development and provide a clearer picture of how the specification of survival and apoptotic fates by differential cell adhesion during the final steps of retinal morphogenesis in insects are controlled at the transcriptional level.

Final results from the KTeV experiment on the decay KL ->pi(0)gamma gamma

We report on a new measurement of the branching ratio B(K(L) -> pi(0)gamma gamma) using the KTeV detector. We reconstruct 1982 events with an estimated background of 608, that results in B(K(L) -> pi(0)gamma gamma)=(1.29 +/- 0.03(stat) +/- 0.05(syst)) x 10(-6). We also measure the parameter, a(V), which characterizes the strength of vector meson exchange terms in this decay. We find a(V) = -0.31 +/- 0.05(stat) +/- 0.07(syst). These results utilize the full KTeV data set collected from 1997 to 2000 and supersede earlier KTeV measurements of the branching ratio and a(V).

Composition and orientation effects on the final recrystallization texture of coarse-grained Nb-containing AISI 430 ferritic stainless steels

Composition and orientation effects on the final recrystallization texture of three coarse-grained Nb-containing AISI 430 ferritic stainless steels (FSSs) were investigated. Hot-bands of steels containing distinct amounts of niobium, carbon and nitrogen were annealed at 1250 degrees C for 2h to promote grain growth. In particular, the amounts of Nb in solid solution vary from one grade to another. For purposes of comparison, the texture evolution of a hot-band sheet annealed at 1030 degrees C for 1 min (finer grain structure) was also investigated. Subsequently, the four sheets were cold rolled up to 80% reduction and then annealed at 800 degrees C for 15 min. Texture was determined using X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Noticeable differences regarding the final recrystallization texture and microstructure were observed in the four investigated grades. Results suggest that distinct nucleation mechanisms take place within these large grains leading to the development of different final recrystallization textures. (c) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.