内蒙古锡林河流域草原群落土壤呼吸的时空变异及其影响因子研究

　　土壤呼吸是全球碳循环中的一个重要环节，其对全球碳平衡的影响是近年来人们关注的焦点之一。探讨碳素的失汇(missing sink)问题，对陆地生态系统土壤呼吸的研究是必不可少的。环境因子与土壤呼吸之间的关系可以用于将土壤呼吸从“chamber”水平的测量放大到整个生态系统或更大尺度。而温度、水分和植被状况都是对土壤呼吸有重要影响的因子，随着全球气候的变化，这些因子也会发生相应的改变，在这种情况下，它们极有可能与土壤CO2排放之间形成正反馈。温带草原是主要的陆地生态系统类型之一，目前非常缺乏有关土壤呼吸的研究资料。因此，在2001年生长季，我们在内蒙古锡林河流域南部集水区设定了一条东西长约160km、南北宽约30km的样带，从中选择了11个不同的植物群落，采用碱液吸收法周期性地对这些群落的土壤呼吸速率进行同步测定，并对土壤呼吸的时空动态及其与温度、土壤水分和植被状况之间的关系进行了研究。现将主要研究结果概述如下： 　　①锡林河流域南部集水区的土壤呼吸表现出明显的季节变化和空间变异。温度是影响土壤呼吸季节变化的主要因子之一，指数模型能够较好地揭示各群落土壤呼吸对温度变化的响应，但低温时模型的拟合效果更好。各群落土壤呼吸的季节动态与温度变化不完全同步，表明温度并不是影响土壤呼吸的唯一因子 。 　　②土壤呼吸的温度敏感性在各群落之间存在着一定的差异。春小麦群落的Q10值高于草原群落，说明不同的土地利用方式会影响到土壤呼吸对温度变化的敏感程度。水分对土壤呼吸的温度敏感性有重要影响，秩相关分析的结果表明，土壤水分与Q10值之间存在着显著的正相关关系。此外，依据不同土壤层次的温度得出的Q10值各不相同，基于变化幅度大的浅层土壤温度和气温得出的Q10值较小，而根据变化幅度小的深层土壤温度得出的Q10值较大。 　　③水分对各群落的土壤呼吸也有较大影响，但其影响程度有一定的季节差异，生长旺季水分对土壤呼吸的影响显著高于其它季节。从各群落的具体情况来看，水分对土壤呼吸的影响明显受制于群落的水分供应状况。水分供应状况比较好的和水分变化幅度小的群落中，土壤呼吸与水分之间没有显著的函数关系，而水分相对欠缺的群落则存有显著的线性关系。消除温度的影响后，这种线性关系显著增强。土壤水分含量较低的芨芨草群落中，土壤呼吸与表层水分之间的关系也不明显，这与芨芨草根系分布较深，能够利用土壤中较深层次的水分有关。 　　④土壤呼吸季节变化与植被之间的关系与各群落内水分状况以及植被对水分的利用机制有关。所有群落土壤呼吸速率随着绿色活体生物量的增长有上升趋势，且在水分供应充足的群落和植被较为耐旱或能够利用深层土壤水的群落中，这二者之间呈显著或极显著的指数关系，其它群落中相关关系不够显著。由于植被立枯量大小反映了水热的综合状况，所以群落的土壤呼吸速率随立枯量的增长呈下降趋势，二者之间的关系也可以用指数方程来表示。 　　⑤土壤呼吸在锡林河流域南部的空间变异主要受水分和植被状况的影响。总体来看，土壤水分含量高、地上生物量（包括绿色活体生物量）大或地上净第一性生产力高的草地群落，其土壤呼吸速率也较高。基础呼吸速率对于改进土壤呼吸模型在时间和空间上的预测精度有重要意义。我们的研究结果表明，在平均温度低、水分状况好、地上和地下生物量大、地上净第一性生产力高的地方，基础土壤呼吸速率也相应较高。

Impact of ocean acidification and warming on respiration, heart rate and acid-base status of Mytilus edulis from the North Sea

Anthropogenic climate change confronts marine organisms with rapid trends of concomitant warming and CO2 induced ocean acidification. The survival and distribution of species partly depend on their ability to exploit their physiological plasticity during acclimatization. Therefore, in laboratory studies the effects of simulated future ocean acidification on thermal tolerance, energy metabolism and acid-base regulation capacity of the North Sea population of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis were examined. Following one month of pre-acclimation to 10 °C and control CO2 levels, mussels were exposed for two weeks to control and projected oceanic CO2 levels (390, 750 and 1120 µatm) before being subjected to a stepwise warming protocol between 10 °C and 31 °C (+ 3 °C each night). Oxygen consumption and heart rates, anaerobic metabolite levels and haemolymph acid-base status were determined at each temperature. CO2 exposure left oxygen consumption rate unchanged at acclimation temperature but caused a somewhat stronger increase during acute warming and thus mildly higher Q10-values than seen in controls. Interestingly, the thermally induced limitation of oxygen consumption rate set in earlier in normocapnic than in hypercapnic (1120 µatm CO2) mussels (25.2 °C vs. 28.8 °C), likely due to an onset of metabolic depression in the control group following warming. However, the temperature induced increase in heart rate became limited above 25 °C in both groups indicating an unchanged pejus temperature regardless of CO2 treatment. An upper critical temperature was reached above 28 °C in both treatments indicated by the accumulation of anaerobic metabolites in the mantle tissue, paralleled by a strong increase in haemolymph PCO2 at 31 °C. Ocean acidification caused a decrease in haemolymph pH. The extracellular acidosis remained largely uncompensated despite some bicarbonate accumulation. In all treatments animals developed a progressive warming-induced extracellular acidosis. A stronger pH drop at around 25 °C was followed by stagnating heart rates. However, normocapnic mussels enhanced bicarbonate accumulation at the critical limit, a strategy no longer available to hypercapnic mussels. In conclusion, CO2 has small effects on the response patterns of mussels to warming, leaving thermal thresholds largely unaffected. High resilience of adult North Sea mussels to future ocean acidification indicates that sensitivity to thermal stress is more relevant in shaping the response to future climate change.

Étude des mécanismes psychophysiologiques de la modulation volontaire de la douleur par le biofeedback et la respiration.

Bien que la douleur soit une expérience subjective universelle, la façon de la percevoir et de l’interpréter est modulée par une multitude de facteurs. Plusieurs interventions cognitives se sont montrées efficaces pour réduire la douleur dans des conditions cliniques et expérimentales. Cette thèse s’intéressera particulièrement aux mécanismes psychophysiologiques impliqués dans les stratégies de modulation volontaire de la douleur. Ces stratégies sont intéressantes puisqu’elles encouragent une prise en charge par l’individu, lui permettant de jouer un rôle actif dans la régulation de sa douleur. La première étude s’intéresse à l’efficacité du biofeedback comme moyen de modulation volontaire de la douleur. Il s’agissait de déterminer si le fait de présenter une rétroaction de l’amplitude du réflex RIII (évoqué par une stimulation électrique du nerf sural) au cours d’un entraînement de plusieurs essais permettrait au participant d’adopter des stratégies de modulation de la douleur et d’activer volontairement des mécanismes de contrôle descendant de la douleur. De façon à évaluer spécifiquement les changements induits par le biofeedback, la modulation du réflexe RIII et de la douleur était comparée dans trois groupes (biofeedback valide, faux biofeedback et groupe contrôle sans rétroaction). Dans les trois groupes, il était suggéré aux participants d’utiliser des stratégies cognitives de modulation de la douleur (attention, modulation de la respiration, réévaluation cognitive et imagerie mentale) afin d’augmenter ou de diminuer leur réflexe RIII comparativement à leur niveau de base. Les résultats de notre étude indiquent que les participants des 3 groupes ont réussi à moduler leur réflexe RIII (p<0,001) ainsi que leurs évaluations de douleur (p<0,001) (intensité et désagrément). Les résultats de notre étude montrent que l’entraînement au biofeedback n’était pas nécessaire pour obtenir une modulation du réflexe RIII et de la douleur, ce qui suggère que l’utilisation de stratégies cognitives pourrait être suffisante pour déclencher des mécanismes de contrôle de la douleur. La deuxième étude découle de la première et s’intéressait à l’influence de la fréquence et de la phase respiratoire sur la nociception spinale, l’activité cérébrale et la perception de douleur. Le contrôle volontaire de la respiration est un moyen commun de régulation des émotions et est fréquemment utilisé en combinaison avec d’autres techniques (ex. : relaxation, méditation) dans le but de réguler la douleur. Les participants étaient invités à synchroniser leur respiration à des indices sonores indiquant le moment de l’inspiration et de l’expiration. Trois patrons de respiration étaient proposés (respiration à 0,1Hz avec une inspiration de 4 secondes, respiration à 0,1Hz avec une inspiration de 2 secondes et respiration à 0,2Hz avec une inspiration de 2 secondes. La moitié des stimulations étaient données durant l’inspiration et l’autre moitié durant l’expiration. Afin d’évaluer l’effet de ces manipulations, l’amplitude du RIII, l’évaluation subjective d’intensité de la douleur et de l’anxiété suscitée par le choc en plus des potentiels évoqués étaient mesurés. Les résultats de cette étude démontrent que les évaluations d’intensité de la douleur n’étaient pas affectées par le patron respiratoire (p=0,3), mais étaient statistiquement plus basses durant l’inspiration comparativement à l’expiration (p=0,02). Un effet de phase (p=0,03) était également observé sur les potentiels évoqués durant la condition de respiration à 0,1hHz avec une inspiration de 2 secondes comparativement au patron de respiration de 0,2Hz. Paradoxalement, l’amplitude du réflexe RIII était augmenté durant l’inspiration (p=0,02) comparativement à l’expiration. Ces résultats montrent que la manipulation de la fréquence et de la phase respiratoires (par une synchronisation imposée) a un effet marginal sur les évaluations de douleur et sur l’activité cérébrale et spinale évoquée par une stimulation électrique (douleur aigüe). Cela suggère que d’autres mécanismes contribuent aux effets analgésiques observés dans la relaxation et la méditation. Plus largement, nos résultats font état de la nécessité d’études plus approfondies avec une méthodologie plus rigoureuse afin de contrôler les effets non spécifiques aux traitements évalués. Une meilleure connaissance des mécanismes sous-tendant chaque stratégie permettrait de mieux cibler les clientèles susceptibles d’y répondre et de mieux considérer le ratio coût bénéfice de chaque traitement.

Pós-colheita de pêssegos (Prunus pérsica L. Bastsch) revestidos com filmes a base de amido como alternativa à cera comercial

O presente trabalho objetivou prolongar a conservação póscolheita de pêssegos, armazenando-os à temperatura ambiente. Inicialmente selecionou-se uma microemulsão à base de fécula de mandioca e cera de abelha. Posteriormente ela foi testada, aplicando-a na superfície dos frutos em comparação com Fruit wax (cera comercial), com o intuito de se verificar o efeito dos diferentes tratamentos na composição química, física e físico-química dos mesmos. Utilizaram-se pêssegos 'Biuti' colhidos manualmente em 14/01/1999, ao atingirem o ponto de maturação fisiológica. do lote colhido foram selecionados 120 frutos sendo os mesmos analisados quanto a perda de massa fresca, taxa respiratória, textura, sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável e pH, a cada 3 dias. Os frutos receberam os tratamentos: Testemunha, Fruit Wax, Fécula e Microemulsão. Os tratamentos Fruit Wax e Microemulsão proporcionaram melhor eficiência em relação à perda de massa fresca que os frutos dos tratamentos Testemunha e Fécula. Quanto à taxa de respiração, verificou-se picos da ordem de 40mg de CO2.kg-1.h-1 . Quanto aos açúcares, verificou-se que a sacarose foi o açúcar encontrado em maior quantidade, com apenas traços de glicose e frutose em algumas amostras. Quanto aos teores de sólidos solúveis totais, os frutos tratados com Fruit Wax apresentaram valores inferiores aos do tratamento Testemunha. O efeito da Microemulsão mostrou-se similar ao da cera Fruit Wax em todos os atributos e, superior ao dos tratamentos Testemunha e Fécula na redução da perda de massa fresca.

Influence of liming on residual soil respiration and chemical properties in a tropical no-tillage system

Devido às mudanças climáticas do planeta, principalmente ao aquecimento global, as formas de utilização dos solos na agricultura têm atraído grande atenção de pesquisadores. Mudanças de manejo podem influenciar a respiração do solo e, por conseguinte, alterar drasticamente o sequestro de C. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar, em semeadura direta, a influência da calagem nas emissões de CO2 do solo e correlacioná-las aos atributos químicos deste após dois anos da calagem. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com seis repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram de quatro doses de calcário e uma testemunha. Decorridos dois anos da calagem, avaliou-se a emissão residual de CO2 do solo, coletaram-se amostras nas camadas de 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm de profundidade e determinaram-se os teores de P, Ca2+ e Mg2+ e valores de pH e de saturação por bases. A emissão residual de CO2 do solo, quando a dose recomendada foi aplicada, foi 24,1 % superior, quando comparada à do solo sem aplicação de calcário, e 47,4 % maior, quando se aplicou o dobro da dose recomendada. A calagem melhorou as condições químicas do solo, e a emissão de CO2 aumentou linearmente com o aumento das doses. A emissão de CO2 do solo apresentou correlações positivas com os teores de P, Ca2+ e Mg2+ e com os valores de pH e de saturação por bases e negativas com os teores de H + Al e Al3+. Maiores coeficientes de correlação entre as taxas de emissão de CO2 do solo e os atributos químicos deste ocorreram na camada de 10-20 cm.

Acid-base balance and changes in haemolymph properties of the South African rock lobsters, Jasus lalandii, a palinurid decapod, during chronic hypercapnia

Few studies exist reporting on long-term exposure of crustaceans to hypercapnia. We exposed juvenile South African rock lobsters, Jasus lalandii, to hypercapnic conditions of pH 7.3 for 28 weeks and subsequently analysed changes in the extracellular fluid (haemolymph). Results revealed, for the first time, adjustments in the haemolymph of a palinurid crustacean during chronic hypercapnic exposure: 1) acid-base balance was adjusted and sustained by increased bicarbonate and 2) quantity and oxygen binding properties of haemocyanin changed. Compared with lobsters kept under normocapnic conditions (pH 8.0), during prolonged hypercapnia, juvenile lobsters increased bicarbonate buffering of haemolymph. This is necessary to provide optimum pH conditions for oxygen binding of haemocyanin and functioning of respiration in the presence of a strong Bohr Effect. Furthermore, modification of the intrinsic structure of the haemocyanin molecule, and not the presence of molecular modulators, seems to improve oxygen affinity under conditions of elevated pCO2.

Abundance, Electron transport System (ETS) activity and respiration rates of pelagic decapods from the Benguela upwelling system during AFR258, D356 and MSM17/3

Decapods were sampled with a 1 m**2 MOCNESS (mainly upper 1000 m) in the northern Benguela Current during three cruises in December 2009, September/October 2010 and February 2011. Although pelagic decapods are abundant members of the micronekton community, information about their ecophysiology is very limited. Species-specific regional distribution limits were detected for various decapod species (e.g. Plesionika carinata, Sergestes arcticus, Pasiphaea semispinosa). Significant diel vertical migration patterns were determined for three caridean and three penaeiodean species. Biomass was variable and ranged from 23 to 2770 mg dry mass m**-2 with highest values for P. semispinosa. Fatty acid and stable isotope analyses revealed that the examined decapod species are omnivorous tocarnivorous except for the herbivorous to omnivorous species P. carinata. Calanid copepods such as Calanoides carinatus were identified as an important prey item especially for caridean species. Community consumption rates of pelagic decapods derived from respiration rates ranged from 7 mg C m**-2 d**-1 (231S) to 420 mg C m**-2 d**-1 (191S, 171S). A potential active respiratory carbon flux was calculated for migrating pelagic decapods with 4.4 mg C m**- d**-1 for the upper 200 m and with 2.6 mg C m**-2 d**-1 from the base of the euphotic zone to a depth of 600 m. Overall, pelagic decapods apparently play a more prominent role in the northern Benguela Current ecosystem than previously assumed and may exert a substantial predation impact on calanid copepods (up to 13% d**-1 of standing stock).

Impact of elevated pCO2 on acid-base regulation of the sea urchin Echinometra mathaei and its relation to resistance to ocean acidification: A study in mesocosms

Due to their low metabolism and apparent poor ion regulation ability, sea urchins could be particularly sensitive to ocean acidification resulting from increased dissolution of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Therefore, we evaluated the acid-base regulation ability of the coral reef sea urchin Echinometra mathaei and the impact of decreased pH on its growth and respiration activity. The study was conducted in two identical artificial reef mesocosms during seven weeks. Experimental tanks were maintained respectively at mean pHT 7.7 and 8.05 (with field-like night and day variations). The major physico-chemical parameters were identical, only pCO2 and pHT differed. Results indicate that E. mathaei can regulate the pH of its coelomic fluid in the considered range of pH, allowing a sustainable growth and ensuring an unaffected respiratory metabolism, at least at short term.

Acid-base regulation in the Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister)

Homeostatic regulation allows organisms to secure basic physiological processes in a varying environment. To counteract fluctuations in ambient carbonate system speciation due to elevated seawater pCO2 (hypercapnia), many aquatic crustaceans excrete/accumulate acid-base equivalents through their gills; however, not much is known about the role of ammonia in this response. The present study investigated the effects of hypercapnia on acid-base and ammonia regulation in the Dungeness crab, Metacarcinus magister on the whole animal and isolated gill levels. Hemolymph pCO2 and [HCO3]- increased in M. magister acclimated to elevated pCO2 (330 Pa), while pH remained stable. Additionally, hemolymph [Na+], [Ca2+], and [SO4]2- were significantly increased. When challenged with varying pH during gill perfusion, the pH of the artificial hemolymph remained relatively unchanged. Overall, ammonia production and excretion, as well as oxygen consumption, were reduced in crabs acclimated to elevated pCO2, demonstrating that either (amino acid) oxidation is reduced in response to this particular stress, or nitrogenous wastes are excreted in an alternative form.

Acid-base physiology response to ocean acidification of two ecologically and economically important holothuroids from contrasting habitats, Holothuria scabra and Holothuria parva

Sea cucumbers are dominant invertebrates in several ecosystems such as coral reefs, seagrass meadows and mangroves. As bioturbators, they have an important ecological role in making available calcium carbonate and nutrients to the rest of the community. However, due to their commercial value, they face overexploitation in the natural environment. On top of that, occurring ocean acidification could impact these organisms, considered sensitive as echinoderms are osmoconformers, high-magnesium calcite producers and have a low metabolism. As a first investigation of the impact of ocean acidification on sea cucumbers, we tested the impact of short-term (6 to 12 days) exposure to ocean acidification (seawater pH 7.7 and 7.4) on two sea cucumbers collected in SW Madagascar, Holothuria scabra, a high commercial value species living in the seagrass meadows, and H. parva, inhabiting the mangroves. The former lives in a habitat with moderate fluctuations of seawater chemistry (driven by day-night differences) while the second lives in a highly variable intertidal environment. In both species, pH of the coelomic fluid was significantly negatively affected by reduced seawater pH, with a pronounced extracellular acidosis in individuals maintained at pH 7.7 and 7.4. This acidosis was due to an increased dissolved inorganic carbon content and pCO2 of the coelomic fluid, indicating a limited diffusion of the CO2 towards the external medium. However, respiration and ammonium excretion rates were not affected. No evidence of accumulation of bicarbonate was observed to buffer the coelomic fluid pH. If this acidosis stays uncompensated for when facing long-term exposure, other processes could be affected in both species, eventually leading to impacts on their ecological role.

Data base on pelagic ciliates grazing and growth rate as a function of size, prey size and type compiled from the literature

Microzooplankton (the 20 to 200 µm size class of zooplankton) is recognised as an important part of marine pelagic ecosystems. In terms of biomass and abundance pelagic ciliates are one of the important groups of organism in microzooplankton. However, their rates - grazing and growth - , feeding behaviour and prey preferences are poorly known and understood. A set of data was assembled in order to derive a better understanding of pelagic ciliates rates, in response to parameters such as prey concentration, prey type (size and species), temperature and their own size. With these objectives, literature was searched for laboratory experiments with information on one or more of these parameters effect studied. The criteria for selection and inclusion in the database included: (i) controlled laboratory experiment with a known ciliates feeding on a known prey; (ii) presence of ancillary information about experimental conditions, used organisms - cell volume, cell dimensions, and carbon content. Rates and ancillary information were measured in units that meet the experimenter need, creating a need to harmonize the data units after collection. In addition different units can link to different mechanisms (carbon to nutritive quality of the prey, volume to size limits). As a result, grazing rates are thus available as pg C/(ciliate*h), µm**3/(ciliate*h) and prey cell/(ciliate*h); clearance rate was calculated if not given and growth rate is expressed as the growth rate per day.