Generally accepted auditing standards, their significance and scope, 1954; special report.

Published in 1947 under title: Tentative statement of auditing standards.

Government auditing standards : exposure draft /

"GAO-02-340G."

Liquidity, institutional ownership and regulation fair disclosure

There is a body of academic literature addressing two issues of importance for leveling the playing field for all classes of investors: 1) the impact of institutional investors on liquidity; and 2) the impact of Regulation Fair Disclosure on institutional investors and liquidity. Our study addresses both issues with the purpose of attaining a better understanding and explanation of this relationship. We classify institutional ownership according to Bushee's (1998, 2001) methodology; transient institutions, dedicated institutions and quasi-indexers. Our results indicate that while transient institutions and quasi-indexers have a positive impact on liquidity, dedicated institutional ownership is negatively associated with liquidity. This result is consistent with prior theoretical studies. We also find that the effectiveness ofthe Regulation Fair Disclosure in improving liquidity is limited to firms with higher transient institutional ownership, whereas quasi-indexed institutions have not been significantly affected by the regulations. In fact, the liquidity of firms is lower for firms with higher dedicated institutional holdings, which is evidence of the "chilling effect".

O parecer da auditoria independente antecipa a necessidade de republicação das demonstrações contábeis?

O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a relação existente entre a ressalva imposta no parecer da auditoria independente e a reapresentação exigida pelo Banco Central, a existência de forte correlação entre haver ressalva e reapresentação por exigência, indicariam que o parecer teria capacidade de antecipar exigência de reapresentação por parte do Banco Central. Selecionamos o grupo formado pelos bancos que tem ações negociadas na bolsa de valores e mapeamos as combinações formadas pelo tipo de parecer com o tipo de apresentação, de igual modo utilizamos este método em dois estratos da amostra, por porte da firma de auditoria e por haver ou não algum nível de Governança Corporativa. Os resultados não mostraram relação significativa entre parecer com ressalva e reapresentação, nem os estratos demonstraram percentuais significativamente melhores em relação aos demais estratos ou mesmo em relação à amostra. Concluímos que não há relação entre parecer e reapresentação por exigência, nem relevância com relação ao porte ou a governança corporativa, porém os resultados mostraram haver maior percentual de reapresentação espontânea no estrato por governança corporativa, o que indicaria um cuidado maior em relação às demonstrações independente do parecer da auditoria independente.

A relação entre o parecer de auditoria e a troca de auditores: uma investigação nas instituições financeiras brasileiras

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal verificar se há relação entre a troca espontânea da auditoria independente e o parecer não limpo emitido no ano anterior e também se há relação positiva entre o rodízio de auditores e a emissão de pareceres não limpos no ano do rodízio e nos seguintes. Justifica-se este trabalho pela proposta de avaliar cientificamente o impacto da influência da administração e da adoção do rodízio de auditoria na independência do auditor externo, sem ser enviesado pelos interesses dos profissionais envolvidos, uma vez que esta é uma pesquisa exclusivamente documental. Portanto, chega-se a diversas hipóteses quanto à ocorrência de parecer não limpo como fator motivador para a troca de auditores por parte da administração e quanto ao rodízio obrigatório de auditorias propiciando a emissão de pareceres não limpos. Além da pesquisa documental, este trabalho também é composto por revisão da literatura acadêmica e especializada, que fundamentam e respaldam as principais questões abordadas. Os resultados obtidos, após as considerações e constatações observadas nas pesquisas bibliográficas, e nos resultados dos testes da estatística qui-quadrado, verificam que a administração é mais propensa a trocar a firma de auditoria quando recebe um parecer modificado por ressalvas e ênfases relevantes que quando recebe um parecer limpo da firma de auditoria atual. Outra constatação é a ausência de relação entre a adoção do rodízio obrigatório de auditoria e a emissão de pareceres modificados nos anos após esta troca.

Management audit : Department of Central Management Services' administration of the state's space utilization program.

"This is our report of the Management Audit of the Department of Central Management Services' Administration of the State's Space Utilization Program. The audit was conducted pursuant to Legislative Audit Commission Resolution Number 126, which was adopted December 11, 2002. This audit was conducted in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards and the audit standards promulgated by the Office of the Auditor General at 74 Ill. Adm. Code-420.310. The audit report is transmitted in conformance with Section 3-14 of the Illinois State Auditing Act."--Cover letter.

Management audit : regulation of grain dealers and warehousemen and the administration of the Grain Insurance Fund : Illinois Department of Agriculture and the Grain Insurance Corporation.

"The audit was conducted pursuant to Legislative Audit Commission Resolution Number 125, which was adopted December 11, 2002. This audit was conducted in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards and the audit standards promulgated by the Office of the Auditor General at 74 Ill. Adm. Code 420.310. This audit report is transmitted in conformance with Section 3-14 of the Illinois State Auditing Act."--Cover letter.

Management audit of the expenditures from the Grade Crossing Protection Fund : Illinois Commerce Commission [and] Illinois Department of Transportation.

"This is our report of the Management Audit of the Expenditures from the Grade Crossing Protection Fund which is administered by the Illinois Commerce Commission but appropriated to the Illinois Department of Transportation. The audit was conducted pursuant to Legislative Audit Commission Resolution Number 123. This audit was conducted in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards and the audit standards promulgated by the Office of the Auditor General at 74 Ill. Adm. Code-420.310. The audit report is transmitted in conformance with Section 3-14 of the Illinois State Auditing Act."--Cover letter.

Management audit : Department of Transportation's Aeronautics Operations.

"This is our report of the Management Audit of the Illinois Department of Transportation's aeronautics operations. The audit was conducted pursuant to Legislative Audit Commission Resolution Number 135, which was adopted August 10, 2005. This audit was conducted in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards and the audit standards promulgated by the Office of the Auditor General at 74 Ill. Adm. Code 420.310. The audit report is transmitted in conformance with Section 3/14 of the Illinois State Auditing Act."--p. i.

Management audit : Illinois School District Liquid Asset Fund Plus.

"This is our report of the Management Audit of the Illinois School District Liquid Asset Fund Plus. The audit was conducted pursuant to Senate Resolution Number 171, which was adopted April 22, 2004. This audit was conducted in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards and the audit standards promulgated by the Office of the Auditor General at 74 III. ADM. Code 420.310. The audit report is transmitted in conformance with Section 3-14 of the Illinois State Auditing Act."--Cover letter.

Report digest follow-up report Department of Human Services' Early Intervention Program /

"The audit was conducted pursuant to Public Act 92-307, which became effective on August 9, 2001. This audit was conducted in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards and the audit standards promulgated by the Office of the Auditor General at 74 Ill. Adm. Code 420.310. The audit report is transmitted in conformance with Section 3-14 of the Illinois State Auditing Act."--Cover letter.

Report digest management audit Department of Human Services' Early Intervention Program /

"The audit was conducted pursuant to Legislative Audit Commission Resolution Number 122, which was adopted on June 26, 2001. This audit was conducted in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards and the audit standards promulgated by the Office of the Auditor General at 74 Ill. Adm. Code-420-310. The audit report is transmitted in conformance with Section 3-14 of the Illinois State Auditing Act."--Cover letter.

Executive characteristics and going concern opinions

Auditors have come under increased scrutiny over the past several years about the growing number of client failures without a warning in the form of a going-concern modified (GCM) audit opinion. Statement on Auditing Standards No. 59 requires auditors to evaluate whether substantial doubt exists on an audit client’s ability to continue as a going concern (AICPA 1988). My dissertation consists of three essays. ^ For the three essays, I empirically investigate issues related to GCM audit opinions and executive characteristics. Specifically, I examine the impact of executive tenure and gender on the issuance of GCM audit opinions. In addition, my dissertation addresses two other unique issues. Given that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act represents an important watershed event in the history and regulation of the accounting profession, I provide evidence about auditors’ propensities to issue GCM audit opinions in the post-SOX period. Further, I also expand extant research in this area by using multiple outcomes and thus go beyond the traditional use of bankruptcy alone as a tool to evaluate auditors’ GCM opinion. ^ The results indicate that, after controlling for other financial characteristics, GCM audit opinions are significantly more likely for firms that have CFOs with short tenure and/or for firms with a female CFO or CEO. However, when examining the association between executive characteristics and two types of reporting errors, the results vary with the type of reporting error. Overall, the results provide evidence that executive characteristics are associated with auditors' reporting decisions. ^

Executive Characteristics and Going Concern Opinions

Auditors have come under increased scrutiny over the past several years about the growing number of client failures without a warning in the form of a going-concern modified (GCM) audit opinion. Statement on Auditing Standards No. 59 requires auditors to evaluate whether substantial doubt exists on an audit client’s ability to continue as a going concern (AICPA 1988). My dissertation consists of three essays. For the three essays, I empirically investigate issues related to GCM audit opinions and executive characteristics. Specifically, I examine the impact of executive tenure and gender on the issuance of GCM audit opinions. In addition, my dissertation addresses two other unique issues. Given that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act represents an important watershed event in the history and regulation of the accounting profession, I provide evidence about auditors’ propensities to issue GCM audit opinions in the post-SOX period. Further, I also expand extant research in this area by using multiple outcomes and thus go beyond the traditional use of bankruptcy alone as a tool to evaluate auditors’ GCM opinion. The results indicate that, after controlling for other financial characteristics, GCM audit opinions are significantly more likely for firms that have CFOs with short tenure and/or for firms with a female CFO or CEO. However, when examining the association between executive characteristics and two types of reporting errors, the results vary with the type of reporting error. Overall, the results provide evidence that executive characteristics are associated with auditors' reporting decisions.

Manual para la aplicación de las normas y procedimientos de auditoría de cumplimiento de obligaciones tributarias aplicables en la auditoría fiscal.

Toda profesión debe establecer las más altas normas de calidad en el ejercicio de su trabajo, ya que personas incapacitadas para juzgarlo por sí mismas confían en él, a veces con consecuencias irreparables. Es evidentemente imposible (e indeseable) relevar al contador de su responsabilidad profesional estableciendo reglas detalladas de conducta, ya que la responsabilidad profesional es una de las cualidades que las normas mismas deben salvaguardar, por lo que éstas deben ser cuidadosamente definidas y clasificadas para que sirvan como la guía más clara y útil al auditor en el desarrollo de su trabajo diario. La pugna entre el ejercicio de la responsabilidad profesional individual y la aplicación de regla específica de conducta se presenta en cada aspecto de la contabilidad y de la auditoria, la solución es clara en los extremos: por un lado, el contador no puede renunciar a sus responsabilidad profesional y, por otro, es imposible dictar reglas que cubran todas las circunstancias posibles, la tensión entre estos extremos crea controversia y ansiedad; el problema está en dictaminar cuánta uniformidad y rigidez se puede establecer mediante los principios de contabilidad, y qué tanta flexibilidad puede dejarse al juicio personal; o hasta qué grado debe definirse detalladamente el alcance de las pruebas y los procedimientos de auditoria, y hasta qué limite debe dejarse al juicio pragmático del auditor, etc. Aunque el punto específico de discusión cambie de tiempo en tiempo, es probable que nunca se dé por concluida esta polémica. Los miembros del Instituto Americano de Contadores Públicos (American Institute of Certified Public Accountants) han adoptado oficialmente 10 requisitos básicos conocidos en conjunto como “Normas de Auditoria Generalmente Aceptadas”. Estas normas se ampliaron a principios de 1973 en el boletín Nº 1 del Pronunciamiento de las normas de auditoria Statement on Auditing Standards (SAS) llamado “Codificación de las Normas y Procedimientos de Auditoria”. La solidez y utilidad de las normas han quedado demostradas por su permanencia: 9 de ellas fueron originalmente adoptadas en 1948 y desde entonces básicamente no han cambiado (aunque ha tomado mucho tiempo entender algunas de ellas), la décima fue adoptada unos años después, aunque el principio básico que la rige existe desde entonces y quizá desde antes. Sin embargo, no existía ningún tipo de normativa definida mediante la cual el auditor pueda definir su responsabilidad como auditor fiscal, y que a la vez lo oriente a dictaminar con apego a las Normas de Auditoria Generalmente Aceptadas. Los procedimientos que en nuestro trabajo se adopta nos permitieron determinar los métodos más adecuados para llevar a cabo los exámenes de auditoría fiscal ejecutados por el auditor Fiscal Independiente, del contribuyente sobre la base de las leyes tributarias y a la generación de la documentación respectiva que ampare la evaluación del control interno. Por lo que el presente trabajo está enfocado a la práctica de la Auditaría Fiscal, específicamente en la observancia de la Norma de Cumplimiento de Obligaciones Tributarias y la elaboración de un documento que sirva de guía para su aplicación en concordancia con los procedimientos de este tipo de auditoría, que será de gran ayuda al contador público. Considerando que en el país no existe suficiente bibliografía especializada de la auditoría fiscal, se ha elaborado el presente trabajo para profundizar en el aspecto técnico, como un aporte en la materia. Se considera de utilidad social debido a que la aplicación de la norma dará validez y profesionalismo a su trabajo, el trabajo pretende diseñar métodos, procedimientos y cuestionarios de control interno con enfoque al cumplimiento de la norma, que pueda aplicarse y adaptarse a todo tipo de empresa. Esto le otorga a la presente investigación una gran importancia por su aporte a la comunidad de contadores públicos, ya que este tema ha sido tratado en forma mínima.