Changes in lycopene and beta carotene contents in aril and oil of gac fruit during storage

Gac fruits were physically measured and stored under ambient conditions for up to 2 weeks to observe changes in carotenoid contents (lycopene and beta carotene) in its aril. Initial concentrations in the aril of lycopene were from 2.378 mg/g fresh weight (FW) to 3.728 mg/g FW and those of beta carotene were from 0.257 to 0.379 mg/g FW. Carotenoid concentrations in the aril remained stable after 1 week but sharply declined after 2 weeks of storage. Gac oil, pressed from gac aril, has similar concentrations of lycopene and beta carotene (2.436 and 2.592 mg/g, respectively). Oil was treated with 0.02% of butylated hydroxytoluene, or with a stream of nitrogen or untreated then stored in the dark for up to 15 or 19 weeks under different temperatures (5 °C, ambient, 45 and 60 °C). Lycopene and beta carotene in control gac oil degraded following the first-order kinetic model. The degradation rate of lycopene and beta carotene in the treated oil samples were lower than that in the control oil but the first-order kinetic was not always followed. However, both lycopene and beta carotene degraded quickly in gac oil with the first-order kinetic under high temperature conditions (45 and 60 °C) regardless of the treatments used. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Estabilización de nanotubos de carbono de pared simple en agua y en solventes orgánicos a partir de la funcionalización con sales de aril diazonio.

Tesis (Doctorado en Ingeniería Física Industrial) UANL, 2013.

Seed germination and removal of Michelia champaca L. (Magnoliaceae) in eucalypt stands: the influence of the aril

Testou-se o efeito do arilo na germinação de M. champaca em condições controladas, bem como na sua remoção, em ambiente natural. Os ensaios de germinação foram mantidos a 25 ± 2 °C, sob luz branca constante. Os experimentos de remoção foram levados a cabo em três talhões velhos (idades de 39 a 62 anos) e três novos (15 anos de idade) de eucalipto mantidos no Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, em Rio Claro, SP. Os resultados indicaram que o arilo inibe a germinação, sendo as sementes fotoblásticas positivas. Observou-se que a remoção de sementes foi maior em talhões velhos do que em novos, provavelmente devido à maior densidade de roedores nos talhões velhos. Nos talhões novos, verificou-se que formigas removiam mais sementes ariladas. Esses insetos são importantes agentes na remoção do arilo de sementes derrubadas por pássaros, promovendo, assim, aumento na germinação e evitando a possível predação das sementes por roedores.

Estudo sobre o uso do pentacloreto de nióbio em reações multicomponentes para síntese de derivados de 4-ARIL-3,4-DI-Hidrocumarinas

Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais - FC

Síntese de derivados 4-aril-3,4-di-hidrocumarínicos catalisada por NbCl5

Multicomponent reactions between phenols, β-diesters and benzaldehydes for the synthesis of 4-aryl-3,4-dihydrocoumarin derivatives were carried out under mild conditions (room temperature) and presented moderate yields (38-88%) and reasonable reaction times (2-4 days), using niobium pentachloride as a catalyst.

Síntese de 14-aril-14h-dibenzol[a,j]xantenos e 4-aril-3,4-di-hidrobenzo[f]cumarinas promovida pelo pentacloreto de nióbio, com potencial aplicação na preparação de corantes sensibilizadores para utilização em dispositivos de Grätzel

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudos sobre a aplicação do pentacloreto de nióbio na síntese de derivados de 4-aril-3,4-di- hidrocumarinas

Coumarin is a natural active compound that can be found in many plants. The coumarins have many properties such as bronchodilator, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticoagulant, antibiotics, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial and antiviral, thus, they are widely used in medical applications. More recently the coumarin derivatives have attracted the interest of many research groups in the field of new materials, for example the possibility of their use as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) and lasers. The MCRs are defined as a process in which three or more reactants are combined in the same reaction pot, resulting in products with good structural complexity a single step, in addition to economy of atoms and selectivity and is a very important feature in modern synthetic methodology. In this work we investigated the use of niobium pentachloride as catalyst of the multicomponent reactions between phenolic derivatives, various aromatic aldehydes and β-diester derivatives in the synthesis of 4-aryl-3,4-dihydrocoumarin derivatives. The reactions were carried out at room temperature, under inert atmosphere (N2), using dichloromethane anhydrous (CH2 Cl2) as solvent, with a reaction time of most 120 hours. The products were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel and submitted to spectrometric and spectroscopic analysis. The results show that NbCl5 is an excellent agent for promoting the synthesis of 4-aryl-3,4-dihydrocoumarin derivatives through multicomponent reactions, obtaining yields varying from 45 to 95%

Papel do resveratrol sobra a modulação do receptor Aril-hidrocarboneto (AhR) e o desenvolvimento da próstata de ratos expostos ao 2, 3, 7, 8-tetraclorodibenzo-p-dioxina (TDCC) durante a gestação

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Aggregates feeding and pellet production from Microsetella norvegica collected during METEOR cruise M87/1 in Aril 2012

Harpacticoid Microsetella norvegica was fed with 5 concentrations of aggregates, collected from the station 1 (experiment 1) or from station 2 (experiment 2). The aggregates at station 1 were of phytoplankton origin and consisted mainly of Phaeocystis sp. and radiolarians; aggregates at station 2 were detritus collected from deep Mocness tows. M. norvegica was starved in filtered sea water for > 12 h, after which it was incubated together with aggregates for 8 h. After the incubation, pellets were counted and Microsetella and remaining aggregates were counted and measured. Pellet production of M. norvegica reflects feeding so that when pellet production is plotted against aggregate concentration, a functional response can be obtained.

Diurnal egg and pellet production of Calanus finmarchicus collected during METEOR cruise M87/1 in Aril 2012

Egg and pellet production of Calanus finmarchicus was measured at 6-h intervals at all stations during the second leg of the cruise. Calanus was collected at the surface 150-m using a WP2 plankton net, and incubated in chl-max water for 24-h. Each 6 hours females were transferred to a new food solution and eggs and pellets were counted. In the end of the experiment, females were measured for prosome length. The purpose of the exercise was to calculate the minimum carbon consumption of Calanus, and how large proportion of ingestion is egested as fast sinking fecal pellets, and when.

Uma nova metodologia para a síntese de modelos de lignina a partir de reações de inserção O-H entre fenóis de α-aril diazocetonas

A biomassa lignicelulósica tem sua estrutura composta por celulose, hemicelulose e lignina. Dentre essas, a lignina tem se mostrado interessante por ser uma fonte precursora sustentável de fragmentos aromáticos antes obtidos apenas de combustíveis fósseis. Sua estrutura é composta por resíduos de fenilpropanóides p-hidroxibenzeno (H), guaiacil (G) e siringil (S) unidas por ligações C–C e C–O–C em que a ligação β–O–4 é a predominante (mais de 50%). Devido à sua complexidade estrutural e conformacional, a clivagem de suas ligações é pouco seletiva e a caracterização dos fragmentos resultantes é complexa. Uma estratégia comumente empregada para evitar esses desafios é o uso de modelos mais simples. Entretanto, poucas metodologias são reportadas na literatura para a sua síntese e a maioria delas envolve o emprego de halocetonas. O presente trabalho desenvolveu duas novas metodologias promissoras para síntese desses oligômeros, contendo ligação β–O–4 por meio da química de diazo: (a) reação de inserção O–H entre fenol e α–aril diazocetonas, e (b) compostos α–diazo β-cetoéster. Ademais, a utilização de monômeros contendo a função fenol e diazocetona no mesmo anel permitiria a síntese de cadeias de diversos tamanhos em uma única etapa. Como ponto de partida para o estudo, limitou-se à síntese de dímeros, visando entender a reação de inserção O–H. Os produtos desejados foram obtidos em rendimentos de 27–51% após catálise com Cu(hfac)2. Por fim, os modelos de lignina propriamente ditos foram sintetizados após simples adição aldólica e redução em rendimentos globais de 51–78%. Os estudos envolvendo a inserção de fenol em α–diazo β-cetoéster mostraram resultados promissores, corroborando para uma nova estratégia sintética para a obtenção de modelos de lignina. Novos estudos em nosso laboratório estão sendo desenvolvidos para se obter resultados mais conclusivos.

Yunggyŏng sanyŏn Kyŏngo iwŏl sippʻaril Sama pangmok.

Photocopy of the manuscript copy in the Central National Library, Seoul, Korea.

Sapindaceae production and research in Australia.

Australia has an abundance of native Sapindaceae, with a few species that are considered to have an edible aril. A number of these have minor 'bush food' status but have limited commercial potential. Longan, lychee and rambutan were introduced into Australia from the mid 1800s. Serious commercialization of these crops began from the 1970s when farmers in sub-tropical and tropical regions of Australia were seeking new commercial horticultural opportunities. Currently the value of these industries is in the vicinity of $35 M with lychee the predominate crop followed by longan and rambutan respectively. Despite Australia being a minor producer on the world scale it has contributed significantly to the scientific and production developments through the combined efforts of researchers and innovative growers. This paper details the development and status of the commercial Sapindaceae in Australia and highlights production and research activities.