997 resultados para boron rates
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No Brasil não existem registros de respostas de adubação com boro para a cultura do triticale, sendo a ação deste nutriente uma incógnita, tanto em relação a deficiência quanto a toxidez, causas que levam a redução de produtividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta do triticale a diferentes níveis de boro em comparação com o trigo (Triticum aestivum). Utilizou-se um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico com teor inicial de boro de 0,08 mg dm-3. O delineamento foi um fatorial 4 ´ 4, distribuído em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, quatro níveis de boro: 0; 0,62; 1,24 e 1,86 mg dm-3 de B e três cultivares de triticale, IAC 3, BR 4 e BR 53, mais um cultivar de trigo, IAPAR 38, para comparação. Cada cultivar respondeu de forma diferente com relação às variáveis estudadas em função da aplicação de diferentes níveis de boro. O trigo (IAPAR 38) apresenta maior eficiência na absorção de boro. A cultivar de triticale mais responsiva quanto à absorção foi a IAC 3, que apresentou característica semelhante ao trigo, seguida da cultivar BR 4, demonstrando serem cultivares tolerantes a maiores níveis de boro no solo. Para a BR 53, não ocorreu efeito para absorção, com a cultivar apresentando sensibilidade à toxidez de boro. A eficiência de absorção é diferenciada para cada genótipo possibilitando a escolha e utilização de plantas que possuam maior adaptação ao meio.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a adsorção e a lixiviação do boro em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico, cultivado com soja, em conseqüência das doses de boro e da calagem. Foram analisadas amostras de um solo do Estado do Mato Grosso, cultivado com soja durante três anos, com doses de 0, 1,5, 3, 4,5, 6, 7,5 e 9 Mg ha-1 de calcário, e 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 e 10 kg ha-1 de boro, aplicados no primeiro ano de cultivo. Foram determinadas isotermas de adsorção de boro em função da calagem e do tempo de cultivo, assim como a lixiviação em função da calagem e da adubação boratada. No caso da calagem, mesmo com doses relativamente altas de calcário, a adsorção de boro pelo solo é muito alta apenas no ano de aplicação do corretivo, e diminui significativamente com o tempo. No entanto, a lixiviação de boro guarda estreita relação com o teor do nutriente no solo e com a dose do nutriente que é aplicada, mas é pouco influenciada pela calagem.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses de boro na produção de matéria seca e nos parâmetros morfológicos das raízes de duas cultivares de arroz de terras altas. O experimento foi desenvolvido de abril a julho de 2004, em casa de vegetação, em Botucatu (SP), empregando-se duas cultivares de arroz - Caiapó e BRS Talento. As plântulas foram obtidas em condições controladas e após cinco dias, transferidas para vasos de plástico com capacidade para 8 L, utilizando areia lavada como suporte, deixando quatro plantas por vaso. Os tratamentos foram: 0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0 e 8,0 mg L-1 de B, aplicados via solução nutritiva. O corte foi realizado aos 70 dias após o transplante, sendo coletadas parte aérea e sistema radicular separadamente, determinado suas matérias secas e concentrações de N e B, bem como o comprimento, área superficial e diâmetro médio radicular. Não foi possível obter efeito positivo da aplicação de boro, evidenciando que para a cultura do arroz a dose ótima é a inferior a 0,5 ml L-1 de B. A aplicação de 3,8 e 3,4 mg L-1 de B causou efeitos tóxicos às cultivares Caiapó e Talento respectivamente. O limite de toxicidade para raízes das duas cultivares é a concentração de 2,7 mg L-1 de B. Sob toxicidade severa de B as plantas de arroz reduzem expressivamente o comprimento e aumentam o diâmetro radicular, resultando em menor área de absorção de nutrientes.
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This paper evaluated the critical level, responsivity and boron use effciency on growth and the biomass production in six Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla clones (Ca, Cb, Cc, Cd, Ce and Cf). An experiment was carried out in pots containing ground silicon, under greenhouse conditions using four boron rates per solution (0; 0.135; 0.27; 0.54 mg L -1 of B). The treatments were combined in a randomized block experimental design in a 4 × 6 factorial scheme with three replications. Plant height, stem diameter, dry matter production in the shoots of the plant and boron use effciency in the leaves, stem and total dry matter at the 8th month of age were evaluated. Due to boron fertilization, growth and shoot biomass were observed in the Eucalyptus plants after 240 days of being planted in pots. The increases in growth and biomass were 35 to 54% and 21 to 64%, respectively. The boron rates that promoted major growth of the plants were 0.33 to 0.44 mg L -1 of B and in this range the most effcient clone for dry matter production of leaves was Cf and the least effcient one to stem biomass production and the shoot biomass was Cd, no signifcant differences among other clones were observed. The critical level of boron in solution was 0.09 to 0.24 mg L -1 of B in the growth of the plants.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Indium tin-oxide (ITO) and polycrystalline boron-doped diamond (BDD) have been examined in detail using the scanning electrochemical microscopy technique in feedback mode. For the interrogation of electrodes made from these materials, the choice of mediator has been varied. Using Ru(CN) 4− 6 (aq), ferrocene methanol (FcMeOH), Fe(CN) 3− 6 (aq) and Ru(NH 3) 3+ 6 (aq), approach curve experiments have been performed, and for purposes of comparison, calculations of the apparent heterogeneous electron transfer rates (k app) have been made using these data. In general, it would appear that values of k app are affected mainly by the position of the mediator reversible potential relative to the relevant semiconductor band edge (associated with majority carriers). For both the ITO (n type) and BDD (p type) electrodes, charge transfer is impeded and values are very low when using FcMeOH and Fe(CN) 3− 6 (aq) as mediators, and the use of Ru(NH 3) 3+ 6(aq) results in the largest value of k app. With ITO, the surface is chemically homogeneous and no variation is observed for any given mediator. Data is also presented where the potential of the ITO electrode is fixed using a ratio of the mediators Fe(CN) 3− 6(aq) and Fe(CN) 4− 6(aq). In stark contrast, the BDD electrode is quite the opposite and a range of k app values are observed for all mediators depending on the position on the surface. Both electrode surfaces are very flat and very smooth, and hence, for BDD, variations in feedback current imply a variation in the electrochemical activity. A comparison of the feedback current where the substrate is biased and unbiased shows a surprising degree of proportionality.
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Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a form of chemically targeted radiotherapy that utilises the high neutron capture cross-section of boron-10 isotope to achieve a preferential dose increase in the tumour. The BNCT dosimetry poses a special challenge as the radiation dose absorbed by the irradiated tissues consists of several dose different components. Dosimetry is important as the effect of the radiation on the tissue is correlated with the radiation dose. Consistent and reliable radiation dose delivery and dosimetry are thus basic requirements for radiotherapy. The international recommendations for are not directly applicable to BNCT dosimetry. The existing dosimetry guidance for BNCT provides recommendations but also calls for investigating for complementary methods for comparison and improved accuracy. In this thesis the quality assurance and stability measurements of the neutron beam monitors used in dose delivery are presented. The beam monitors were found not to be affected by the presence of a phantom in the beam and that the effect of the reactor core power distribution was less than 1%. The weekly stability test with activation detectors has been generally reproducible within the recommended tolerance value of 2%. An established toolkit for epithermal neutron beams for determination of the dose components is presented and applied in an international dosimetric intercomparison. The measured quantities (neutron flux, fast neutron and photon dose) by the groups in the intercomparison were generally in agreement within the stated uncertainties. However, the uncertainties were large, ranging from 3-30% (1 standard deviation), emphasising the importance of dosimetric intercomparisons if clinical data is to be compared between different centers. Measurements with the Exradin type 2M ionisation chamber have been repeated in the epithermal neutron beam in the same measurement configuration over the course of 10 years. The presented results exclude severe sensitivity changes to thermal neutrons that have been reported for this type of chamber. Microdosimetry and polymer gel dosimetry as complementary methods for epithermal neutron beam dosimetry are studied. For microdosimetry the comparison of results with ionisation chambers and computer simulation showed that the photon dose measured with microdosimetry was lower than with the two other methods. The disagreement was within the uncertainties. For neutron dose the simulation and microdosimetry results agreed within 10% while the ionisation chamber technique gave 10-30% lower neutron dose rates than the two other methods. The response of the BANG-3 gel was found to be linear for both photon and epithermal neutron beam irradiation. The dose distribution normalised to dose maximum measured by MAGIC polymer gel was found to agree well with the simulated result near the dose maximum while the spatial difference between measured and simulated 30% isodose line was more than 1 cm. In both the BANG-3 and MAGIC gel studies, the interpretation of the results was complicated by the presence of high-LET radiation.
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Addition of boron in small quantities to various titanium alloys have shown significant improvement in mechanical behavior of materials. In the present study, electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques have been applied to investigate the deformation microstructure evolution in boron modified two-phase titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. The alloy was hot compressed at 750 degrees C up to 50% height reduction at two different strain rates (10(-3) s(-1) and 1 s(-1)). The EBSD analyses indicated significant differences in deformed microstructure of the base alloy and the alloy containing boron. A strong subgrain formation tendency was observed along with inhomogeneous distribution of dislocations inside large a colonies of Ti64. In contrast, a colonies were relatively strain free for Ti64 + B, with more uniform dislocation density distribution. The observed difference is attributed to microstructural modifications viz, grain size refinement and presence of TiB particles at grain boundary produced due to boron addition. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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X-ray diffraction line profile analysis (XRDLPA) techniques have been applied to investigate the deformed microstructure of a recently developed boron modified two-phase titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. The alloy was hot compressed at 750 degrees C up to 50% height reduction at two different strain rates (10(-3) S-1 and 1 S-1). Microstructural parameters like average domain size, average microstrain within the domain and dislocation density of the two phases were determined using X-ray diffraction line profile analysis. The results indicate an increase in the microstrain and dislocation density for the alpha-phase and decrease for the beta-phase in the case of boron modified alloys as compared to the normal material. Microstructural modifications viz, the grain refinement and the presence of hard, brittle TiB particles in the case of boron modified alloy are held responsible for the observed difference in the dislocation density. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Sintered boron carbide is very hard, and can be an attractive material for wear-resistant components in critical applications. Previous studies of the erosion of less hard ceramics have shown that their wear resistance depends on the nature of the abrasive particles. Erosion tests were performed on a sintered boron carbide ceramic with silica, alumina and silicon carbide erodents. The different erodents caused different mechanisms of erosion, either by lateral cracking or small-scale chipping; the relative values of the hardness of the erodent and the target governed the operative mechanism. The small-scale chipping mechanism led to erosion rates typically an order of magnitude lower than the lateral fracture mechanism. The velocity exponents for erosion in the systems tested were similar to those seen in other work, except that measured with the 125 to 150 μm silica erodent. With this erodent the exponent was initially high, then decreased sharply with increasing velocity and became negative. It was proposed that this was due to deformation and fragmentation of the erodent particles. In the erosion testing of ceramics, the operative erosion mechanism is important. Care must be taken to ensure that the same mechanism is observed in laboratory testing as that which would be seen under service conditions, where the most common erodent is silica.
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Boron-doped titanium dioxide (B-TiO) films were deposited by atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition of titanium(iv) chloride, ethyl acetate and tri-isopropyl borate on steel and fluorine-doped-tin oxide substrates at 500, 550 and 600 °C, respectively. The films were characterised using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), which showed anatase phase TiO at lower deposition temperatures (500 and 550 °C) and rutile at higher deposition temperatures (600 °C). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed a dopant level of 0.9 at% B in an O-substitutional position. The ability of the films to reduce water was tested in a sacrificial system using 365 nm UV light with an irradiance of 2 mW cm. Hydrogen production rates of B-TiO at 24 μL cm h far exceeded undoped TiO at 2.6 μL cm h. The B-TiO samples were also shown to be active for water oxidation in a sacrificial solution. Photocurrent density tests also revealed that B-doped samples performed better, with an earlier onset of photocurrent. © 2013 The Owner Societies.
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Reactions of the boron halides with organic halides and organo-silicon compounds have been investigated. The results show exchange of halogens between the BX3 (X = Br# 1) and the organic halidef exchange of the halogen of the C-X bond being proved. The rates of halogen exchange vary. Reaction of the heavier halides with organo-silicon compounds indicated that the silicon-carbon bonds ruptured in the absence of electronegative atom attached to the silicon. The presence of an electronegative atom (halogen or oxygen) attached to the silicon causes the bond between the silicon and the electronegative atom to be preferentially broken. Products of exchange reactions of the boron halides and the organic halides or the organo-silicon compounds were studied by use of 1H NMR and GC/MS. From these results some possible mechanisms for the exchange reactions are postulated, but further work is indicated to prove the real courses of the reactions
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O boro (B) tem baixa mobilidade no floema das plantas e é reconhecidamente o micronutriente cuja deficiência é mais comum no algodoeiro. Neste trabalho foi estudada a absorção e mobilidade do B em cultivares de algodão. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, e as plantas foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de três cultivares de algodão (FMT 701, DP 604BG e FMX 993) e cinco doses de B (0,0; 2,5; 5,0; 10,0 e 20,0 µmol L-1). As avaliações foram feitas em quatro semanas consecutivas, a partir da primeira semana após emissão do primeiro botão floral. A época de aparecimento e a intensidade de sintomas de deficiência de boro entre cultivares de algodão são diferentes. A cultivar DP604BG é inicialmente menos exigente em B, porém há necessidade de maior disponibilidade desse micronutriente no meio nutritivo para evitar o aparecimento de deficiência. O crescimento do algodoeiro é prejudicado pela carência de B, independentemente das diferenças no aparecimento de sintomas, não havendo diferença entre as cultivares.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fertilization with zinc or boron on the growth and dry matter production, nutritional value and accumulation of nutrients in white oats. The study comprised two experiments conducted in glasshouses, the first consisting of the application of four doses of zinc (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg/dm³) in the form of zinc sulphate (20% Zn), and the second consisting of the application of four doses of boron (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg/dm³) in the form of Borax (11% B). The experimental design in each case was a randomized block design, with five replicates. Fertilization with zinc and boron increased the growth of white oats, but had no significant effect on the nutritional value of the forage. Higher levels of absorption and accumulation of nutrients in plant tissues were observed following the application of boron and zinc at rates of up to 0.60 mg/dm³ of soil.
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Temporary B deficiency can be triggered by liming of acid soils because of increased B adsorption at higher soil pH. Plants respond directly to the activity of B in soil solution and only indirectly to B adsorbed on soil constituents. Because the range between deficient and toxic B concentration is relatively narrow, this poses difficulty in maintaining appropriate B levels in soil solution. Thus, knowledge of the chemical behavior of B in the soil is particularly important. The present study investigated the effect of soil pH on B adsorption in four soils of Parana State, and to correlate these values with the physical and chemical properties of the soils. Surface samples were taken from a Rhodic Hapludox, Arenic Hapludalf, Arenic Hapludult, and one Typic Usthorthent. To evaluate the effect of pH on B adsorption, subsamples soil received the application of increasing rates of calcium carbonate. Boron adsorption was accomplished by shaking 2.0 g soil, for 24 h, with 20 mL of 0.01 mol L-1 NaCl solution containing different concentrations (0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, and 4.0 mg B L-1). Sorption was fitted to non-linear form of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Boron adsorption increased as concentration increased. Boron adsorption was dependent on soil pH, increasing as a function of pH in the range between 4.6 and 7.4, although the bonding energy has decreased. Maximum adsorption capacity (MAC) of B was observed in the Arenic Hapludalf (49.8 mg B kg(-1) soil) followed by Arenic Hapludult (22.5 mg kg(-1)), Rhodic Hapludox (17.4 mg kg(-1)), and Typic Usthorthent (7.0 mg kg(-1)). The organic matter content, clay content, and aluminum oxide content (Al2O3) were the soils properties that affecting the B adsorption on Parana soils.