Effects of introspection on meta and structural attitude bases

Introspection is the process by which individuals question their attitudes; either questioning why they hold their attitudes (Why introspection), or how they feel about a particular attitude object (How introspection). Previous research has suggested that Why-introspection induces attitude change, and that Why and How introspection influence attitude-behaviour consistency,persuasion, and other effects. Generally, psychologists have assumed that affective and cognitive attitude bases are the mechanism by which introspection leads to these effects. Leading perspectives originating from these findings suggest that either Why introspection changes the content of cognitive attitude bases (the skewness hypothesis), or increases the salience of cognitive attitude bases (the dominance hypothesis); whereas How introspection may increase the salience of affective attitude bases (another part of the dominance hypothesis). However, direct evidence for these mechanisms is lacking, and the distinction between structural and meta bases has not been considered. Two studies investigated this gap in the existing literature. Both studies measured undergraduate students’ attitudes and attitude bases (both structural and meta, affective and cognitive) before and after engaging in an introspection manipulation (Why introspection / How introspection / control), and after reading a (affective / cognitive) persuasive passage about the attitude object. No evidence was found supporting either the skewness or dominance hypotheses. Furthermore, previous introspection effects were not replicated in the present data. Possible reasons for these null findings are proposed, and several unexpected effects are examined.

Bases filosóficas e implicações técnicas na Gestalt-terapia

Este trabalho tem por objetivo fazer uma reflexão epistemológica das bases filosóficas da Gestalt-terapia, procurando relacioná-las com suas técnicas e procedimentos terapêuticos. A Gestalt-terapia é apresentada a partir de sua origem, incluindo-se uma biografia de Fritz Perls, onde fica evidenciada a influência de outras abordagens no seu pensamento. Os pressupostos filosóficos são enfocados procurando relacionar alguns conceitos centrais da fenomenologia e do existencialismo com a Gestalt-terapia. Inseriu-se uma breve apresentação dos pressupostos te6ricos básicos, a fim de colaborar para uma melhor compreensão da abordagem como um todo. A atitude terapêutica é investigada tomando-se por base a visão de homem exposta nos fundamentos filosóficos. Finalizou-se com algumas considerações críticas à Gestalt-terapia. Esta análise conduz às seguintes conclusões quanto à linha terapêutica enfocada: Filosoficamente, baseia-se numa visão existencialista de homem, que valoriza a vivência, a subjetividade e a singularidade, deixando emergir a dor, a angústia e o sofrimento. Afirma que não há natureza humana. O homem é um ser inter-relacional, que confirma sua existência na relação com o outro e a sua essência última é o mistério. O ser humano só se revela em liberdade; um ser responsivel por suas escolhas. - A atitude terapêutica adotada fenomenológica existencial. Os fenômenos da situação terapêutica são vistos isentos de qualquer a priori. O terapeuta acompanha o fluxo de consciência do cliente, buscando compreender o que lhe está sendo desvelado e captar seu sentido.

Les bases fragiles de la communication facilitée

La communication facilitée (CF), une méthode d'assistance impliquant une aide pour faciliter la composition de messages sur un clavier, passe souvent pour la solution privilégiée dans le cas des sujets dont la communication est entravée par de graves problèmes. Trente-cinq études empiriques destinées à valider cette approche sont ici analysées. Deux conclusions s'en dégagent : seuls 6% des sujets manifestent une réelle "capacité" à communiquer dans le cadre de la CF et plus l'échantillon est vaste, moins on constate de réussites; en fait les études impliquant 10 sujets et plus donnent un taux de réussite inférieur à 1%. Malgré ces résultats décevants, les tenants de la CF continuent d'en faire la promotion tout en les attribuant aux résistances des sujets en situation d'évaluation plutôt qu'aux limites de la méthode elle-même. Une telle attitude comporte des enjeux éthiques qui feront l'objet de la discussion. En conclusion, les auteurs font état d'une alternative à la CF pour des individus encore plus handicapés au niveau de la communication.

Les bases fragiles de la communication facilitée.

La communication facilitée (CF), une méthode d'assistance impliquant une aide pour faciliter la composition de messages sur un clavier, passe souvent pour la solution privilégiée dans le cas des sujets dont la communication est entravée par de graves problèmes. Trente-cinq études empiriques destinées à valider cette approche sont ici analysées. Deux conclusions s'en dégagent : seuls 6% des sujets manifestent une réelle "capacité" à communiquer dans le cadre de la CF et plus l'échantillon est vaste, moins on constate de réussites; en fait les études impliquant 10 sujets et plus donnent un taux de réussite inférieur à 1%. Malgré ces résultats décevants, les tenants de la CF continuent d'en faire la promotion tout en les attribuant aux résistances des sujets en situation d'évaluation plutôt qu'aux limites de la méthode elle-même. Une telle attitude comporte des enjeux éthiques qui feront l'objet de la discussion. En conclusion, les auteurs font état d'une alternative à la CF pour des individus encore plus handicapés au niveau de la communication.

Neonatal palliative care attitude scale : development of an instrument to measure the barriers to and facilitators of palliative care in neonatal nursing

OBJECTIVE The aim of this research project was to obtain an understanding of the barriers to and facilitators of providing palliative care in neonatal nursing. This article reports the first phase of this research: to develop and administer an instrument to measure the attitudes of neonatal nurses to palliative care. METHODS The instrument developed for this research (the Neonatal Palliative Care Attitude Scale) underwent face and content validity testing with an expert panel and was pilot tested to establish temporal stability. It was then administered to a population sample of 1285 neonatal nurses in Australian NICUs, with a response rate of 50% (N 645). Exploratory factor-analysis techniques were conducted to identify scales and subscales of the instrument. RESULTS Data-reduction techniques using principal components analysis were used. Using the criteria of eigenvalues being 1, the items in the Neonatal Palliative Care Attitude Scale extracted 6 factors, which accounted for 48.1% of the variance among the items. By further examining the questions within each factor and the Cronbach’s of items loading on each factor, factors were accepted or rejected. This resulted in acceptance of 3 factors indicating the barriers to and facilitators of palliative care practice. The constructs represented by these factors indicated barriers to and facilitators of palliative care practice relating to (1) the organization in which the nurse practices, (2) the available resources to support a palliative model of care, and (3) the technological imperatives and parental demands. CONCLUSIONS The subscales identified by this analysis identified items that measured both barriers to and facilitators of palliative care practice in neonatal nursing. While establishing preliminary reliability of the instrument by using exploratory factor-analysis techniques, further testing of this instrument with different samples of neonatal nurses is necessary using a confirmatory factor-analysis approach.

Zero- one- and two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded structures in the 1:1 proton-transfer compounds of 4,5-dichlorophthalic acid with the monocyclic heteroaromatic Lewis bases 2-aminopyrimidine, nicotinamide and isonicotinamide

The structures of the anhydrous 1:1 proton-transfer compounds of 4,5-dichlorophthalic acid (DCPA) with the monocyclic heteroaromatic Lewis bases 2-aminopyrimidine, 3-(aminocarboxy) pyridine (nicotinamide) and 4-(aminocarbonyl) pyridine (isonicotinamide), namely 2-aminopyrimidinium 2-carboxy-4,5-dichlorobenzoate C4H6N3+ C8H3Cl2O4- (I), 3-(aminocarbonyl) pyridinium 2-carboxy-4,5-dichlorobenzoate C6H7N2O+ C8H3Cl2O4- (II) and the unusual salt adduct 4-(aminocarbonyl) pyridinium 2-carboxy-4,5-dichlorobenzoate 2-carboxymethyl-4,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (1/1/1) C6H7N2O+ C8H3Cl2O4-.C9H6Cl2O4 (III) have been determined at 130 K. Compound (I) forms discrete centrosymmetric hydrogen-bonded cyclic bis(cation--anion) units having both R2/2(8) and R2/1(4) N-H...O interactions. In compound (II) the primary N-H...O linked cation--anion units are extended into a two-dimensional sheet structure via amide-carboxyl and amide-carbonyl N-H...O interactions. The structure of (III) reveals the presence of an unusual and unexpected self-synthesized methyl monoester of the acid as an adduct molecule giving one-dimensional hydrogen-bonded chains. In all three structures the hydrogen phthalate anions are

Computer attitude and classroom computers

Computers not only increase the speed and efficiency of our mental efforts, but in the process they also alter the problem-solving tasks we are faced with and, in so doing, they alter the cognitive processes we use to solve problems. Computers are fundamentally changing our forms of thinking (Colc & Griffin, 1980). Therefore, the computer should be seen as not only having the potential to amplify human mental capabilities, but also of providing a catalyst for intellectual development.

The family attitude scale : reliability and validity of a new scale for measuring the emotional climate of families

Research on outcomes from psychiatric disorders has highlighted the importance of expressed emotion (EE), but its cost-effective measurement remains a challenge. This article describes development of the Family Attitude Scale (FAS), a 30-item instrument that can be completed by any informant. Its psychometric characteristics are reported in parents of undergraduate students and in 70 families with a schizophrenic member. The total FAS had high internal consistency in all samples, and reports of angry behaviour in FAS items showed acceptable inter-rater agreement. The FAS was associated with the reported anger, anger expression and anxiety of respondents. Substantial associations between the parents' FAS and the anger and anger expression of students was also observed. Parents of schizophrenic patients had higher FAS scores than parents of students, and the FAS was higher if disorder duration was longer or patient functioning was poorer. Hostility, high criticism and low warmth on the Camberwell Family Interview (CFI) were associated with a more negative FAS. The highest FAS in the family was a good predictor of a highly critical environment on the CFI. The FAS is a reliable and valid indicator of relationship stress and expressed anger that has wide applicability.