Investigations on fossil bivalves and wood from Seymour Island, Antarctica

Quasi-periodic variation in sea-surface temperature, precipitation, and sea-level pressure in the equatorial Pacific known as the El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an important mode of interannual variability in global climate. A collapse of the tropical Pacific onto a state resembling a so-called 'permanent El Niño', with a preferentially warmed eastern equatorial Pacific, flatter thermocline, and reduced interannual variability, in a warmer world is predicted by prevailing ENSO theory. If correct, future warming will be accompanied by a shift toward persistent conditions resembling El Niño years today, with major implications for global hydrological cycles and consequent impacts on socioeconomic and ecological systems. However, much uncertainty remains about how interannual variability will be affected. Here, we present multi-annual records of climate derived from growth increment widths in fossil bivalves and co-occurring driftwood from the Antarctic peninsula that demonstrate significant variability in the quasi-biennial and 3-6 year bands consistent with ENSO, despite early Eocene (~50 Mya) greenhouse conditions with global average temperature -10 degrees higher than today. A coupled climate model suggests an ENSO signal and teleconnections to this region during the Eocene, much like today. The presence of ENSO variation during this markedly warmer interval argues for the persistence of robust interannual variability in our future greenhouse world.

Ocean acidification increases cadmium accumulation in marine bivalves: a potential threat to seafood safety

To date, the effects of ocean acidification on toxic metals accumulation and the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown in marine bivalve species. In the present study, the effects of the realistic future ocean pCO2 levels on the cadmium (Cd) accumulation in the gills, mantle and adductor muscles of three bivalve species, Mytilus edulis, Tegillarca granosa, and Meretrix meretrix, were investigated. The results obtained suggested that all species tested accumulated significantly higher Cd (p<0.05) in the CO2 acidified seawater during the 30 days experiment and the health risk of Cd (based on the estimated target hazard quotients, THQ) via consumption of M. meretrix at pH 7.8 and 7.4 significantly increased 1.21 and 1.32 times respectively, suggesting a potential threat to seafood safety. The ocean acidification-induced increase in Cd accumulation may have occurred due to (i) the ocean acidification increased the concentration of Cd and the Cd2+/Ca2+ in the seawater, which in turn increased the Cd influx through Ca channel; (ii) the acidified seawater may have brought about epithelia damage, resulting in easier Cd penetration; and (iii) ocean acidification hampered Cd exclusion.

Invariant size–frequency distributions along a latitudinal gradient in marine bivalves

In the most extensive analysis of body size in marine invertebrates to date, we show that the size–frequency distributions of northeastern Pacific bivalves at the provincial level are surprisingly invariant in modal and median size as well as size range, despite a 4-fold change in species richness from the tropics to the Arctic. The modal sizes and shapes of these size–frequency distributions are consistent with the predictions of an energetic model previously applied to terrestrial mammals and birds. However, analyses of the Miocene–Recent history of body sizes within 82 molluscan genera show little support for the expectation that the modal size is an evolutionary attractor over geological time.

Isolamento de vibrios potencialmente patogênicos em moluscos bivalves

Neste estudo, 26 amostras de ostras (Crassostrea gigas) comercializadas na cidade de São Paulo e em alguns pontos do litoral de São Paulo, e 36 amostras de mexilhões (Perna perna) colhidas mensalmente em 3 pontos do litoral de Ubatuba - SP, foram submetidas à pesquisa de vibrios potencialmente patogênicos. As amostras desses moluscos eram submetidas a enriquecimento em água peptonada alcalina sem cloreto de sódio e com 1 por cento de cloreto de sódio, e GSTB. O isolamento foi realizado em ágar TCBS. Colônias sacarose positivas e negativas, sugestivas de espécies de Vibrio foram identificadas presuntivamente em meio de ágar ferro de Kligler, sendo confirmadas através de provas bioqufmicas complementares. Uma parte das amostras de vibrios potencialmente patogênicos isoladas foi submetida ao teste de Dean e teste de alça ligada em íleo de coelhos. Os vibrios potencialmente patogênicos encontrados em amostras de ostras foram V. alginolyticus (81 por cento ), V.parahaemolyticus (77 por cento ), V. cholerae não 0:1 (31 por cento ), V. fluvialis (27 por cento ), V. furnissii (19 por cento ), V. mimicus (12 por cento ) e V. vulnificus (12 por cento ) e em amostras de mexilhões foram V. alginolyticus(97 por cento ), V. parahaemolyticus(75 por cento ), V. fluvialis (47 por cento ), V. vulnificus (11 por cento ), V. cholerae não 0:1 (6 por cento ), V. furnissii (6 por cento ) e V. mimicus (6 por cento ). Observou-se acúmulo de fluido em alça ligada de íleo de coelho entre 0,25 e 0,49 ml/cm em 6,9 por cento das amostras, entre 0,5 e 0,99 ml/cm em 15,6 por cento e maior ou igual a 1 ml/cm em 15,1 por cento , e/ou intestino de camundongos lactentes (Teste de Dean) em 26,6 por cento das amostras testadas, confirmando o elevado potencial desses microrganismos em causar gastrenterite. Verificou-se ausência de variação sazonal e também, de correlação entre os vibrios potencialmente patogênicos isolados e os indicadores de contaminação fecal, confirmando que a presença desses microrganismos ocorre de forma autóctone e que, as condições climáticas foram favoráveis à sobrevivência dessas espécies em todas as épocas do ano. Considerando-se os resultados obtidos no presente estudo e o fato de que ostras e mexilhões são habitualmente ingeridos crus ou insuficientemente cozidos, pode-se concluir que sua ingestão constitui-se em um determinado grau de risco para a saúde do consumidor.

Consumo de oxigénio em bivalves

Os organismos vivos obtêm energia degradando moléculas orgânicas através da respiração celular. Esse processo pode ocorrer com ou sem consumo de oxigénio. Em muitos seres vivos com células complexas, a respiração celular ocorre com consumo de oxigénio pelo que se designa de respiração aeróbia. O consumo de oxigénio pode ser observado utilizando uma substância indicadora de presença/ausência de O2. O indicador utilizado neste experiencia foi o azul-de-metileno que muda de cor conforme está na forma reduzida ou na forma oxidada. Os resultados mostram que ocorreu a redução do azul-de-metileno, o que significa que o oxigénio foi consumido. O objetivo desta atividade é observar a mobilização de energia em bivalves (Scrobicularria plana) vulgarmente chamada de Lambujinha através do consumo de O2.

Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature ...: Vers testacèes, a coquilles bivalves.

Entre el título y el subtítulo consta: "Dix-neuviême partie"

Patterns of digenean parasitism of bivalves from the Great Barrier Reef and associated waters

Digenean parasites of marine bivalves are relatively poorly known, particularly in Australia. We surveyed 2256 bivalve individuals ( 47 species, 17 families) from Queensland marine waters incorporating south-east Queensland, Heron Island ( southern Great Barrier Reef) and Lizard Island ( northern Great Barrier Reef). Infections of trematode species from three families, Bucephalidae, Gorgoderidae and Monorchiidae, were found. Overall prevalence of infection was 2.3%. The Bucephalidae was the most commonly found family; 11 species were found in Tellinidae, Ostreidae, Isognomonidae and Spondylidae - the latter two previously unknown as hosts for bucephalids. A single gorgoderid infection was found in a venerid, Lioconcha castrensis. Five species of monorchiids were found from Tellinidae and Lucinidae. All infections are new host/parasite records. No infections were found in 35 of the 47 bivalve species sampled. The generally low prevalence of infection by digeneans of bivalves suggests that it is unlikely that any of the species reported here are seriously damaging to bivalve populations in these waters. We deduce that, at best, we have some life-cycle information but no actual identifications for 10% of the species of trematodes that infect bivalves of Queensland marine waters.