Estratificação e caracterização ambiental da área de preservação permanente do Rio Guandu/RJ

O Rio Guandu é a principal fonte de abastecimento de água da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, atendendo a, aproximadamente, nove milhões de pessoas. Este trabalho estratificou e caracterizou ambientalmente a Área de Preservação Permanente (APP) do Rio Guandu (faixa marginal de 100m), através da análise de aerofotos digitais não convencionais, obtidas a partir de uma câmera digital de pequeno formato, adaptada a um helicóptero (as aerofotos foram agrupadas em mosaicos para facilitar as etapas do geoprocessamento). A região correspondente a APP foi estratificada em quatro ambientes com características ecológicas distintas: Ambiente 1 (leito encaixado), Ambiente 2 (várzea fluvial), Ambiente 3 (planície aluvionar) e Ambiente 4 (fluviomarinho). A partir da sobreposição dos mapas de uso da terra, da proximidade da área urbano-industrial e da vegetação nativa, foi gerado um mapa do grau de degradação dos ambientes. Os usos predominantes foram pastagem (38%) e agricultura (18%). Os fragmentos florestais totalizaram apenas 11,6% da APP. Segundo a metodologia utilizada, o Ambiente 4 apresentou 51% de sua área, com um grau alto a muito alto de degradação, e o Ambiente 3 apresentou melhor estado de conservação em comparação aos demais. Os resultados sugeriram que a predominância das atividades agropecuárias, a proximidade de grandes centros urbanos e a área muito reduzida dos fragmentos florestais na APP do Rio Guandu podem comprometer a qualidade desse manancial.

Caracterização ambiental de bancos areno-lamosos nos campos petrolíferos de Macau e Serra (RN), como subsídio às medidas mitigadoras ao processo erosivo

On Rio Grande do Norte northern coast the process of sediment transport are intensely controlled by wind and sea (waves and currents) action, causing erosion and shoreline morphological instability. Due to the importance of such coastal zone it was realized the multi-spectral mapping and physical-chemical characterization of mudflats and mangroves aiming to support the mitigating actions related to the containment of the erosive process on the oil fields of Macau and Serra installed at the study area. The multi-spectral bands of 2000 and 2008 LANDSAT 5 TM images were submitted on the several digital processing steps and RGB color compositions integrating spectral bands and Principal Components. Such processing methodology was important to the mapping of different units on surface, together with field works. It was possible to make an analogy of the spectral characteristics of wetlands with vegetations areas (mangrove), showing the possibility to make a restoration of this area, contributing with the environmental monitoring of that ecosystem. The maps of several units were integrated in GIS environment at 1:60,000 scale, including the classification of features according to the presence or absence of vegetation cover. Thus, the strategy of methodology established that there are 10.13 km2 at least of sandy-muddy and of these approximately 0.89 km2 with the possibility to be used in a reforestation of typical flora of mangrove. The physical-chemical characterization showed areas with potential to introduce local species of mangrove and they had a pH above neutral with a mean of 8.4. The characteristic particle size is sand in the fine fractions, the high levels of carbonate, organic matter and major and trace element in general are concentrated where the sediment had the less particles size, showing the high correlation that those elements have with smaller particles of sediment. The application of that methodological strategy is relevant to the better understanding of features behavior and physical-chemical data of sediment samples collected on field allow the analysis of efficiency/capability of sandy-muddy to reforestation with local mangrove species for mitigation of the erosive action and coastal processes on the areas occupied by the oil industry

Caracterização ambiental da bacia hidrográfica do Córrego Rico, Jaboticabal - SP

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Produção Vegetal) - FCAV

Caracterização ambiental de bancos areno-lamosos nos campos petrolíferos de Macau e Serra (RN), como subsídio às medidas mitigadoras ao processo erosivo

On Rio Grande do Norte northern coast the process of sediment transport are intensely controlled by wind and sea (waves and currents) action, causing erosion and shoreline morphological instability. Due to the importance of such coastal zone it was realized the multi-spectral mapping and physical-chemical characterization of mudflats and mangroves aiming to support the mitigating actions related to the containment of the erosive process on the oil fields of Macau and Serra installed at the study area. The multi-spectral bands of 2000 and 2008 LANDSAT 5 TM images were submitted on the several digital processing steps and RGB color compositions integrating spectral bands and Principal Components. Such processing methodology was important to the mapping of different units on surface, together with field works. It was possible to make an analogy of the spectral characteristics of wetlands with vegetations areas (mangrove), showing the possibility to make a restoration of this area, contributing with the environmental monitoring of that ecosystem. The maps of several units were integrated in GIS environment at 1:60,000 scale, including the classification of features according to the presence or absence of vegetation cover. Thus, the strategy of methodology established that there are 10.13 km2 at least of sandy-muddy and of these approximately 0.89 km2 with the possibility to be used in a reforestation of typical flora of mangrove. The physical-chemical characterization showed areas with potential to introduce local species of mangrove and they had a pH above neutral with a mean of 8.4. The characteristic particle size is sand in the fine fractions, the high levels of carbonate, organic matter and major and trace element in general are concentrated where the sediment had the less particles size, showing the high correlation that those elements have with smaller particles of sediment. The application of that methodological strategy is relevant to the better understanding of features behavior and physical-chemical data of sediment samples collected on field allow the analysis of efficiency/capability of sandy-muddy to reforestation with local mangrove species for mitigation of the erosive action and coastal processes on the areas occupied by the oil industry

Caracterização ambiental da microbacia do Córrego Espraiado.

A caracterização ambiental da microbacia estudada foi realizada com o objetivo de criar um conjunto de planos de informação (PI's), de modo a permitir um conhecimento apropriado do local pela equipe do projeto, o planejamento de atividades de pesquisa e a identificação de áreas de risco. A microbacia do Córrego Espraiado está localizada entre os municípios de Ribeirão Preto e Cravinhos. As informações básicas utilizadas na caracterização ambiental foram: I) conjunto de cartas planialtimétricas, escala 1:10.000 (IGC, 1992); II) mapa de solos, escala 1:25.000 (MIKLOS, 1996); III) imagem de satélite LANDSAT TM 5, passagem 01/09/93, bandas 3, 4 e 5. A partir destas informações foram gerados os planos: limite da microbacia, redes de drenagem e viária, modelo numérico de terreno (MNT), classes de declive, uso da terra (1995) e solos. Outros planos foram gerados a partir do cruzamento dos anteriores: potencial de infiltração e escoamento superficial da água, potencial natural de erosão, perdas de solo e expectativa de erosão. A versão do IDRISI utilizada foi a 4.1 (DOS). Para a entrada de dados vetoriais foi utilizado o TOSCA 2.12. Na geração dos mapas foi utilizado o COREL DRAW 4. Os planos foram exportados do IDRISI para o COREL DRAW no formato TIF. O limite da microbacia foi traçado sobre as cartas planialtimétricas e posteriormente digitalizado. Com este PI foi construída uma máscara, utilizada para extrair as células que não pertenciam à microbacia em vários procedimentos posteriores. As redes de drenagem e viária foram digitalizadas a partir das informações contidas nas cartas planialtimétricas e rasterizadas pelo módulo LINERAS, gerando os PI's correspondentes. As informações de altimetria passaram por processo semelhante ao anterior, porém na rasterização foi também usado o módulo POINTRAS. Posteriormente as informações de altimetria, já rasterizadas foram interpoladas de modo a preencher todas as células (módulo INTERCON), gerando o MNT da microbacia. Para eliminar os defeitos nas bordas da microbacia, foram também digitalizadas algumas informações de altitude fora do limite da microbacia. Finalmente, para excluir os resultados da interpolação, fora da área de interesse, foi utilizada a máscara realizando-se uma multiplicação entre planos, função presente no módulo OVERLAY. As classes de declive foram obtidas após o calculo da declividade por meio de função presente no módulo SURFECE e o MNT, resultando em um PI intermediário com os valores de declividade em cada célula. Então, utilizou-se o módulo RECLASS para agrupar as células em 7 classes. A imagem em "falsa cor" (composição colorida) foi obtida usando-se o módulo COMPOSIT e posteriormente registrada por meio do módulo RESAMPLE. As coordenadas UTM dos pontos de controle foram extraídos das cartas planialtimetricas. O PI-Uso Atual, foi obtido das informações também retiradas das cartas planialtimetricas, análise da imagem de satélite e de visitas ao campo, realizadas no ano de 1995. O arquivo vetorial produzido foi editado no TOSCA e os polígonos gerados, com o uso do módulo CYCLE. Finalmente o arquivo com os polígonos foi rasterizado (POLYRAS). O PI-Solos foi gerado da digitalização do mapa de solos semidetalhado produzido por MIKLOS (1996). Novamente foi utilizado o TOSCA, seguido dos módulos CYCLE e POLYRAS para produzir o arquivo matricial correspondente. O PI-Potencial de infiltração e Escoamento Superficial da Água foi obtido pelo cruzamento das informações de condutividade hidráulica dos solos e da declividade do terreno. Este PI e um passo intermediário de um método proposto para a identificação das áreas de risco de contaminação por agrotóxicos, apresentado em LUIS (1996) e GOMES (1996). Foram também gerados alguns PI's relacionados com o estudo de erosão na microbacia, utilizando a Equação Universal de Perdas de Solo - EUPS. O IDRISI forneceu os recursos necessários aos objetivos do trabalho. As principais deficiências encontradas são a interface homem/máquina e a criação dos polígonos com a TOSCA, onde há necessidade de informar para cada arco digitado os identificadores dos polígonos por ele dividido. Esta operação consome um esforço considerável e está sujeita a freqüentes erros.

Caracterização da dinâmica ambiental da região costeira do município de Galinhos, litoral setentrional do Rio Grande do Norte

This doctorate thesis concerning on the Characterization of the Environmental Dynamics of the Coastal Area of the Municipal district of Galinhos, Septentrional Coast of Rio Grande do Norte State, is located in the influence area of the Guamaré Petroliferous Pole, having as general objective the understanding of the active coastal dynamics in the region of Galinhos, whose specific objectives were: To study the variation of the coast line in the decades of 1954, 1967,1988, 1996, 2000, from remote sensing products; To elucidate the hypothesis of the region of Galinhos to have been an old system of islands barriers, using as basic tool the penetration radar in the soil - GPR; To monitor and to characterize the coastal dynamics of the study area starting from monthly data of beach profiles, sedimentological analysis, hydrodynamic data and environmental characterization data; which were used to feed the database of the N-NE network of Environmental Monitoring of Areas under Influence of the Petroliferous Industry;(REDE05/FINEP/CNPq/CTPETRO/ PETROBRAS). This research is justified, of the environmental point of view, by involving the mangrove ecosystem considered one of the most delicated environments of the State. From the viewpoint of the petroleum exploration, the systems of islands barriers are favorable for hydrocarbons reservoirs and, consequently important targets to the oil and gas industry, becoming this region attractive in comparison with similar lithified environments. With the results of the variability study in the position of the coast line in the Municipal district of Galinhos/RN from the analysis of remote sensing images, it was possible to investigate the changes in the coast line in temporal scale; the use of directional filters allowed to emphasize linings in the direction NE and to identify submerged features such as sandwaves. The use of GPR enabled the confirmation of paleochannels existence and thus confirmed the hypothesis that the Galinhos spit was formed from an old system of islands barriers. The results of the granulometric analyses indicated that in the summer period the sediments in the profiles A and B in the foreshore portion were classified with the granulometry of sand with scattered gravel and in the shoreface were constituted by sand, but in the winter period these same morphologic compartments were constituted by sand with sparse gravel and siltic sand respectively. In the profile C, in the summer and in the winter, the shoreface and foreshore compartments presented predominantly constituted by sand with sparse gravel. The hydrodynamic results showed that the largest wave heights were registered in the month of February (62 cm) and the highest period of 1,00 m/s in the month of May, the sense of the coastal currents was kept among the quadrants SW and NW, and the winds coming from NE were predominant. The analysis of the beach profiles demonstrated that in the profile A, although it had occurred erosion and deposition during the monitored months, the morphology of the referred profile was kept constant. In the profiles B and C, there were abrupt changes in the morphology, during the monitored months, having been identified a cyclic pattern in the features of the foreshore zone sometimes forming longitudinal sandy bars and in other times forming berm. These results evidenced, therefore, that studies of this nature are of fundamental importance for the coastal zoning, aiming subsidies to the organs managers in the closing of decisions as for the implantation of enterprises in the area, and for the industry of the petroleum through generation of information that subsidize the implementation and location of petroliferous structures adequate to this environment

Estratificação ambiental pela análise da interação genótipo x ambiente em milho

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a estratificação de ambientes de cultivo de milho nos Estados do Paraná, Minas Gerais e Bahia, por diferentes métodos, bem como determinar o grau de associação e divergência entre os métodos de estratificação. Foram avaliados quatro métodos: o tradicional de Lin; o de dissimilaridade ambiental; o de decomposição da interação genótipo x ambiente (GxA) em partes simples e complexa; e o de análise de fatores. Esses métodos foram aplicados a 48 híbridos experimentais de milho, avaliados em 11 ambientes de cultivo nos três Estados, divididos em dois conjuntos de experimentos. Além dos híbridos, foram avaliadas seis cultivares comerciais, utilizadas como testemunhas, comuns aos dois conjuntos. Verificou-se a predominância de interação GxA do tipo complexa. A decomposição da interação GxA em partes simples e complexa e a análise de fatores são métodos fortemente associados entre si, mas moderadamente associados aos demais. Além disso, esses métodos são mais rigorosos no processo de estratificação ambiental e ponderam de maneira mais eficiente a magnitude da interação GxA.

Caracterização de ambientes com alta ocorrência natural de araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart.) no Estado de Goiás

Foram selecionadas 14 áreas no Estado de Goiás, Brasil, com alta densidade da espécie araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart.) e com menor ação antrópica possível. Cada área possuía 1,0ha, estando subdividida em quatro quadrantes (0,25ha). Foram levantados os dados relativos às características físicas das áreas, das plantas e dos solos (0-20cm). Os resultados demonstraram que o araticum tende a ocorrer em maior densidade em Latossolos não concrecionários dos chapadões, em formação de cerrado típico. A área basal total das plantas entre as áreas em estudo é influenciada positivamente pela concentração de Ca, Mg e K no solo. A densidade de plantas de araticum é influenciada negativamente pela concentração de Fe no solo. A distância geográfica entre as áreas não influenciou na densidade de plantas, na área basal média e na área basal total das plantas de araticum.

Avaliação ambiental de manguezais adjacentes aos campos petrolíferos de Macau e Serra (RN), como subsídio às medidas mitigadoras ao processo erosivo

Among the various effects caused by the climate change and human intervention, the mangrove ecosystem changes through of the years has been worth mentioning, which hasn t known which are the pros and cons for the adjacent coastal and estuarine environments yet. It happens due to the present dynamism in these areas, besides of the difficult understanding of the processes associated with evolution. This study aimed to environmentally evaluate adjacent mangroves from the Macau and Serra oil fields, located on Rio Grande do Norte northern coast, to support the mitigating actions related to the containment of the erosive process, as well as, according to the principles of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), to assess the amount of atmospheric carbon sequestered by the studied ecosystem. An inventory was conducted through mangrouve mapping which has supplied this research, especially regarding to the structural characterization of mangrove areas. To understand the local mangrove behavior in a greater level detail, techniques of remote sensing, GIS and GPS were used to make an analogy between the current and past states of the mangrove studied, allowing to make anticipated projections for the future impacts or changes in that region. This study combined data from multispectral LANDSAT 5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM+ with radar microwave data from SAR RADARSAT-1, which increased the interpretation capacity of the data from optical sensor systems. The interpretations have been supported by the data field, representing a better and innovative methodology for the environmental and taxonomic characterization of mangrove forests considered. The results reveal that mangroves of the Ponta do Tubarão Sustainable Development Reserve are biologically representative areas and providing a variety of benefits, especially for local communities, constituting the priority sites for actions development aimed at conservation. They also have been showing the necessity to make mitigating measures in order to recover degraded areas through reforestation or creating new areas of mangrove, as currently 7.1% of the mangrove forests studied are dead or in an advanced state of decomposition. The amount of atmospheric carbon sequestered proved very significant when analyzed for the whole area, which is able to sequester atmospheric 4,294,458 Ton CO2 per year

Análise tecnológica sobre os aspectos ambientais de empreendimentos hoteleiros da Praia de Ponta Negra Natal/RN: um modelo de sistema de gestão ambiental

The present work aimed the elaboration of an environmental study focused on the hotel sector in order to present an analysis of the environmental aspects of Ponta Negra Beach, in Natal, RN, Brazil and also the aspects of the small and medium hotels existing in this area. By means of this work, it is possible to elaborate a model of a simplified System of Environmental Management which can attend to the exigencies required by NBR ISO 14001: 2004, as well as to present economical viability and possibility to be implemented in a way that hotels may converge to the sustainable environmental development of the tourism in Ponta Negra Beach. The research methodology presents itself divided into three items: execution of the environmental characterization of Ponta Negra Beach, by way of technical visits and interpretation of satellite images and cartograms of the main environmental characteristics of the region; execution of the work already made concerning the development, application and interpretation of the evaluation of the environmental aspects of each hotel, considering the hotels and the period of data collection, these used in evaluation, research instrument and a description of the procedure utilized for the analysis of the collected data and the utilized methodology for the elaboration of a model of a simplified System of Environmental Management. In a general way, it has been concluded that the practices executed by hotels in Ponta Negra Beach are impact-like and harmful to the environment. The simple implementation of analysis procedures and control of the environmental aspects could suggestively contribute to the reduction of environmental impacts promoted by the hotel section at this beach and in the nearby areas. It had been noticed that the study contributed to the sensitization of managers concerning the environmental problems since, in many other times, the detected problem was, in fact, the non-acquaintance about the environmental aspects and impacts from those hotels administrators, because of the lack of surveys and studies about the theme. It had also been noticed the arousing of a possible environmental attitude from some managers

Limonologia e qualidade ambiental de um corpo lêntico receptor de efluentes tratados da indústria de petróleo

Environmental pollution has become a subject of public interest throughout the world. Not only have developed countries been affected by environmental problems but also the developing nations have started to suffer from the serious impacts of pollution. Within this context it is necessary to collect simplified environmental data to assist in the management of water resources by the appropriate authorities. These data are obtained through an environmental index that allows a space-time comparison of points distributed in the same aquatic body, or between different water bodies, for physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters. The aim of this present study was to determine the environmental status of the Lagoa de Baixo at Guamaré/RN, where a production unit of PETROBRAS RN/CE is located. For this purpose the Water Quality Index (WQI) was used in both an add and multiply form, the Trophic State Index (TSI) and the Environmental Quality Quotient (EQQ), as well as determining the concentrations of metals. The average values obtained for the WQI, in its two forms were 68,67 and 62,76 respectively which were inside the good qualification. According to the TSI the lagoon showed characteristics of a middle trophic state, and an impact level of regular as determined by the EQQ

Uso do gpr na caracterização da pluma de contaminação gerada por hidrocarbonetos a partir de um posto de combustível na praia de Búzios/RN

This work is the application of geophysical methods, using the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), with the objective of survey in a subsurface plume of contamination caused by a disabled gas station. The gas station is located on the Búzios beach in southern coast of the state to Rio Grande do Norte in an Area of Environmental Protection called Bonfim-Guaraíra. The interest to develop this work was the presence of contaminants (hydrocarbons) in a well located on the desktop, previously used for the abstraction of groundwater for residents living near the site. Were raised 15 geophysical survey lines totaling 775,48 lifting and installed 4 piezometer, to confirm the contamination and prepare a pluviometric map that helped in indicating the direction of local groundwater flow, thus showing the direction of movement of the probably plume of contamination. From the processing of the GPR lines was possible to identify two likely phases of contamination according to the classification proposed by Azambuja et al 2000, which are called phase absorbed and dissolved phase

Qualidade ambiental e de vida na cidade de Várzea Paulista-SP: estudo de caso

Pós-graduação em Geografia - IGCE

Análise comparativa dos estudos de impacto ambiental (EIA-RIMA) de projetos dutoviários no Brasil: estudo dos gasodutos Paulínia-Jacutinga, Rio de Janeiro-Belo Horizonte e Urucu-Porto Velho

Pipelines are linear construction that intersect several environments, requiring integration of environmental and technical aspects in its various elaboration steps. Environmental impact assessment if made to integrate the environmental information to enable environmental characterization, possibility identify previously fragilities of environment what contributes to the safety forecast of the significant impacts. These studies shall consider superimpose of the elements and the worsening of critical situations that already exists. In this way, meet and analyse informations about the environmental impact assessment, constructive aspects related to pipelines transport and get environmental impact studies of the case studies, providing the student a critical vision for the discussion of the apropiate balance between description and analysis, methodological rigour and the interface between construction and the environmente with inserts. Performing the critical analysis of methodologies and applied criteria for the environmental diagnosis and impact identification, search improve the methodologies for elaboration of environmental impact studies for linear construction, particulary pipelines, minin conflicts and giving security for the license process. Await provide subsidy to direction data collection, for choosing environmental indicator and for the prognosis and indentification of impacts.