A proposal to change existing virus species names to non-Latinized binomials

A proposal has been posted on the ICTV website (2011. 001aG. N. v1. binomial_sp_names) to replace virus species names by non-Latinized binomial names consisting of the current italicized species name with the terminal word "virus" replaced by the italicized and non-capitalized genus name to which the species belongs. If implemented, the current italicized species name Measles virus, for instance, would become Measles morbillivirus while the current virus name measles virus and its abbreviation MeV would remain unchanged. The rationale for the proposed change is presented. © 2010 Springer-Verlag.

A proposal to change existing virus species names to non-Latinized binomials.

A proposal has been posted on the ICTV website (2011.001aG.N.v1.binomial_sp_names) to replace virus species names by non-Latinized binomial names consisting of the current italicized species name with the terminal word "virus" replaced by the italicized and non-capitalized genus name to which the species belongs. If implemented, the current italicized species name Measles virus, for instance, would become Measles morbillivirus while the current virus name measles virus and its abbreviation MeV would remain unchanged. The rationale for the proposed change is presented.

Productive Knowledge of English Binomials by Japanese Learners of English

The purpose of this research is to reveal (1) which English binomials Japanese learners of English have productive knowledge of and (2) what strategies they use to produce English binomials when they do not know the binomials. One hundred and three Japanese learners of English with intermediate proficiency level completed an online survey of 44 binomials. The participants were given the first word of a binomial and asked to type a word following “and”. The target word was provided by more than 75% of participants for 19 of the 44 binomials, meaning that learners have productive knowledge for certain binomials. An analysis of errors suggested that the participants relied heavily on semantic relationships between items in binomials.However, the use of a semantic strategy for producing the second words often leads to non-binomial expressions. From these results we suggest that giving more input to learners, as well as teaching the “Me first” principle (Cooper & Ross, 1975) explicitly would help the learners to develop more accurate and effective strategies for uncertain or unfamiliar binomials.

Differential expression analysis for sequence count data via mixtures of negative binomials

The recent advent of Next-generation sequencing technologies has revolutionized the way of analyzing the genome. This innovation allows to get deeper information at a lower cost and in less time, and provides data that are discrete measurements. One of the most important applications with these data is the differential analysis, that is investigating if one gene exhibit a different expression level in correspondence of two (or more) biological conditions (such as disease states, treatments received and so on). As for the statistical analysis, the final aim will be statistical testing and for modeling these data the Negative Binomial distribution is considered the most adequate one especially because it allows for "over dispersion". However, the estimation of the dispersion parameter is a very delicate issue because few information are usually available for estimating it. Many strategies have been proposed, but they often result in procedures based on plug-in estimates, and in this thesis we show that this discrepancy between the estimation and the testing framework can lead to uncontrolled first-type errors. We propose a mixture model that allows each gene to share information with other genes that exhibit similar variability. Afterwards, three consistent statistical tests are developed for differential expression analysis. We show that the proposed method improves the sensitivity of detecting differentially expressed genes with respect to the common procedures, since it is the best one in reaching the nominal value for the first-type error, while keeping elevate power. The method is finally illustrated on prostate cancer RNA-seq data.

Phraseological Binomials: A Proposal for Equivalences in English-Spanish Legal Translation

Phraseological units are complex structures that may be difficult to comprehend and transfer into other languages due to their idiomatic nature. The translator of English legal texts often comes across binomials, a type of phraseological unit that is a characteristic of this specialized discourse. Based on a specialized comparable bilingual corpus composed of legal forms and agreements, this article identifies several occurrences of this phraseological structure and extracts the most frequent examples in English and Spanish. A contrastive analysis of the data obtained from the corpus helps to establish a series of equivalencies among binomials in both languages and proposes a typology of equivalences regarding these phraseological structures.

Approximate Bayesian computation using auxiliary model based estimates

We present a novel approach for developing summary statistics for use in approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) algorithms using indirect infer- ence. We embed this approach within a sequential Monte Carlo algorithm that is completely adaptive. This methodological development was motivated by an application involving data on macroparasite population evolution modelled with a trivariate Markov process. The main objective of the analysis is to compare inferences on the Markov process when considering two di®erent indirect mod- els. The two indirect models are based on a Beta-Binomial model and a three component mixture of Binomials, with the former providing a better ¯t to the observed data.

Revisão taxonômica das espécies brasileiras de Funariaceae Schwagr. (Bryophyta)

Funariaceae Schwägrichen é uma família de musgos cosmopolita que crescem em diversos habitats, por um ou raramente dois anos, mas algumas espécies podem ser perenes. Possuem como característica marcante o gametófito uniforme e uma ampla diversidade na arquitetura do esporófito. Este estudo realizou a revisão taxonômica da família Funariaceae no Brasil através da análise dos espécimes-tipos de coleções de herbários, nacionais e internacionais, e consulta a literatura específica sobre os táxons. É apresentada uma listagem revista e atualizada da família Funariaceae que ocorrem no Brasil, chaves de identificação para gêneros e espécies, descrições morfológicas, distribuição geográfica, status de conservação, ecologia, comentários, relação do material examinado e ilustrações. Para o Brasil eram citados 51 binômios agrupados em três gêneros: Entosthodon Schwagr. (11 binômios), Funaria Hedw. (20 binômios) e Physcomitrium (Brid.) Brid. (20 binômios). Os gêneros são taxonomicamente distintos pelo tipo de ornamentação dos esporos, forma da cápsula, forma das células do exotécio, presença ou ausência de peristômio, comprimento da seta, forma do ânulo e forma da caliptra. Após a revisão dos nomes foi estabelecida uma combinação nova a partir de Funaria ramulosa (Hampe) Paris: Entosthodon ramulosus (Hampe) M. S. Dias & D. F. Peralta. Foram estabelecidos 10 novos sinônimos: Funaria luteolimbata Broth. F. obtusa-apiculata Müll. Hal. e F. ramulosa (Hampe) Paris como sinônimos de Entosthodon ramulosus (Hampe) M. S. Dias & D. F. Peralta; Physcomitrium flavum (Müll. Hal.) Broth. como sinônimo de E. bonplandii (Hook.) Mitt.; Physcomitrium badium Broth. como sinônimo de P. umbonatum Mitt.; P. lindmanii Broth., P. sylvestre Müll. Hal. e P. convolutaceum Müll. Hal. como sinônimos de P. thieleanum Hampe. P. serrulatum Mitt., P. cupulare Müll Hal. e P. platyphylloides Paris como sinônimos de P. subsphaericum Schimp. Entosthodon puiggarii Geh. & Hampe é o nome legítimo do táxon Physcomitrium puiggarii Geh & Hampe e foi constatado que Funaria capillipes (Müll. Hal. ex Broth.) Broth., é uma combinação inválida. Seis táxons foram excluídos de Funariaceae por não possuírem os caracteres morfológicos diagnósticos da família e seis espécies não foram incluídas no tratamento taxonômico por falta de informação sobre as mesmas e foram consideradas como espécies duvidosas. Portanto, são reconhecidos para o Brasil 11 táxons em Funariaceae: quatro de Entosthodon (E. bonplandii (Hook.) Mitt., E. obtusifolius Hook. f. in Hooker, E. puiggarii Geh. & Hampe in Hampe & Geheeb. e E. ramulosus (Hampe) M. S. Dias & D. F. Peralta); dois de Funaria (F. calvescens Schwagr. e F. hygrometrica Hedw.) e cinco de Physcomitrium (P. capillipes Müll. Hal. ex Broth., P. falcifolium Müll. Hal. in Brotherus, P. umbonatum Mitt., P. subsphaericum Schimp. e P. thieleanum Hampe). Cinco táxons são endêmicos do Brasil: Entosthodon puiggarii, E. ramulosus, Physcomitrium capillipes, P. falcifolium, P. umbonatum e a espécie P. capillipes é conhecida apenas pelo tipo nomenclatural. A partir da análise de diversos materiais originais, é apresentada aqui uma nova reinterpretação da família Funariaceae do Brasil, com novas sinonimizações, reconhecimento de uma nova combinação, e lectótipos

Modelling grouped survival times in toxicological studies using generalized additive models

A method for combining a proportional-hazards survival time model with a bioassay model where the log-hazard function is modelled as a linear or smoothing spline function of log-concentration combined with a smoothing spline function of time is described. The combined model is fitted to mortality numbers, resulting from survival times that are grouped due to a common set of observation times, using Generalized Additive Models (GAMs). The GAM fits mortalities as conditional binomials using an approximation to the log of the integral of the hazard function and is implemented using freely-available, general software for fitting GAMs. Extensions of the GAM are described to allow random effects to be fitted and to allow for time-varying concentrations by replacing time with a calibrated cumulative exposure variable with calibration parameter estimated using profile likelihood. The models are demonstrated using data from a studies of a marine and a, previously published, freshwater taxa. The marine study involved two replicate bioassays of the effect of zinc exposure on survival of an Antarctic amphipod, Orchomenella pinguides. The other example modelled survival of the daphnid, Daphnia magna, exposed to potassium dichromate and was fitted by both the GAM and the process-based DEBtox model. The GAM fitted with a cubic regression spline in time gave a 61 % improvement in fit to the daphnid data compared to DEBtox due to a non-monotonic hazard function. A simulation study using each of these hazard functions as operating models demonstrated that the GAM is overall more accurate in recovering lethal concentration values across the range of forms of the underlying hazard function compared to DEBtox and standard multiple endpoint probit analyses.

Insights into the evolution of a cryptic radiation of bats: dispersal and ecological radiation of Malagasy Miniopterus (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae)

The past decade has seen a proliferation of new species of Miniopterus bats (family Miniopteridae) recognized from Madagascar and the neighboring Comoros archipelago. The interspecific relationships of these taxa, their colonization history, and the evolution of this presumed adaptive radiation have not been sufficiently explored. Using the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene, we present a phylogeny of the Malagasy members of this widespread Old World genus, based on 218 sequences, of which 82 are new and 136 derived from previous studies. Phylogenetic analyses recovered 18 clades, which divide into five primary lineages: (1) M. griveaudi; (2) M. mahafaliensis, M. sororculus and X3; (3) M. majori, M. gleni and M. griffithsi; (4) M. brachytragos; M. aelleniA, and M. aelleniB; and (5) M. manavi and M. petersoni recovered as sister species, which were in turn linked to a group comprising M. egeri and five genetically distinct populations referred to herein as P3, P4, P5, P6 and P7. Beast analysis indicated that the initial divergence within the Malagasy Miniopterus radiation took place 4.5 Myr; most species diverged between 4 and 2.5 Myr, and a secondary period was between 1.25 and 1 Myr. DNA K2P-distances between recognized taxa ranged from 12.9% to 2.5% and intraspecific variation was less than 1.8%. Of the 18 identified clades, Latin binomials are only associated with 11, which indicates much greater differentiation than currently recognized for Malagasy Miniopterus. These data are placed in a context of the dispersal history of this genus on the island and patterns of ecological diversity.

Injúria pelo frio na qualidade pós-colheita de mangas cv. Palmer

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Delimitation of the Segregate Genera of Maytenus s. l. (Celastraceae) Based on Morphological and Molecular Characters

Maytenus s. l. (including Gymnosporia) is a morphologically diverse genus of about 300 species that is widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics of both the Old and New Worlds. Its delimitation has been extensively debated and despite the segregation of Gymnosporia, Maytenus s. s. remains a heterogeneous, polyphyletic group. To delimit natural segregate genera we increased taxon sampling and generated sequences from two nuclear gene regions (ITS and 26S rDNA) and two plastid loci (matK and trnL-F) to analyze together with morphological characters. Both Moya and Tricerma were found to be nested within the New World Maytenus and are recognized as synonyms of Maytenus s. s.. In contrast, the three New World species of Gymnosporia are recognized as a new genus that is closely related to Gyminda. Haydenia is erected for these three species: H. gentryi, H. haberiana, and H. urbaniana. One or more previously proposed or novel genera are required to accommodate the systematically difficult African Maytenus. Putterlickia, and most likely Gloveria, are nested within Gymnosporia and should be synonymized with that genus. New binomials are required for four Chinese and one Rapan species of Gymnosporia that have been previously treated only as Maytenus: Gymnosporia austroyunnanensis, G. confertiflora, G. dongfangensis, G. guangxiensis, and G. pertinax. Austral-Pacific Maytenus are transferred to Denhamia, requiring eight new binomials: Denhamia bilocularis, D. cunninghamii, D. cupularis, D. disperma, D. fasciculiflora, D. ferdinandii, D. fournieri, and D. silvestris. Existing intrageneric classifications of Gymnosporia and Maytenus s. s. were not supported in their entirety. Gymnosporia is inferred to have had an African origin followed by dispersals to Madagascar, southeast Asia and the Austral-Pacific.

Cursos de licenciatura em Letras: a prática de ensino sob o enfoque interdisciplinar

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação da exposição ao mercúrio e seus compostos em mães e seus recém-nascidos em Porto Velho - RO

Foram estudados 103 binômios mãe-filho nascidos em hospitais da cidade de Porto Velho-RO, durante os meses de novembro/2000 até fevereiro/2001. Foram analisadas amostras de cabelo da mãe e do recém-nascido, sangue materno, placenta e cordão umbilical. As coletas das amostras foram realizadas no momento do parto. Aplicou-se questionário a mãe onde se registrou informações relevantes para o risco de contaminação mercurial e/ou malformações. Os produtos da gestação que apresentaram malformação foram incluídos no estudo. A medida da exposição ao Metilmercúrio foi feita utilizando os biomarcadores coletados e realização de técnicas através do método de espectofotometria de absorção atômica pelo vapor frio. Utilizou-se o fator prático de conversão total em mercúrio que é de 0,90 a 0,92. Após análise e estudo estatístico as principais conclusões foram: o consumo de bebida alcoólica durante a gravidez, dentre outras variáveis, não influenciou no aparecimento de malformações, especialmente os defeitos do tubo neural (DNT) a maioria das malformações encontradas foi DNT (66,6%) que foram significativamente correlacionadas com os níveis de mercúrio total no cabelo do recém-nascido; os níveis de mercúrio total na placenta e no cordão umbilical foram equivalentes.

Tratamento térmico, radiação ultravioleta (UV-C), quitosana e cera na prevenção de injúrias pelo frio em mangas ‘Tommy Atkins’ e ‘Palmer’

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)