Biocorrosion in industrial applications

Industrial situations afflicted by corrosion induced by microorganisms are illustrated with examples. The types and characteristics of microorganisms involved in biocorrosion processes are discussed. Possible mechanisms in biocorrosion as occurring under sub-soil, sea water and fresh water conditions are analyzed. Methods to combat biocorrosion are also outlined.

Effects of zirconium and strontium on the biocorrosion of Mg-Zr-Sr alloys for biodegradable implant applications

The successful applications of magnesium (Mg) alloys as biodegradable orthopedic implants are mainly restricted due to their rapid degradation rate in the physiological environment, leading to a loss of mechanical integrity. This study systematically investigated the degradation behaviors of novel Mg-Zr-Sr alloys using electrochemical techniques, hydrogen evolution, and weight loss in simulated body fluid (SBF). The microstructure and degradation behaviors of the alloys were characterized using optical microscopy, XRD, SEM, and EDX. The results indicate that Zr and Sr concentrations in Mg alloys strongly affected the degradation rate of the alloys in SBF. A high concentration of 5 wt% Zr led to acceleration of anodic dissolution, which significantly decreased the biocorrosion resistance of the alloys and their biocompatibility. A high volume fraction of Mg17Sr2 phases due to the addition of excessive Sr (over 5 wt%) resulted in enhanced galvanic effects between the Mg matrix and Mg17Sr2 phases, which reduced the biocorrosion resistance. The average Sr release rate is approximately 0.15 mg L^-1 day^-1, which is much lower than the body burden and proves its good biocompatibility. A new biocorrosion model has been established to illustrate the degradation of alloys and the formation of degradation products on the surface of the alloys. It can be concluded that the optimal concentration of Zr and Sr is less than 2 wt% for as-cast Mg-Zr-Sr alloys used as biodegradable orthopedic implants.

Desenvolvimento de metodologias para a determinação da atividade biogênica de bactérias redutoras de sulfato

A corrosão causada por H2S biogênico frequentemente resulta em danos extensos na indústria do petróleo. O presente trabalho avaliou parâmetros de crescimento microbiano e aplicou metodologias de determinação de sulfetos por técnicas espectrofotométrica na região da luz visível e radiorespirométrica para avaliação da atividade metabólica, correlacionando com a população de bactérias redutoras de sulfato, determinada através da técnica do Número Mais Provável (NMP). Amostras de água de formação e consórcio de BRS foram avaliadas através do arraste de sulfetos estáveis produzidos biogenicamente e quantificados por espectrofotometria. O cálculo das velocidades instantâneas e específicas de produção de sulfetos permitiu avaliar de que maneira alguns parâmetros de crescimento microbiano podem afetar o metabolismo das BRS. A detecção de concentrações traço de sulfetos biogênicos pode ser realizada através de ensaios radiorespirométricos. Para isto, diluições em série de água do mar sintética com três amostras distintas foram avaliadas. Os testes realizados indicam que o acréscimo do tempo de incubação de cultura microbiana anaeróbia mista contribuiu para o aumento das capacidades de redução de sulfato, assim como o aumento das fontes de carbono. Ambas as técnicas provaram ser um rápido teste para a detecção de sulfetos biogênicos, particularmente aqueles associados aos produtos de corrosão, sendo uma ferramenta muito útil para monitoração e controle de tanques de armazenamento de água e óleo, plataformas continentais de petróleo e diversos tipos de reservatórios. O presente trabalho prevê a continuidade dos experimentos, através de avaliação de um maior universo de amostras da indústria do petróleo e medições menos espaçadas da técnica espectrofotométrica, além da avaliação radiorespirométrica em modo contínuo, evitando os efeitos inibitórios do H2S

Avaliação de produtos naturais no controle de biofilmes formados em sistema dinâmico

The biofilms microbial forms of association are responsible for generating, accelerating and / or induce the process of corrosion. The damage generated in the petroleum industry for this type of corrosion is significatives, representing major investment for your control. The aim of this study was to evaluate such tests antibiograms the effects of extracts of Jatropha curcas and essential oil of Lippia gracilis Schauer on microrganisms isolated from water samples and, thereafter, select the most effective natural product for further evaluation of biofilms formed in dynamic system. Extracts of J. curcas were not efficient on the complete inhibition of microbial growth in tests type antibiogram, and essential oil of L. gracilis Schauer most effective and determined for the other tests. A standard concentration of essential oil of 20 μL was chosen and established for the evaluation of the biofilms and the rate of corrosion. The biocide effect was determined by microbial counts of five types of microorganisms: aerobic bacteria, precipitating iron, total anaerobic, sulphate reducers (BRS) and fungi. The rate of corrosion was measured by loss of mass. Molecular identification and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed. The data showed reduction to zero of the most probable number (MPN) of bacteria precipitating iron and BRS from 115 and 113 minutes of contact, respectively. There was also inhibited in fungi, reducing to zero the rate of colony-forming units (CFU) from 74 minutes of exposure. However, for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria there was no significant difference in the time of exposure to the essential oil, remaining constant. The rate of corrosion was also influenced by the presence of oil. The essential oil of L. gracilis was shown to be potentially effective

Avaliação da espécie vegetal Croton cajucara Benth como inibidor de biocorrosão em aço carbono Aisi 1020

Actually in the oil industry biotechnological approaches represent a challenge. In that, attention to metal structures affected by electrochemical corrosive processes, as well as by the interference of microorganisms (biocorrosion) which affect the kinetics of the environment / metal interface. Regarding to economical and environmental impacts reduction let to the use of natural products as an alternative to toxic synthetic inhibitors. This study aims the employment of green chemistry by evaluating the stem bark extracts (EHC, hydroalcoholic extract) and leaves (ECF, chloroform extract) of plant species Croton cajucara Benth as a corrosion inhibitor. In addition the effectiveness of corrosion inhibition of bioactive trans-clerodane dehydrocrotonin (DCTN) isolated from the stem bark of this Croton was also evaluated. For this purpose, carbon steel AISI 1020 was immersed in saline media (3,5 % NaCl) in the presence and absence of a microorganism recovered from a pipeline oil sample. Corrosion inhibition efficiency and its mechanisms were investigated by linear sweep voltammetry and electrochemical impedance. Culture-dependent and molecular biology techniques were used to characterize and identify bacterial species present in oil samples. The tested natural products EHC, ECF and DCTN (DMSO as solvent) in abiotic environment presented respectively, corrosion inhibition efficiencies of 57.6% (500 ppm), 86.1% (500 ppm) and 54.5% (62.5 ppm). Adsorption phenomena showed that EHC best fit Frumkin isotherm and ECF to Temkin isotherm. EHC extract (250 ppm) dissolved in a polar microemulsion system (MES-EHC) showed significant maximum inhibition efficiency (93.8%) fitting Langmuir isotherm. In the presence of the isolated Pseudomonas sp, EHC and ECF were able to form eco-compatible organic films with anti-corrosive properties

Purification and characterization of a surfactin-like molecule produced by Bacillus sp. H2O-1 and its antagonistic effect against sulfate reducing bacteria

Abstract Background Bacillus sp. H2O-1, isolated from the connate water of a Brazilian reservoir, produces an antimicrobial substance (denoted as AMS H2O-1) that is active against sulfate reducing bacteria, which are the major bacterial group responsible for biogenic souring and biocorrosion in petroleum reservoirs. Thus, the use of AMS H2O-1 for sulfate reducing bacteria control in the petroleum industry is a promising alternative to chemical biocides. However, prior to the large-scale production of AMS H2O-1 for industrial applications, its chemical structure must be elucidated. This study also analyzed the changes in the wetting properties of different surfaces conditioned with AMS H2O-1 and demonstrated the effect of AMS H2O-1 on sulfate reducing bacteria cells. Results A lipopeptide mixture from AMS H2O-1 was partially purified on a silica gel column and identified via mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). It comprises four major components that range in size from 1007 to 1049 Da. The lipid moiety contains linear and branched β-hydroxy fatty acids that range in length from C13 to C16. The peptide moiety contains seven amino acids identified as Glu-Leu-Leu-Val-Asp-Leu-Leu. Transmission electron microscopy revealed cell membrane alteration of sulfate reducing bacteria after AMS H2O-1 treatment at the minimum inhibitory concentration (5 μg/ml). Cytoplasmic electron dense inclusions were observed in treated cells but not in untreated cells. AMS H2O-1 enhanced the osmosis of sulfate reducing bacteria cells and caused the leakage of the intracellular contents. In addition, contact angle measurements indicated that different surfaces conditioned by AMS H2O-1 were less hydrophobic and more electron-donor than untreated surfaces. Conclusion AMS H2O-1 is a mixture of four surfactin-like homologues, and its biocidal activity and surfactant properties suggest that this compound may be a good candidate for sulfate reducing bacteria control. Thus, it is a potential alternative to the chemical biocides or surface coating agents currently used to prevent SRB growth in petroleum industries.

Avaliação de produtos naturais no controle de biofilmes formados em sistema dinâmico

The biofilms microbial forms of association are responsible for generating, accelerating and / or induce the process of corrosion. The damage generated in the petroleum industry for this type of corrosion is significatives, representing major investment for your control. The aim of this study was to evaluate such tests antibiograms the effects of extracts of Jatropha curcas and essential oil of Lippia gracilis Schauer on microrganisms isolated from water samples and, thereafter, select the most effective natural product for further evaluation of biofilms formed in dynamic system. Extracts of J. curcas were not efficient on the complete inhibition of microbial growth in tests type antibiogram, and essential oil of L. gracilis Schauer most effective and determined for the other tests. A standard concentration of essential oil of 20 μL was chosen and established for the evaluation of the biofilms and the rate of corrosion. The biocide effect was determined by microbial counts of five types of microorganisms: aerobic bacteria, precipitating iron, total anaerobic, sulphate reducers (BRS) and fungi. The rate of corrosion was measured by loss of mass. Molecular identification and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed. The data showed reduction to zero of the most probable number (MPN) of bacteria precipitating iron and BRS from 115 and 113 minutes of contact, respectively. There was also inhibited in fungi, reducing to zero the rate of colony-forming units (CFU) from 74 minutes of exposure. However, for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria there was no significant difference in the time of exposure to the essential oil, remaining constant. The rate of corrosion was also influenced by the presence of oil. The essential oil of L. gracilis was shown to be potentially effective

Avaliação da espécie vegetal Croton cajucara Benth como inibidor de biocorrosão em aço carbono Aisi 1020

Actually in the oil industry biotechnological approaches represent a challenge. In that, attention to metal structures affected by electrochemical corrosive processes, as well as by the interference of microorganisms (biocorrosion) which affect the kinetics of the environment / metal interface. Regarding to economical and environmental impacts reduction let to the use of natural products as an alternative to toxic synthetic inhibitors. This study aims the employment of green chemistry by evaluating the stem bark extracts (EHC, hydroalcoholic extract) and leaves (ECF, chloroform extract) of plant species Croton cajucara Benth as a corrosion inhibitor. In addition the effectiveness of corrosion inhibition of bioactive trans-clerodane dehydrocrotonin (DCTN) isolated from the stem bark of this Croton was also evaluated. For this purpose, carbon steel AISI 1020 was immersed in saline media (3,5 % NaCl) in the presence and absence of a microorganism recovered from a pipeline oil sample. Corrosion inhibition efficiency and its mechanisms were investigated by linear sweep voltammetry and electrochemical impedance. Culture-dependent and molecular biology techniques were used to characterize and identify bacterial species present in oil samples. The tested natural products EHC, ECF and DCTN (DMSO as solvent) in abiotic environment presented respectively, corrosion inhibition efficiencies of 57.6% (500 ppm), 86.1% (500 ppm) and 54.5% (62.5 ppm). Adsorption phenomena showed that EHC best fit Frumkin isotherm and ECF to Temkin isotherm. EHC extract (250 ppm) dissolved in a polar microemulsion system (MES-EHC) showed significant maximum inhibition efficiency (93.8%) fitting Langmuir isotherm. In the presence of the isolated Pseudomonas sp, EHC and ECF were able to form eco-compatible organic films with anti-corrosive properties

Effects of Mg17Sr2 Phase on the bio-corrosion behavior of Mg-Zr-Sr alloys

The effect of the second phase Mg17Sr2 on the biocorrosion behavior of Mg5ZrxSr (x = 0, 2, 5 wt%) alloys before and after solution treatment was investigated. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cathodic polarization and hydrogen evolution were used to evaluate the biocorrosion of Mg5ZrxSr. We found that Mg17Sr2 precipitated on boundary zones and enhanced the galvanic effect, leading to a severer corrosion of the Mg matrix adjacent to Mg17Sr2. The corrosion subsequently spread gradually from the regions adjacent to the Mg17Sr2 to the central Mg matrix. However, a high volume fraction of Mg17Sr2 could also form a continuous network, isolate the Mg matrix and act as a barrier of corrosion.