Validation of a Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Babesia bigemina Antibodies in Cattle

A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) based on a broadly conserved, species-specific, B-cell epitope within the C terminus of Babesia bigemina rhoptry-associated protein 1a was validated for international use. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed 16% inhibition as the threshold for a negative result, with an associated specificity of 98.3% and sensitivity of 94.7%. Increasing the threshold to 21% increased the specificity to 100% but modestly decreased the sensitivity to 87.2%. By using 21% inhibition, the positive predictive values ranged from 90.7% (10% prevalence) to 100% (95% prevalence) and the negative predictive values ranged from 97.0% (10% prevalence) to 48.2% (95% prevalence). The assay was able to detect serum antibody as early as 7 days after intravenous inoculation. The cELISA was distributed to five different laboratories along with a reference set of 100 defined bovine serum samples, including known positive, known negative, and field samples. The pairwise concordance among the five laboratories ranged from 100% to 97%, and all kappa values were above 0.8, indicating a high degree of reliability. Overall, the cELISA appears to have the attributes necessary for international application.

New insights into the altered adhesive and mechanical properties of red blood cells parasitized by Babesia bovis

Sequestration of parasite-infected red blood cells (RBCs) in the microvasculature is an important pathological feature of both bovine babesiosis caused by Babesia bovis and human malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Surprisingly, when compared with malaria, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie this abnormal circulatory behaviour for RBCs infected with B. bovis have been relatively ignored. Here, we present some novel insights into the adhesive and mechanical changes that occur in B. bovis-infected bovine RBCs and compare them with the alterations that occur in human RBCs infected with P. falciparum. After infection with B. bovis, bovine RBCs become rigid and adhere to vascular endothelial cells under conditions of physiologically relevant flow. These alterations are accompanied by the appearance of ridge-like structures on the RBC surface that are analogous, but morphologically and biochemically different, to the knob-like structures on the surface of human RBCs infected with P. falciparum. Importantly, albeit for a limited number of parasite lines examined here, the extent of these cellular and rheological changes appear to be related to parasite virulence. Future investigations to identify the precise molecular composition of ridges and the proteins that mediate adhesion will provide important insight into the pathogenesis of both babesiosis and malaria.

Observation of a novel babesia spp. in eastern grey kangaroos (macropus giganteus) in australia

The roles and epidemiological features of tick-borne protozoans are not well elicited in wildlife. Babesia spp. are documented in many domestic animals, including cattle, horses, pigs, dogs and cats. Three cases affecting eastern grey kangaroos are described. The kangaroos exhibited neurological signs, depression and marked anaemia, and microscopic examination of blood smears revealed intraerythrocytic piroplasms. One to seven intraerythrocytic spherical, oval, pyriform and irregularly-shaped parasites consistent with Babesia spp. were seen in the blood smears and the percentage of infected erythrocytes was estimated to be approximately 7% in each case. Data suggest that the tick vector for this kangaroo Babesia sp. is a Haemaphysalis species. For Case 2, ultrastructural examination of the erythrocytes of the renal capillaries showed parasites resembling Babesia spp. and 18 of 33 erythrocytes were infected. DNA sequencing of the amplified 18S rDNA confirmed that the observed intraerythrocytic piroplasms belong to the genus Babesia. The phylogenetic position of this new kangaroo Babesia sp. (de novo Babesia macropus), as a sister species to the new Australian woylie Babesia sp., suggests a close affinity to the described Afro-Eurasian species Babesia orientalis and Babesia occultans suggesting perhaps a common ancestor for the Babesia in kangaroos. © 2012 Australian Society for Parasitology.

A retrospective study of Babesia macropus associated with morbidity and mortality in eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) and agile wallabies (Macropus agilis)

This is a retrospective study of 38 cases of infection by Babesia macropus, associated with a syndrome of anaemia and debility in hand-reared or free-ranging juvenile eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) from coastal New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland between 1995 and 2013. Infection with B. macropus is recorded for the first time in agile wallabies (Macropus agilis) from far north Queensland. Animals in which B. macropus infection was considered to be the primary cause of morbidity had marked anaemia, lethargy and neurological signs, and often died. In these cases, parasitised erythrocytes were few or undetectable in peripheral blood samples but were sequestered in large numbers within small vessels of visceral organs, particularly in the kidney and brain, associated with distinctive clusters of extraerythrocytic organisms. Initial identification of this piroplasm in peripheral blood smears and in tissue impression smears and histological sections was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy and molecular analysis. Samples of kidney, brain or blood were tested using PCR and DNA sequencing of the 18S ribosomal RNA and heat shock protein 70 gene using primers specific for piroplasms. The piroplasm detected in these samples had 100 sequence identity in the 18S rRNA region with the recently described Babesia macropus in two eastern grey kangaroos from New South Wales and Queensland, and a high degree of similarity to an unnamed Babesia sp. recently detected in three woylies (Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi) in Western Australia.

Cross-sectional estimation of Babesia bovis antibody prevalence in cattle in two contrasting dairying areas in Tanzania

The crude prevalence of antibodies to Babesia bovis infection in cattle was estimated by serology using indirect ELISA during the period January to April, 1999. Sera were obtained from 1395 dairy cattle (of all ages, sexes and breeds) on smallholder farms, the majority being kept under a zero grazing regime. The crude prevalence of antibodies to Babesia bovis was 6 % for Tanga and 12 % for Iringa. The forces of infection based on the age sero-prevalence profile, were estimated at six for Iringa and four for Tanga per 100 cattle years-risk, respectively. Using random effect logistic regression as the analytical method, the factors (variables) of age, source of animals and geographic location were hypothesised to be associated with sero-positivity of Babesia bovis in the two regions.

Comparação entre os métodos de coloração panótico rápido e giemsa para o diagnóstico de protozoários do gênero Babesia (Starcovici, 1893) e de riquétsias do gênero Ehrlichia (Ehrlich, 1888) em cães (Canis familiaris) no município de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.

O trabalho realizado determinou a freqüência dos gêneros Babesia e Ehrlichia, em 250 caninos com suspeita clínica de hemoparasitose, atendidos no Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (HCV–UFRGS), clínicas e hospitais veterinários particulares. Foi analisada a influência da faixa etária e do gênero dos animais na positividade, assim como comparadas as colorações de Giemsa e Panótico Rápido. A pesquisa dos parasitas no sangue de caninos foi realizada através de esfregaços sangüíneos corados pelos métodos Giemsa e Panóptico Rápido. Das 250 amostras analisadas, 45 (18%) foram positivas para hemoparasitas, sendo que 7 (3%) eram animais com idade igual ou inferior a 1 ano (grupo I) e 38 (15%) animais a partir de 1 ano de idade (grupo II). O Teste Exato de Fisher aplicado aos dados revelou não haver diferença significativa entre os resultados encontrados nos animais do grupo I e do grupo II. A Odds ratio calculada para os dois grupos foi igual a 2,142. Os resultados obtidos através da metodologia proposta em função do gênero dos 250 animais pesquisados, envolveram 144 fêmeas, sendo 29 positivas e 106 machos, sendo 16 positivos. O Teste Exato de Fisher aplicado aos dados revelou também não haver diferença significativa entre os resultados encontrados entre machos e fêmeas de todas as idades. A Odds ratio calculada a partir dos dados encontrados foi igual a 0,7050. Em relação aos resultados obtidos com as colorações utilizadas, das 250 amostras analisadas, 26 amostras foram positivas com o kit Panótico Rápido, sendo 19 (7,6%) positivas para Ehrlichia spp e 7 (2,8%) para Babesia spp. Com a coloração de Giemsa, obteve-se 22 amostras positivas: 21 (8,4%) para Babesia spp e 1 (0,4%) para Ehrlichia spp. Apenas 3 amostras (1,2%) apresentaram-se positivas para Babesia spp nas duas colorações e nenhuma amostra foi positiva para Ehrlichia spp com as duas colorações. O teste de Mc Nemar aplicado a estes dados revelou que houve diferença significativa em relação às amostras positivas para Babesia spp pela coloração de Giemsa e pelo Panótico Rápido. A porcentagem de co-positividade e co-negatividade para as duas colorações foi de 14,3% e 98,2%, respectivamente, perfazendo uma porcentagem de concordância total de 91,2%, enquanto o valor Kappa calculado foi de 0,18. O teste de Mc Nemar apresentou uma diferença extremamente significativa nos esfregaços de animais positivos para Ehrlichia spp com as duas colorações utilizadas. A porcentagem de co-positividade e co-negatividade para as duas colorações foi de 0% e 92,3%, respectivamente, perfazendo uma porcentagem de concordância total de 92%, enquanto o valor Kappa calculado foi de 0 (zero). Com base nesses resultados, pode-se concluir que 18% dos animais analisados foram positivos para os hemoparasitos Babesia ou Ehrlichia e que tanto a variável gênero quanto a idade não apresentaram associação com a positividade. Além disso, o corante de Giemsa mostrou-se mais eficiente para o diagnóstico de babesiose canina, enquanto o kit Panótico Rápido foi mais eficiente para a detecção de erliquiose canina.

Comparison between a soluble antigen-based ELISA and IFAT in detecting antibodies against Babesia canis in dogs

O presente trabalho estudou um ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) indireto para a detecção de anticorpos anti-Babesia canis no soro de cães, tendo a Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI), como teste de referência O antígeno utilizado no ELISA do presente estudo consistiu em uma preparação antigênica solúvel de merozoítas B. canis e as diluições ótimas do antígeno, soros e conjugado foram determinadas por titulação em bloco, utilizando soros de referência positivos e negativos. A preparação antigênica solúvel de B. canis ótima foi de 10 µg.mL-1, com soros de referência positivos e negativos em uma única diluição de 1:100, e conjugado a 1:4.000. Um total de 246 amostras séricas foram colhidas em cães, durante a campanha de vacinação anti-rábica em Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brasil e a presença de anticorpos anti-B. canis foi avaliada pelo ELISA e RIFI. Nestas condições, a média de absorbância dos soros de referência negativos foi de 0,129 ± 0,025, resultando em um ponto de corte de 0,323 (Nível de ELISA 3) e a média da absorbância dos soros de referência positivos foi de 2,156 ± 1,187. As amostras com sorologia positiva para B. canis por ELISA e RIFI foram 67,89% (n = 167) e 59,35% (n = 146), respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o ELISA descrito revelou-se um teste sorológico eficaz no diagnóstico da babesiose canina.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of IgG antibodies against Babesia equi in horses

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Molecular and serological detection of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in donkeys (Equus asinus) in Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

MOLECULAR and SEROLOGICAL DETECTION of BABESIA SPP. IN NEOTROPICAL and EXOTIC CARNIVORES IN BRAZILIAN ZOOS

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)