Diode Laser Decreases the Activity of Catalase on Submandibular Glands of Diabetic Rats

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of laser irradiation on the amylase and the antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as on the total protein concentration of submandibular glands (SMG) of diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Background: Laser has been used aiming to improve some biochemical alterations observed in salivary glands of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Ninety-six female rats were divided into eight groups: D0, D5, D10, and D20 (diabetic animals), and C0, C5, C10, and C20 (non-diabetic animals), respectively. Diabetes was induced by administering streptozotocin and confirmed later by the glycemia results. Twenty-nine days after diabetes induction, the SMG of groups D5 and C5, D10 and C10, and D20 and C20 were irradiated with 5, 10, and 20 J/cm(2), respectively. A diode laser (660nm/100mW) was used. On the day after irradiation, the rats were euthanized and the SMG were removed. Catalase, peroxidase, and amylase activities, as well as protein concentration, were assayed. Results: Diabetic rats without irradiation (D0) showed higher catalase activity (p<0.05) when compared to C0 (0.16 +/- 0.05 and 0.07 +/- 0.01 U/mg protein, respectively). However, laser irradiation of 5, 10, and 20 J/cm(2) reduced the catalase activity of diabetic groups (D5 and D20) to non-diabetic values (p>0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, laser irradiation decreased catalase activity in diabetic rats' SMG.

Fatty acids decrease catalase activity in human leukaemia cell lines

Fatty acid (FA) may disturb the redox state of the cells not only by an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation but also due to a reduction in antioxidant enzyme activities. The effect of various FAs (palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, gamma-linolenic and eicosapentaenoic acids (EPAs)) on Jurkat and Raji cells, (human T and B leukaemic cell lines was investigated). The following measurements were carried out: FA composition of the cells, cell proliferation and activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The protective effect of alpha-tocopherol on cell death was also investigated. Each cell line presented a specific FA composition. All the tested ENS reduced catalase activity. The toxic effect of FA was abolished by the pre-incubation with physiological concentrations of alpha-tocopherol. The findings support the proposition that the increase in oxidative stress induced by FA partially occurs due to a reduction in catalase activity. In spite of the decrease in the enzyme activity, catalase protein and mRNA levels were not changed, suggesting a post-translational regulation. Copyright (C) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

OxyR acts as a repressor of catalase expression in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

It has been reported that Neisseria gonorrhoeae possesses a very high level of catalase activity, but the regulation of catalase expression has not been investigated extensively. In Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, it has been demonstrated that OxyR is a positive regulator of hydrogen peroxide-inducible genes, including the gene encoding catalase. The oxyR gene from N. gonorrhoeae was cloned and used to complement an E. coli oxyR mutant, confirming its identity and function. The gene was inactivated by inserting a kanamycin resistance cassette and used to make a knockout allele on the chromosome of N. gonorrhoeae strain 1291. In contrast to E. coli, the N. gonorrhoeae oxyR::kan mutant expressed ninefold-more catalase activity and was more resistant to hydrogen peroxide killing than the wild type. These data are consistent with OxyR in N. gonorrhoeae acting as a repressor of catalase expression.

Fluconazole and amphotericin-B resistance are associated with increased catalase and superoxide dismutase activity in Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis

Introduction Candida dubliniensis, a new species of Candida that has been recovered from several sites in healthy people, has been associated with recurrent episodes of oral candidiasis in AIDS and HIV-positive patients. This species is closely related to C. albicans. The enzymatic activity of C. dubliniensis in response to oxidative stress is of interest for the development of drugs to combat C. dubliniensis. Methods Fluconazole- and amphotericin B-resistant strains were generated as described by Fekete-Forgács et al. (2000). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase assays were performed as described by McCord and Fridovich (1969) and Aebi (1984), respectively. Results We demonstrated that superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the fluconazole- and amphotericin B-resistant strains of C. dubliniensis and C. albicans than in the sensitive strains. The catalase and SOD activities were also significantly (p<0.01) higher in the sensitive and resistant C. albicans strains than in the respective C. dubliniensis strains. Conclusions These data suggest that C. albicans is better protected from oxidative stress than C. dubliniensis and that fluconazole, like amphotericin B, can induce oxidative stress in Candida; oxidative stress induces an adaptive response that results in a coordinated increase in catalase and SOD activities.

Determination of catalase activity and its inhibition by a simple manometric method

[Excerpt] Introduction: There has been a considerable amount of controversy about the use of manometric methods to measure catalase activity. As Maehly and Chance point out in their excellent review] the advantages of these methods is "... that they can be used for any kind of biological material, and purification of the enzyme is not required. The assay is independent of small amounts of peroxidase activity. It is fairly simple to perform, it is rapid and it can be adapted to continuous reading of the reaction". A variety of drawbacks are also listed by the same authors, viz, the inactivation of the enzyme under the experimental conditions and the time lag before a constant rate of oxygen evolution is reached. [...]

Tratamento pós-menopausa reduz a atividade da catalase e atenua o risco cardiovascular

FUNDAMENTO: A menopausa pode levar a alterações na saúde feminina, com mudanças no estado oxidativo de mulheres pós-menopausadas, para as quais são limitadas as informações relativas à influência da hormonioterapia (HT) sobre as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência da HT sobre a atividade da catalase, concentrações de lipídeos e lipoproteínas, proteína de transferência de colesteril éster, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico, nitratos, proteína C-reativa ultrassensível e espessura da carótida em mulheres pós-menopausadas. MÉTODOS: Foram alocadas 94 mulheres para um de quatro grupos com ou sem HT. O último grupo foi subdividido em mulheres sendo tratadas com estrógeno e outras com estrógeno mais progestágeno. Foram realizadas medidas de parâmetros bioquímicos plasmáticos e da espessura da íntima-média da carótida. RESULTADOS: A HT antagonizou a redução na atividade da catalase após a menopausa, mas não teve efeito sobre os níveis da proteína de transferência de colesteril éster, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico, peróxido lipídico, nitrato e proteína C reativa ultrassensível, nem sobre a espessura da íntima-média da carótida. A análise multivariada mostrou que a HT baseada em estrógeno atenuou a relação entre os fatores de risco cardiovasculares e a espessura da íntima-média da carótida comum. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo mostra que a HT em mulheres pós-menopausadas produz efeitos antioxidantes e antiateroscleróticos benéficos por melhorar as concentrações séricas de lipídios e lipoproteínas, aumentar a atividade da catalase sérica e atenuar a associação entre os fatores de risco cardiovasculares e a aterosclerose precoce.

Catalase in fluvial biofilms: a comparison between different extraction methods and example of application in a metal-polluted river

Antioxidant enzymes are involved in important processes of cell detoxification during oxidative stress and have, therefore, been used as biomarkers in algae. Nevertheless, their limited use in fluvial biofilms may be due to the complexity of such communities. Here, a comparison between different extraction methods was performed to obtain a reliable method for catalase extraction from fluvial biofilms. Homogenization followed by glass bead disruption appeared to be the best compromise for catalase extraction. This method was then applied to a field study in a metal-polluted stream (Riou Mort, France). The most polluted sites were characterized by a catalase activity 4–6 times lower than in the low-polluted site. Results of the comparison process and its application are promising for the use of catalase activity as an early warning biomarker of toxicity using biofilms in the laboratory and in the field

Atividade eletrocatalítica de sistemas biomiméticos da enzima catalase

In this work, we describe the immobilization of the dinuclear compound [Cu2(apyhist)2Cl2](ClO4)2 (1) and its derived cations complexes, obtained in water solution or by deprotonation of the imidazolate moiety in the ligand leading to a cyclic tetranuclear species, in the Nafion® membrane on glass carbon electrode surface. After that, we studied the influence of the equilibrium in the electrocatalytic activity towards the reduction of H2O2 in the development of an amperometric sensor for the analytical determination of hydrogen peroxide. This strategy proved successful, and the electrochemical behaviour of the all complexes formed within the Nafion® coatings was characterized. We also provide evidence that its related cyclic tetranuclear imidazolate-bridged complex acts as a catalysts for the intramolecular, two-electron reduction of H2O2.

Atividade da catalase no pulmão, rim e intestino delgado não isquemiado de ratos após reperfusão intestinal

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a atividade catalase, após lesão por isquemia e reperfusão intestinal e estudar as alterações deste antioxidante em órgãos situados à distância do insulto inicial. MÉTODOS: Utilizaram-se 18 ratos do tipo Wistar, aleatoriamente distribuídos em três grupos. 1-Controle, 2-Simulação e 3-Isquemia/Reperfusão. Neste último, realizou-se isquemia no íleo, por 60 minutos, seguida de reperfusão por 30 minutos. No grupo 2 efetuou-se apenas uma laparotomia. Foram retirados, de todos os animais, segmentos do intestino com e sem reperfusão, além do pulmão e rim direitos para exame com microscopia óptica. A atividade da catalase foi aferida em espectrofotômetro ajustado para 240 nm. Utilizaram-se os testes estatísticos Mann e Whitney e Kruskal Wallis. RESULTADOS: Observou-se aumento significante (p < 0.05), da atividade da catalase nas porções do intestino isquemiado e não isquemiado, além do pulmão. Houve redução da atividade enzimática no rim. No grupo com reperfusão observaram-se alteração nas vilosidades, infiltrado inflamatório em todas as vísceras, além de áreas de atelectasia pulmonar. CONCLUSÃO: O estresse oxidativo intestinal, em ratos, causa alterações bioquímicas à distância com mobilização dos mecanismos de defesa antioxidante pulmonar, em segmento intestinal não isquemiado e no rim, com esgotamento precoce das reservas deste último, no entanto, sem lesão celular relevante, destas vísceras.

Perfil de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos em amostras de cocos Gram-positivos, catalase negativos, isoladas de mastite subclínica bubalina

Estudou-se o perfil de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos em cocos Gram-positivos catalase negativos (21 amostras de Lactococcus garvieae e 6 de Enterococcus gallinarum), isoladas do leite de fêmeas com mastite subclínica e pertencentes a uma população composta por seis rebanhos bubalinos localizados no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. O teste utilizado foi o da difusão de discos em agar Müller Hinton, segundo recomendações do National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards - NCCLS, tendo sido testados discos com ampicilina (10mg), cefalotina (30mg), cefotaxima (30mg), cefoxitina (30mg), cloranfenicol (30mg), eritromicina (15mg), gentamicina (10mg), nitrofurantoína (300mg), norfloxacina (10mg), penicilina (10 UI), tetraciclina (30mg) e vancomicina (30mg). Os resultados evidenciaram que em se tratando de Lactococcus garvieae, o antimicrobiano mais eficiente foi o nitrofurantoína com 85,71% de sensibilidade, seguido da cefotaxima (61,90%), vancomicina (52,38%), norfloxacina (47,62%) e cefalotina (47,62%). A maior resistência foi desenvolvida frente a penicilina e ampicilina, com 95,24% de resistênciapara os dois antimicrobianos testados. O perfil de susceptibilidade desenvolvido pelas amostras de Enterococcus gallinarum, mostrou baixa sensibilidade frente aos antimicrobianos testados, onde os maiores índices foram observados frente eritromicina e gentamicina, com 33,34% de sensibilidade para ambos; quanto à resistência desenvolvida, foi possível observar 100% de resistência com relação a vancomicina e tetraciclina, seguindo-se cloranfenicol, penicilina, ampicilina, cefoxitina, cefalotina, cefotaxima, norfloxacina e nitrofurantoína, todas evidenciando uma resistência de 83,33% das amostras testadas.

Atividade relativa da catalase de losna-branca (Parthenium hysterophorus) comparada à de outras espécies daninhas

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a atividade relativa da catalase em extrato aquoso de losna-branca (Parthenium hysterophorus), bem como comparála à atividade da catalase de outras espécies daninhas. O trabalho constou de três fases, que envolveram a padronização do método, comparação da atividade relativa da catalase de plantas da família Asteraceae e comparação com outras 11 espécies daninhas, sendo estas: Euphorbia heterophylla, Alternanthera tenella, Cenchrus echinatus, Panicum maximum, Amaranthus viridis, Ipomoea hederifolia, Galinsoga parviflora, Bidens pilosa, Sonchus oleraceus, Cyperus rotundus e Commelina benghalensis. Observou-se resposta linear crescente da reação entre extrato aquoso de losna-branca e peróxido de hidrogênio, em razão da concentração do extrato vegetal. Em todas as fases, a atividade relativa da catalase de extrato de losna-branca foi superior à atividade da catalase das demais espécies daninhas. Com os dados obtidos nas três fases, conclui-se que a maior atividade relativa observada para a catalase da losnabranca contribui significativamente para a tolerância dessa espécie ao herbicida paraquat. Essa maior atividade pode ser consequência da maior concentração enzimática nas células ou devido à maior atividade intrínseca da enzima (afinidade enzima-substrato), havendo necessidade de estudos mais precisos para essa conclusão.

Changes in the TBARs content and superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in the lymphoid organs and skeletal muscles of adrenodemedullated rats

Thiobarbituric acid reactant substances (TBARs) content, and the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDh), citrate synthase (CS), Cu/Zn- and Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were measured in the lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN)) and skeletal muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) of adrenodemedullated (ADM) rats. The results were compared with those obtained for sham-operated rats. TBARs content was reduced by adrenodemedullation in the lymphoid organs (MLN (28%), thymus (40%) and spleen (42%)) and gastrocnemius muscle (67%). G6PDh activity was enhanced in the MLN (69%) and reduced in the spleen (28%) and soleus muscle (75%). CS activity was reduced in all tissues (MLN (75%), spleen (71%), gastrocnemius (61%) and soleus (43%)), except in the thymus which displayed an increment of 56%. Cu/Zn-SOD activity was increased in the MLN (126%), thymus (223%), spleen (80%) and gastrocnemius muscle (360%) and was reduced in the soleus muscle (31%). Mn-SOD activity was decreased in the MLN (67%) and spleen (26%) and increased in the thymus (142%), whereas catalase activity was reduced in the MLN (76%), thymus (54%) and soleus muscle (47%). It is particularly noteworthy that in ADM rats the activity of glutathione peroxidase was not detectable by the method used. These data are consistent with the possibility that epinephrine might play a role in the oxidative stress of the lymphoid organs. Whether this fact represents an important mechanism for the establishment of impaired immune function during stress remains to be elucidated.

A gasometric method to determine erythrocyte catalase activity

We describe a new gasometric method to determine erythrocyte catalase activity by the measurement of the volume of oxygen produced as a result of hydrogen peroxide decomposition in a system where enzyme and substrate are separated in a special reaction test tube connected to a manometer and the reagents are mixed with a motor-driven stirrer. The position of the reagents in the test tube permits the continuous measurement of oxygen evolution from the time of mixing, without the need to stop the reaction by the addition of acid after each incubation time. The enzyme activity is reported as KHb, i.e., mg hydrogen peroxide decomposed per second per gram of hemoglobin (s-1 g Hb-1). The value obtained for catalase activity in 28 samples of hemolyzed human blood was 94.4 ± 6.17 mg H2O2 s-1 g Hb-1. The results obtained were precise and consistent, indicating that this rapid, simple and inexpensive method could be useful for research and routine work.

Overexpression of catalase prevents gentamicin – induced apoptosis of renal proximal tubular cells in transgenic mice.

Introduction : La néphrotoxicité est une complication majeure de la gentamicine, qui est largement utilisée dans le traitement des infections bactériennes, en particulier celles provoquées par des bactéries à Gram-négatif. La gentamicine induit l'apoptose tubulaire, mais les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués demeurent mal compris. Dans l’étude présente, nous avons examiné le rôle des espèces réactives de l'oxygène (ROS) , des proteins Bax, Bmf et Caspase-12 (Csp-12) dans le mécanisme d’action de la gentamicine sur l'apoptose des tubules proximaux rénaux (RPT) et les dommages rénaux induits par ce médicament chez la souris. Méthode: Des souris adultes (âgées 18-19 semaines) mâles non-Tg et des souris transgéniques (CAT-Tg) qui surexpriment la catalase spécifiquement dans leurs cellules des RPT ont été traitées par injections intra-péritonéales de gentamicine (20 mg/kg/jour) pour 5 jours consécutifs, puis euthanasiés. Les reins ont été examinés et analysés par histologie, immunohistochimie pour presansance de la stress oxidative, expression des proteins Bax, Bmf et Csp-12 et essai TUNEL pour étudier de l’apoptose . Nous avons aussi examiné l'effet de la gentamicine sur génération des ROS et l’apoptose dans les cellules RPTC immortalisées de rat (IRPTC) in vitro. Résultats: In vivo, chez les souris non-Tg, la gentamicine induit une tubulopathie et l'apoptose des RPT , stimule la production de ROS et induit une augmentation de Bax et Bmf détectée par immunohistochimie et augmont activité du caspase-12. Ces changements sont atténués chez les souris Cat-Tg. In vitro, la gentamicine induit l’apoptos des cellulles. Le co-traitement avec la catalase normalise ces effets dans les IRPTC. Conclusion : Ces données démontrent que l'apoptose des RPTC induite par la gentamicine s’effectue, au moins en partie, par l'intermédiaire de la génération des ROS.

Catalase in fluvial biofilms: a comparison between different extraction methods and example of application in a metal-polluted river

Antioxidant enzymes are involved in important processes of cell detoxification during oxidative stress and have, therefore, been used as biomarkers in algae. Nevertheless, their limited use in fluvial biofilms may be due to the complexity of such communities. Here, a comparison between different extraction methods was performed to obtain a reliable method for catalase extraction from fluvial biofilms. Homogenization followed by glass bead disruption appeared to be the best compromise for catalase extraction. This method was then applied to a field study in a metal-polluted stream (Riou Mort, France). The most polluted sites were characterized by a catalase activity 4–6 times lower than in the low-polluted site. Results of the comparison process and its application are promising for the use of catalase activity as an early warning biomarker of toxicity using biofilms in the laboratory and in the field